';ji:;j.;r;3y,u:j;r,ir,:.S.- .-"-;, 


THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 


\   NATURAL  HISTORY   SURVEY 

FX 


PLIU.ICA  I  lOX 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN  MUSEUM 


'/.ouLOiACAi.  si:rils 

V..I..   II. 


CiiKA(;<>,  r.  S.  A. 

I  ()0  I 


A 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  MAiMMALS 

'  'I 

NORTH   AMERICA  AND  THE 
ADJACENT  SEAS 

l!V 

Daniel  CjIKai  d  Ei.i.ioi,   I'.R.S.M.,   etc. 
Curator  of  Department. 


ZOOLOGICAL  SF.RIES 

Vnl..     11. 


Chicago,  I'.  S.  A. 
1901 


I' T  '  ' 

f 

PREFACE. 

This  Synopsis  is  an  attempt  to  bring  together  all  the  forms  of 
North  American  Mammals  that  have  been  described,  and  which  are 
generally  considered  as  entitled  to  some  kind  of  recognition.  All 
those  inhabiting  North  America  and  its  adjacent  seas  between  the 
North  Pole  and  the  United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  have  been 
included. 

It  is  very  manifest  to  many  Naturalists  that  too  many  forms  have 
been  given  distinctive  rank,  and  without  doubt  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  the  so-called  species  and  subspecies  contained  in  this  volume 
will  eventually  swell  the  list  of  synonyms,  already  sufficiently  for- 
midable. In  late  years  there  has  been  an  evident  inclination  among 
some  Mammalogists  to  unduly  magnify,  as  it  would  seem,  trivial  dis- 
similarities observed  among  their  specimens  and  thus  greatly  increase 
the  number  of  slightly  differentiated  individuals  elevated  to  a  separate 
rank,  at  the  risk  of  reducing  the  science  to  one  founded  on  labels 
and  localities,  instead  of  distinctive  and  prominent  characters,  and 
thus  a  knowledge  of  the  place  where  an  e.\ample  was  obtained  be- 
comes at  times  of  more  importance  for  its  identification  than  are  the 
differences  that  may  separate  it  from  its  allies.  The  lack  of  resem- 
blances often  observed  among  crania  is  frequently  but  the  individual 
variations  of  a  type,  and  taking  these  for  the  characters  upon  which 
to  establish  a  new  species  is  apt  to  lead  into  error,  and  in  not  a  few 
instances  too  much  reliance  has  been  placed  upon  such  slight  differ- 
ences. The  same  ma\'  be  said  of  shades  of  color,  and  not  a  few 
names  in  this  Synopsis  have  been  given  to  specimens  so  closely  alike, 
that  one  author,  in  speaking  of  his  Key  which  was  intended  to  be  the 
means  for  distinguishing  the  species,  has  been  obliged  to  say:  "It 
will  be  necessary  to  have  both  skins  and  skulls  in  hand,  and  even  then 
/'/  U'lN  b(  impossible  to  identify  some  of  the  forms  without  actual  comparison 
'iOilh  their  nearest  allies."*  The  scientific  value  of  such  species  (?)  can 
only  be  very  questionable  at  the  best,  and  the  elevation  to  a  separate 
distinctive  rank  of  such  intimately  related  creatures,  can  not  be  con- 
sidered as  helpful  or  beneficial  to  Mammalogical  Science.  It  can  be 
safely  asserted  that  there  is  hardly  a  genus  of  North  .Vmerican  Mam- 
mals that  does  not  contain  too  many  named  forms,  and  that  the 
science  would  be  benefited  if  a  considerable  number  were  relegated 


•Bailey;    Revision  of  Am.  \"ol<^s  of  the  genus  Microtus.  K.  .^m.  Fawn.,  No.  i 


7^36C4 


to  their  proper  place  among  the  synonyms.  The  present  time  can 
not  be  supposed  as  opportune  for  a  final  and  satisfactory  revision  of 
the  various  groups  contained  in  this  Synopsis.  That  must  be  the 
work  of  some  future  Mammalogist  who  can  bring  to  the  task  not  only 
a  thoroughly  unprejudiced  mind,  but  who  may  have  acquired  a  more 
intimate  acquaintance  with  the  quadrupeds  of  those  sections  of  our 
country,  as  yet  little  known,  and  whose  knowledge  of  geographical 
distribution  of  mammals,  the  extent  of  the  individual  variation  of 
crania,  the  relationships  that  apparently  different  forms  have  for  each 
other,  and  the  changes  in  color  assumed  by  the  pelage  throughout 
the  year,  and  in  some  cases  adopted  by  the  sexes,  has  been  gained 
from  extensive  series  of  specimens,  much  greater  and  more  complete 
than  those  possessed  by  any  naturalist  at  the  present  day.  Then 
only  can  a  list  of  our  mammals  be  made  that  will  be  comparatively 
permanent  and  satisfactory.  This  Synopsis,  therefore,  may  only  be 
regarded  as  a  starting  point  upon  which  such  a  final  list  may  be 
founded,  and  does  not  purport  to  indicate  how  many  Species  of  mam- 
mals there  are  in  North  America,  but  merely  to  show  how  many 
forms  are  given  some  kind  of  a  distinctive  rank  at  the  present  time 
that  are  more  or  less  recognizable,  but  whose  ultimate  scientific 
standing  is  subject  to  future  revision  and  correction,  and  in  this  light 
the  author  trusts  the  book  may  be  useful  to  his  fellow  workers. 

An  earnest  effort  has  been  made  to  include  all  described  forms 
that  are  entitled  to  a  place  in  this  Synopsis,  yet  in  spite  of  the  utmost 
care  some  may  have  been  omitted,  but  it  is  hoped  they  are  few  in 
number.  In  the  descriptions  of  the  various  species  and  subspecies, 
it  has  been  attempted  to  emphasize  the  salient  characters  of  each 
form,  when  existing,  and  to  contrast  them  with  those  of  the  nearest 
ally,  not  always,  it  must  be  acknowledged,  with  signal  success,  as  in 
not  a  few  instances  the  characters  (?)  have  been  so  insignificant  and 
obscure  as  not  to  permit  of  an  intelligent  comparison,  but  the  best 
has  been  done  that  the  circumstances  would  allow.  In  certain  cases 
where  two  or  more  described  forms  closely  resembled  each  other,  the 
author's  name  has  been  quoted  and  his  description  given,  so  that, 
whatever  "  claims  "  for  distinctive  rank  may  be  shown  to  exist,  they 
could  be  presented  in  the  most  favorable  light.  In  some  instances 
measurements  have  been  given  of  the  average  of  a  number  of 
examples;  but  the  majority  are  those  of  some  selected  specimen.  As 
there  is,  of  course,  considerable  variation  among  individuals  of  a 
species,  allowance  for  this  must  be  made,  if  the  size  of  an  example  in 
hand  does  not  entirely  agree  with  the  figures  in  the  description  of 
that  species.  Unless  otherwise  stated  all  measurements  are  given  in 
millimetres. 


PREFACE.  ^u 

In  the  arrangements  of  the  Maninialia  in  this  volume  the  order 
of  succession  has  been  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest,  and  naturally 
commences  with  the  Marsupials. 

ORDKR  I.     Maksi'PIALIA— Marsupials. 

Fain.  I.     Didelphyidae— Opossums. 

ORDER        II.     EiMCNTATA  -Edentates. 

l-'aiu.  I.     Dasypodidae — .Armadillos. 

ORDER      III.     SiRENlA -Sircnians. 

Earn.  i.     Hydrodamalidae — Sea  Cow. 
Earn.  2.     Manatidae — Manatees. 

ORDER      IV.     Cetacea— Cetaceans. 

Eam.  I.     lialaenidae  -Baleen  Whales. 

Earn.  2.     I'hyseteridae-  Sperm  Whales. 

Kani.  3.     Delphinidae — Dolphins,  Porpoises,  etc. 

ORDER         v.     Lngui.ata — Hoofed  Mammals. 

Eam.  I.     Dicotylidae — Peccaries. 

Eam.  2.     Cervidae — Deer. 

Eam.  3.     .■\ntilocapridae     Prong-horn  Antelope. 

I'am.  4.     Bovidae     Cattle,  Sheep,  etc. 

ORDER       \1.     Riidkntia     Rodents. 

Eam.  I.     Sciuridae — Squirrels,  Marmots,  etc. 

Earn.  2.     Haplodontidae — Sewellels. 

Eam.  3.     Castoridae — Beavers. 

Eam.  4.     Muridae — Rats,  Mice,  Voles. 

Fani.  5.     Geomyidae — Pouched  Rats. 

Fam.  6.     Heteromyidae — Kangaroo  Rats,  Pocket  Mice. 

Fani.  7.     Zapodidac — Jumping  Mice. 

Eam.  8.     Erethizontidac     Porcupines. 

Eam.  9.    Ochotonidae — Picas — Chief  Hares. 

Eam.  10.  Leporidae — Hares  and  Rabbits. 

ORDER     \I1.     Caknivora — Carnivores. 
Eam.  I.     Eelidac — Cats. 
Eam.  2.     Canidae — Wolves  and  Eoxes. 
P'am.  3.     L'rsidae — Bears. 
Fam.  4.     Procyonidae — Raccoons. 
Eam.  5.     Mustelidae — Weasels,  Otters,  etc. 

ORDER  \III.     PiNMiF.DiA — Sea  Lions,  etc. 

I' am.  I.    Otariidae — Eared  Seals. 
P"am.  2.    Trichecidae — Walrus. 
Eam.  3.     Phocidae — Seals. 

ORDER       I.\.     Insectivora— Insectivores. 
Eam.  I.     Soricidae — Shrews. 
Eam.  2.    Talpidae — Moles. 

ORDER         \.    Chiroptera— Bats. 

Eam.  I.     \'es]iertilionidae— Common  Bats. 
Fam.  2.     Phyllostomatidae — \'anipire  Bats. 
Eam.  3.     Xoctilionidae     Large-eared  Bats. 


viii  PREFACE, 

North  America,  as  understood  in  this  volume,  extends  from  the 
North  Pole  to  the  boundary  dividing  the  United  States  and  Mexico, 
and  it  has  not  been  attempted  to  give  the  range  of  any  species  south 
of  the  Mexican  line,  although  some  do  pass  it,  but  to  restrict  the 
description  of  geographical  distribution  to  the  limits  mentioned,  as 
well  as  to  the  adjacent  seas.  Certain  forms  have  been  described 
while  the  volume  was  passing  through  the  press,  too  late  for  them  to 
appear  in  their  proper  position  in  the  body  of  the  book.  These  will 
be  found  in  the  Appendix. 

And  now  I  have  much  pleasure  in  acknowledging  the  assistance 
received  from  various  friends  while  engaged  upon  this  work,  and  I 
desire  to  express  my  thanks  to  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen,  Curator  of  Vertebrate 
Zoologj'  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York;  to 
Dr.  C.  H.  Merriam,  Chief  of  the  Biological  Survey,  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Washington;  to  Dr.  F.  \V.  -True,  Curator,  and  G.  S. 
Miller,  Esq.,  Assistant  Curator  of  Zoology,  United  States  National 
Museum,  Washington,  for  the  loan  of  skulls  not  contained  in  the 
Field  Columbian  Museum.  To  Witmer  Stone,  Esq.,  Curator  of 
Zoology  in  the  Academj'  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia;  and  Dr. 
A.  Woodward,  Librarian,  and  I.  N.  Sniffen,  Esq.,  Assistant  Libra- 
rian in  the  New  York  Museum  of  Natural  History,  I  am  much 
indebted  for  information  conveyed  to  me  from  the  volumes  in  the 
fine  libraries  of  their  respective  institutions.  The  half-tones  that 
illustrate  the  volume  exhibit,  with  but  few  exceptions,  every  genus 
and  subgenus  of  North  American  Mammal,  and  the  collection  to 
which  each  cranium  belongs,  and  its  catalogue  number,  is  stated  in 
every  instance.  D.   G.    E. 

3d  Jan'y,  1901. 


CONTENTS. 

No.  Pac'-e 

Ordkr  I.     MARSUPIALIA     Marsuwals. 

1.  Dideliihyiciae ' 

Order   II.     EDENTATA -Rokntates. 

2.  1  )asypodidae — Armadillos 4 

Order  III.     SIRENIA.     Sikenians. 

3.  Hydrodamalidae — Sea  Cow 5 

4.  Manalidae— Manatees 

Order  I\'.    CETACEA— Cetaceans. 

5.  Balaenidae— Baleen  Whales 7 

6.  Physeteridae — Sperm  Whales 14 

7.  I  )elphinidae  -  Dolphins,  Porpoises,  etc 18 

Order  V.     L'NC.UL.ATA     Hoofed   Mammals. 

8.  Dicotylidae — Peccaries 33 

q.     Cirvidae — Deer 33 

10.  Antilocapridae — Prong-horn  Antelope 43 

11.  Hovidae— Cattle,  Sheep,  etc 44 

Order  VI.     RODENTI A— Rodents. 

12.  .Sciuridae — S<[uirrels,  Marmots,  etc 5° 

13.  Haplodontidae— Sevvcllcls n  i 

14.  Castoridae — Beavers "4 

15.  .Muridae- Rats,  Mice,  Voles 117 

16.  Geomyidae — Pouched  Rats 215 

17.  Heteromyidae — Kangaroo  Rats,  Pocket  Mice 231 

18.  Zapodidae — Jumping  Mice 256 

ig.     Erethiziintidae — Porcupines 264 

20.  Ochotonidae — Picas,  Chief  Hares 266 

21.  Leporidae— Hares,  Rabbits. 269 

Order  \T1.    CARNIVORA— Carnivores. 

22.  Felidae— Cats 293 

23.  Canidae — Wolves,  Foxes 299 

24.  Ursidae— Bears .309 

25.  Procyonidae — Raccoons 3'5 

26.  Mustclidae — Weasels,  Otters 3"? 

Order  \TII.    PINXIPEDIA-Sea  I. ions,  Etc. 

27.  Otariidae — Eared  Seals 355 

28.  Trichecidae "Walrus 357 

29.  Phocidae — Seals 359 

Order  IX.    IXSECTI\0R.\— Inskctivores. 

30.  Soricidae — Shrews •• 3''^ 

31.  Talpidat — .Moles 386 

Order  X.    CHIROPTERA-Hats. 

32.  X'espertilionidae — Common  Bats 39^ 

33.  Phyllostomatidae   A'ampire  Bats 418 

34.  Noctilionidae — Large  eared  Bats 420 


LIST  OF  PLATES. 

To  Face 

I'LATE  Page 

I.    Cabassims  noveiii-cinctus 4 

II.     Hydrodamalis  gigas 5 

III.     Manatus  latirostris 6 

I\'.     Hyperoodon  rostratus 15 

W     Delphinaptcrus  leucas  and  Phocaena  communis 20 

\'I.    Orcinus  sjladiator  and  Pseudorca  crassidens 22 

VII.    Globiocephalus  melas  and  Grampus  griseus 24 

X'lII.     Lagenorhynchus  acutus 25 

I.\.     Dclphinus  delphis  and  Tursiops  tursio 28 

X.     Lissodelpliis  borealis  and  Prodelphinus  euphrosinae 30 

XI.     Dicotyles  tajacu 33 

XII.    Cervus  canadensis 34 

XIII.     Ranijifer  caribou 35 

XI\'.    Alces  americanus 37 

XV.    Odocoileus  americanus 3g 

X  \'  I.     Antilocapra  americana 43 

X\'II.  XX.    Oreamnus  montanus 44 

XXI.    Ovis  ceriina 46 

X.XII.    Ovibos  moschatus 48 

XXIII.     Bison  americanus 49 

XXI\'.     Plrithizon  dorsatus 264 

.\X\'.     Lepus  (Limnolagus)  telmalemonus 277 

XWI.     Lepus  americanus  and  Lepus  (Silvilagus)  tloridanus 280 

X.WII.  Lepus  (Microlagus)  cinerascens  and  Lepus  (Microtolagus)  mer- 

riami 287 

XW'III.     Felis  concolor 293 

XXI.X.     Canis  latrans 299 

X.X.X.     \'ulpes  pennsylvanica 303 

XX.XI.     Urocyon  cinereo-argcnteus 307 

X X.XII.    Ursus  (Thalassarctus)  maritimus 310 

XXX I II.  Ursus  (Danis)  horribilis 312 

XXXIV.  Ursus  (Euarctus)  americanus 313 

XXXV.     Bassariscus  astutus 316 

XXX\'I.    Gulo  luscus 333 

XXXX'II.     Lutra  canadensis  sonora 352 

XX.X\'III.     Latax  lutris 354 

XXXIX.     Eunietopias  stelleri  and  Zaiophus  californianus 355 

XL.    Callotaria  ursina 357 

.XLI.     Trichechus  rosmarus 358 

.XLII.  XLI\'.     Macrorhinus  angustirostris  359 

.XL\'.     Cystophora  cristata 360 

XL\'L     Halichoerus  grypus  and  Phoca  (Erignathusi  barbata 361 

XL\"II.-.XL\III.     Phoca  iHistrinphocaj  fasciata 362 

-XLIX.     Phoca  vitulina  and  Phoca  (Pagophilai  groenlandica 363 


ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  THE  TEXT. 

Page. 

Didelphys  virginiana 2 

Balaena  glacialis 7 

Halaenopti-ra   acutorostrata 12 

Physetir  inacmcephalus 15 

Mesoplodon  densirostris 17 

Monodon  moiioceras 19 

Phocaena  dalli 21 

Lagenorhynchus  albirostris 26 

Prodelphiniis  plagiodon 31 

Sciurus  (Parasciurus)  niger 51 

Sciurus  (Neosciurus)  carolinensis 54 

Sciurus  (Hesperosciurus)  griseus 56 

Sciurus  (Otosciurus)  aberti ■. .  58 

Sciurus  (Araeosciurusi  arizonensis 59 

Sciurus  (Taniiasciurusi  hudsonius   61 

Tamias  (Eutatuiasl  dorsalis 68 

S[)ermopliilus  (Callospermophilus)  lateralis 82 

Sptrninphilus  (Ammospermophiius)  leucurus 85 

Spermophilus  (Otospermophilus)  gramniurus 87 

Spef mophilus  (Colobotis)  kadiacensis 90 

Speniiopliilu!;  (Xcrospermophilus)  microspilotus 95 

Spermophilus  ( Ictidomysi  i3-lineatus 99 

Cynomys  ludovicianus 103 

Arclf>niys  nionax 105 

Sciuropterus  volans 108 

Haplodontia  californica 113 

Castor  canadensis 115 

Mus  rattus 118 

Onychoniys   leucogaster 119 

Peromyscus  aniericanus 124 

Sigmodon  hispidus 143 

Oryzomys  aquaticus 146 

Reithrodontoniys  k-cnntii 149 

Neotonia  tloridana 155 

Nentoma  (Teononia)  cinerea 163 

Phonaconiys  nrnphilus 167 

Evotomys   gappcri 170 

Microtus  pennsylvanicus 179 

Microtus  (  Lagurus]  curlatus 194 

Microlus  (  Pedoniys)  austerus 196 

Microtus  (  Fitymys)  pinetoruni 198 

Microtus  (Chiloius)  oregoni 199 

Microtus  (Arvicola)  macropus 201 

Microtus  (Neoliber)  alleni 202 


xiv  ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  THE  TEXT. 

Fig.  Page. 

45.  Synaptomys  cooperi 204 

46.  Synaptomys  (Mictoniysi  iiinuitus 205 

47.  Lemmus  trimucronatus 208 

48.  Dicrostonyx  hudsonius  nelsoni 210 

4Q.  Fiber  zibethicus 212 

50.  Geoniys  tuza 216 

5 1 .  Cratogeomys  castanops 221 

52.  Thomomys  bottae 222 

53.  Didpodomys  merrianii 232 

54.  Perodipus  agilis 237 

55.  Microdipodops  megacephalus 240 

56.  Perognathus  flavus 242 

57.  Perognathus  (Chaetodipus I  femoralis 251 

58.  Heteromys  alleni 256 

59.  Zapus  hudsonius 258 

60.  Napeozapus  insignis 263 

61.  Ochotona  princeps 267 

62.  Procyon  lotor 318 

63.  Taxidea  americana 320 

64.  Mephitis  mephitica 323 

65.  Spilogale  putorius 328 

66.  Mustela  americana 334 

67.  Putorius  (Leuteola)  vison 339 

68.  Putorius  (Cynomyonax)  nigripes 342 

69.  Putorius  (Arctogale)  cicognani 343 

70.  Sorex  montereyensis 367 

71.  Microsorex  hoyi 377 

72.  Neosorex  palustris 378 

73.  .\tophyrax  bendirii 380 

74.  Blarina  brevicauda 382 

75.  Blarina  (Cryptotis)  parva 384 

76.  Xotiosorex  crawfordi 386 

77.  Xeiirotrichus  gibbsi 387 

78.  Scalops  aquaticus 389 

79.  Scapanus  townsendi 392 

80.  Parascalops  breweri 394 

81.  Condylura  cristata 395 

82.  Antrozous  pallidus 397 

83.  Corynorhinus  townsendi 399 

84.  Myotis  lucifugus 401 

85.  Lasionycteris  noctivagans 407 

86.  Pipistrellus  hesperus 408 

87.  Vespertilio  fuscus 411 

88.  Lasiurus  borealis 4 ' 2 

89.  Dasypterus  intermedius 414 

90.  Nycticejus  humeralis 415 

91.  Nyctinomus  brasiliensis 416 

92.  ^lormops  blainviliii 419 

93.  Otopterus  mexicanus 420 

94.  Promops  californicus 422 


ERRATA. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page  30I,  Fig.  43-     for  Field  Columbian   Museum   Coll.,  n-ad  Ainer.   Museum 

Nat.  History,  N.  Y.,  Coll. 
Page  240,  Fig.  55.     For  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.,  read  V.  S.  Nat.  Museum 

Coll. 
Page  323.     For  Fig.  46,  read  Fig.  64. 
Page  387,  Fig.  77.     For  Neurotrichus  gibbsii,  read  Neiirotrichus  gibbsi. 

TEXT. 
Page  33-    "th  line  from  top  for  Incisor,  read  Incisors. 
Page  4g.     13th  line  from  top  for  males,  read  male. 
Page  I)-.     15th  line  from  top  for  ^.  annectans,  read  e.  annectens. 
Page  305.     Toji  line  for  h.  macrurits,  read  *.  macruru. 
Page  310.    yth  line  from  bottom  for  scarsely,  read  scarcely. 
Page  382.    4th  line  from  top  for  Sorieisais,  read  Soriciscus. 


CLASS   MAMMALIA. 


Order  I.    Marsupialia. 

Fam.  I.     Didelphyidae. 

Limbs  rather  short:  feet  with  five  distinct  toes;  tail  prehensile. 
Pouch  sometimes  present.      Habits  arboreal. 

1.     Didelphys. 

I-  '—'    C.  l£i;    P.  p^^;  M.  ^=50. 
Didelphys.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  i,  p.  54.  Type  Z>.  marsupialis.  Linn. 

Feet  with  five  distinct  toes,  all  provided  with  nails  except  the 
first  toe  of  the  hind  foot,  which  is  large,  opposed  to  the  others  in 
grasping,  and  is  without  a  nail.  Tail  long,  prehensile,  partly  naked. 
Pouch  complete.  Long  bristle-like  hairs  mingle  with  the  fur.  In- 
cisors small  and  pointed,  canines  large.  Premolars  with  compressed, 
pointed  crowns. 

I.   virginiana.     {^Didelphys),  Kerr,  Linn.  Anim.  King.,  1792,  p.  193. 

Type  locality.      Virginia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  New  York  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Florida  and 
west  to  Mississippi  and  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Same  as  those  of  the  genus.  Hoary;  toes  white 
half  way  from  claws. 

Color.  Under  fur  white;  upper  parts  covered  with  black  and 
white  hairs,  the  latter  the  longer  and  giving  a  hoary  or  whitish 
appearance;  head  yellowish  white,  pure  white  on  cheeks,  blackish  on 
top  of  head  and  around  the  eyes;  beneath  dusky,  with  white  hairs 
intermixed;  legs  and  feet  black;  tail  black  at  base,  remainder  yellow- 
ish white;  ears  black  with  yellow  spot  on  upper  edge.  Toes  of  fore 
feet  white  halfway  from  claws;  those  of  hind  feet  white  at  base  of 
claws. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  736;  tail  vertebras,  381;  hind 
foot,  75;  ear  height  from  crown,  51. 

a.  —  pigra.    {Didelphys),   Bangs,   Proc.    Bost.    Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,   1898, 
p.   172. 


DIDELPHYS. 

Type  locality.      Oak  Lodge,   Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Florida  and  coast  of  Georgia. 

Genl.  Char.     Exactly  like  the  typical  species.     Tail  longer? 

Color.      Same  as  D.  virginiana. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  762;  tail  vertebrae,  330;  hind  foot,  66. 


Fig.    1.       DiDELPHYS     VIRGINIANA. 
No.  465  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    rj  nat,  size. 


DIDELPHYS.  3 

2.  californica.     yDidelphys),  Bennett,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  if<33.  p.  40. 

Type  locality.      Northwestern  Mexico,  adjacent  to  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      California,  Texas,   Oklahoma  Territory.    Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.      Black;  toes  reddish,  white  half  way  from  claws. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  side  black  with  occasional  white  hairs 
mostly  on  dorsal  region;  face  and  forehead  whitish  around  the  eyes, 
line  in  the  center  of  the  crown  black;  beneath  white  shaded  with 
dusky;  legs  and  foet  black,  toes  reddish  white  half  way  from  claws 
on  fore  feet,  only  at  base  of  claws  on  hind  feet.  Tail  black  at  base, 
remainder  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length.  640;  tail  vertebrap.  250;  hind 
foot.  59. 


Order  II     Edentata. 

Fam.  I.      Da$iypodidae. 

Bod)'  covered  with  a  bony  carapace,  containing  seven  to  nine 
movable  rings  in  the  center  and  on  the  sides;  head  narrow;  snout 
long,  narrow,  obliquely  truncated;  pterygoids  meeting  below  nasal 
passage;  ears  long,  ovate,  erect,  placed  on  occiput,  contiguous;  body 
elongate,  narrow;  tail  long,  tapering,  dermal  scutes  forming  distinct 
rings.  Front  feet  with  four  toes,  hind  feet  with  five,  all  with  strong, 
curved,  pointed  nails. 

2.    Cabassous. 

M.   ^  or  ^=?  =32  or  28. 

Cabassous.  McMnrtr.  Cuv.  Anini.  King.,  Am.  ed.  1831,  i,  p.  164.  Type 
Dasy/'us  itni-fimiiis,  Linn.  ? 

Taiusia.      Less.  Man.  Mamm.,  1827,  p.  309. 

One  pair  of  inguinal,  and  one  pair  of  pectoral  mammre;  other 
characters  similar  to  those  of  the  Family. 

3.  novem=cinctus.    {Dasypus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  i,  p.  54. 

octo-iinctits,  (Linn).  Schrieb.  Saugt.,  11,  1775,  p.  222,  tab., 
Ixxiii,  Ixxvi. 

pcba,   Desm.  Mamm.,  1820,  p.  368. 

lo)igicaudiis,  Wied,  Breit.  Naturg.  Bras.,  1825,  11,   p.  531. 

mexicanus  fenestratus,  Peters,  M-B.  Akad.  Berl.,    1864,  p.  180. 

leptorhyncha.  Gray,    Handl.    Edent.,  1873,  p.   14,  pi.  2,  figs.  3,  4. 

Type  locality.      "America  meridionali." 

Geogr.  Distr.  Texas,  south  through  Mexico  and  Central  America 
to  Paraguay. 

Getil.  Char.  Tail  as  long  as  body  without  head;  shield  with 
eight  movable  rings  in  the  middle,  and  nine  on  the  sides.  Tail  cov 
ered  by  twelve  rings,  and  not  enveloped  in  a  cone.      Molars  32. 

Color.  Skin  of  face  flesh-color  with  a  few  yellowish  hairs. 
Head  shield  pale  brown;  shield  of  back  black,  with  the  scales  on 
sides  yellowish  white.  Tail  brownish  black,  anterior  half  of  scales 
yellowish  white.      Ears  brown;  toes  yellowish,  claws  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  237;  tail  vertebrae.  90:  hind  foot. 
31;  ear,  22;   length  of  shell,  318:  width  of  shell,  394. 


Field  Columbian  museum. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    I. 


Cabassous  novem-cinctus. 

No.  114  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


LIBRARY 
Ui^lVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM 


Hydrodamalis  GIGAS. 
No.  22184  U.  S.  National  Museum  Coll.     >  nat.  siz 


Order  III.    Slreiiia. 

Fatn.  I.     Hydrodanialidae. 

Cervical  vertebrae  six  only;  rostrum  narrow,  formed  by  union  of 
the  premaxilla;  in  front  of  the  anterior  narial  aperture;  tail  rounded; 
rudimentary  nails  on  fore  limbs;  no  trace  of  hind  limbs  externally  or 
internally;  fore  limbs  flattened  oval  paddles;  upper  lip  cleft  in  the 
middle  into  two  lobes  independently  movable,  approaching  each  other 
or  receding  simultaneously. 

3.     Hydrodainalis. 

Hydrodamalis.  Retizius,  Kongl.  Vetensk.  Acad.  nya.  Handlingar, 
Stockholm,  1794,  p.  292.      Type  R.  gigas,  Zimm. 

Jihy/inds.      111.  Prodr.  Syst.  Mamm.   et  Av.,  1811,  p.  141. 

No  teeth:  head  very  small,  comparatively;  pectoral  limbs  small. 
truncated;  tail  with  two  pointed  lobes;  skin  naked;  epidermis  thick, 
bark-like;  vertebra',  60-63.      Species  extinct. 

4.   gigas.    {Afanatiis),  Zimm.      Geogr.  Gesch.,  1780,  11,  p.  426,  fig.  5. 

Typt-  Unality.      Bering  Island. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  large:  fore  limb  covered  with  short  brush- 
like hairs. 

Gt\>gr.  Dislr.      Copper  and  Bering  Islands,  Bering  Sea. 

Coh<r.      Dark  brown,  sometimes  spotted  or  streaked  with    white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  20-25  f^^'  Basal  length  of  skull. 
660:  Hensel,  560.  Zygomatic  width,  340;  height  at  occiput,  160; 
least  interorbital  width,  90;  occiput  to  anterior  end  of  frontal,  300. 
Skull  much  broken.      Spec.  No.  22184  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Coll. 

Fam.  II.     ^Jlanatidae. 

4.     Maiiatiis. 

I.  '— ';  M.  ^  to  ii=ii  =  32  or  52. 
2—2  &— 0        II-  II     -'  -^ 

Manatus.    Storr,  Prodr.,  Meth.  Mamm.,  1780,  p.  41. 

Skull  arched,  descending  rapidly  anteriorly  from  Irontals  to 
nasals;  zygomata  large  and  massive;  jugal  greatly  developed.  Orbit 
small,  prominent,  almost  enclosed  by  bone;  anterior  nares  lozenge- 
shaped  extending  behimi  orbits.      The  mandible   is   massive,    with    a 


li  MANATUS. 

horny  plate  attached  anteriorly  which  supplies  the  place  of  teeth. 
Molar  teeth  in  both  jaws  similar  in  character,  square,  enameled 
crowns  elevated  in  transverse  tuberculated  ridges;  those  in  the  upper 
rows  having  two  ridges  and  three  roots,  those  in  the  lower  three 
ridges  and  two  roots. 

5.  latirostris.  {Manatus),  Harl.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1823, 
p.  390. 

manatus,   (Trichecus).      Linn.   Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  49. 

ausiralis,  Tilesius,  Jahrb.  Naturg. ,  i,  1802,  p.  23. 

amcricanus,  Desm.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  1817,  p.  262.  pi.  96,  (Part). 
fluviatilis,  Illig.  Wagn.  S.  S.  S.,  pi.  279. 

Type  locality.      East  coast  of  Florida  near  the  Cape. 

Geog.  Distr.      Florida  coast. 

Gcnl.   Char.      Those  of  the  genus. 

Color.     Grayish  black  over  all  the  body. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2268.  Skin.  Skull:  total  length, 
13.5  in.;  width  of  occiput,  7.4;  occipital  crest  to  superior  border  of 
the  nares,  5.5;  length  of  opening  of  anterior  nares,  6.3;  width  of 
same,  4.3. 


COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 

T?l 

ZOOLOGY,    PL.    HI. 

^^^T^ 

V^^ 

^^M 

1 

^^2^]^;^^ 

^^^^^^™ 

^^H 

Manatus   LATiROSTRIS. 
No.  q  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     J  nat.  size. 


UN  IV 


ordtr  i\ .   Getacea. 

Fam.   I.     Balaenidae. 

F.  W.  True.  On  tin-  nomenilature  of  the  whalebone  wliales  of  the 
tenth  edition  of  Linnieiis,  Systema,  .Vatune.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Miis.,  i8g8,  p.  617. 

Teeth  absent  in  both  jaws;  present  in  f(jetal  life;  palate  furnished 
with  "whalebone."  Rami  of  mandible  greatl)' arched  outwards,  meet- 
ing at  an  angle  at  ape.x,  there  connected  by  fibrous  tissues.  Skull 
symmetrical.  Ribs  joined  to  the  vertebrae  usually  by  ligaments;  first 
pair  alone  joined  to  the  sternum.  Nasals  roofing  the  anterior  nasal 
passages. 

.1.     Balueiia. 

Balaena.     Linn.  Syst.    Nat  .  1766,    i,    p.    105.      Type.      B  mystuetus. 

Linn. 
Leiobahena.      Eschr.  Nord.  Wallth  ,  1849,  p.   7. 
EubalcBna.      Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. ,  1864,  p.  201. 
Hunterius.      Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1864,  xiv,  p.  349.      Id. 

Cat.  Seals  and  Whales,  1866.  p.  98. 


Fie.  2.     Balaena  GLACiALis.  —  Baleen. 
From  ■'  The  Riverside  Natural  Historv." 


Macleayius.      Gray,  Cat.  Seals  and  Whales,  1866,  p.  78. 

Head  very  large,  one  third  of  the  total  length;  opening  of  the 
mouth  extending  behind  blow  holes;  eyes  very  small;  pectorals  short, 
broad,  heavy;  cervical  vertebrae  united  into  one  bone.  Baleen  very 
long,  sometimes  12  feet,  slender,  elastic.  Dorsal  fin  absent;  verte- 
brse,  22. 

6.  glacialis.   I^Bahcna),  Bonnat.  Tab.  Encycl.  and   Mt^thod.  des  Trois 

Regnes  de  la  Nature,  Cytologic,  1789,  p.  3. 

/'iscayensis,  Eschricht,  Rev.  and  Mag.  Zool.,  2d  Ser.  i860, 
p.    229. 

australis.  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. ,  1864,  p.  202. 

cisarctica.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1865,  p.  169. 

brUannicus,  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1870,  p.  198. 

australis  var   biscayensis,    Lj'dekk.    Brit.    Mamm.,    1895,  p.  260. 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  Maryland. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Atlantic  Ocean,  south  to  Maryland  on 
American  coast. 

Genl.  Char.  No  dorsal  fin;  no  longitudinal  furrows  on  throat  or 
chest;  head  small;  balee;i  short;  margin  of  upper  lip  ;4reatlv  curved: 
ribs  15  pairs. 

Color.      Black. 

Measurements.      Total  length  about  30  feet. 

7.  sieboldii.  (Euhalaiia),  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1864,  p.  349. 

antaretica,  Schleg.  Abte.  Geb.,   1841,  page  37,   (Part). 

australis,  Temm.  (nee  Desmoul).  Faun.  Japan,  Mamm.,  1S42, 
pis.  28,  29. 

aleoutiensis,  Van  Ben.  Bull.  Acad.  Belg.,  xxv,  1868,  p    16. 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  Japan. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Pacific  Ocean,  Bering  Sea,  coast  of  North 
America  from  California  to  the  Aleutian  Islands  westward  to  longi- 
tude 150°. 

Ge?il.  Char.  Resembles  B.  niysticetus,  but  has  a  large  rough  pro- 
tuberance upon  the  end  of  the  upper  jaw.  Superior  outline  of  head 
not  so  convex,  and  corrugated  transversely.  Wart-like  bunches  on 
lips  and  head.     Baleen  short,  coarse. 

Color.  Usually  black,  occasionally  pied  individuals  are  seen; 
and  there  is  often  white  on  throat  and  pectorals. 

Measurements.     Total  length  from  60  to  70  feet. 

8.  mysticetus.  {Bahena),  Linn.  Faun.  Suecica,  1761,  11,  p.  16. 

granlandiea,  Linn.  Mus.  Ad.  Frid. ,  i,  p.  51. 

1  psttckajetisis,  Malmg,  Bihang.  Svensk.  AK.  Handl.,  1883,  viii, 
fig.      . 


BALAENA.  R  ACH I ANECTKS.  MEGAPTERA.  M 

Type  locality.      Greenland  Seas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Arctic  Ocean,  Bering  Sea.  south  to  N.  latitude 
64  on  east  coast  of  Greenland,  and  coast  of  Labrador;  in  Bering 
Sea  to  N.  latitude  55''',  and  in  sea  of  Okhotsk,  to  latitude  54'. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  very  large,  more  than  one-third  the  entire 
length;  upper  jaw  narrow  but  highly  arched;  rami  of  mandible  widely 
spread  posteriorly.  Baleen  very  long,  sometimes  10  to  12  feet, 
highly  elastic,  frayed  at  ends  into  long  soft  hairs.     Vertebra-,  55. 

Color.  Black,  with  more  or  less  white  about  the  throat  and  fins; 
old  individuals  are  of  a  brown  color. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  50  to  65  feet. 

9.  kuzira.  {Mega/'tera),  Gray,  Cat.  Seals  and  Whales,  1866,  p.  130. 
cdllamak.    Pall.  Zoog.   Ross.  Asiat.,  1831,  i,  p.  288, 
antarctica,  Teram.    (nee    F.     Cuv).     Faun.  Japan,    1842,    p.    21, 

pi.  30. 
australis,  Schrenck,  (nee  Gray),  Reis.  Amur-Land,  1858,  i,  p.  193. 
Type  locality.      Coast  of  Japan. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Japan  Seas,  North  Pacific,  Bering  Sea. 
Genl.  Cliar.      Head  small,  narrow,  pointed;   pectoral  short. 
Color.      Black,  belly  whitish,  sides  white  spotted. 

<».     Rachianectes. 
Rachianectes.   Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil,,  i86g,  p.  15.    Type 
A.  glaucus.  Cope. 
Head   small;    body   elongated;    pectoral    fin    narrow;  dorsal    fin 
absent;  skin  of  throat  smooth.      Baleen  short  and  coarse. 

10  glaucus.  {Agapheliis),  Cope.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1868, 
p.  225. 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Pacific  and  Arctic  Oceans,  Okhotsk  and 
Bering  Seas.     Coast  of  California  to  the  Arctic. 

Genl.  Char.  Superior  outline  of  head  conve.x:  size  moderately 
large. 

Color.      Mottled  gra}',  sometimes  blackish. 

^feasure>lle>lts.      Total  length,  35  to  40  feet. 

7.    Megaptera. 

Megaptera.     Gray,   Ann.   and   Mag.    Nat.    Hist.,   1864,  pp.  207,  350. 
Type  Af.  longimana,  Gray. 
Kyphobahrna.      Eschr.  Nord.  Wallth.,  1845. 
Megapteron.      Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.  61. 
Megapteropsis.      Van  Ben.  Nouv.  Mem.  Acad.  Brux.,  1861.  p.  38. 


10  MEGAPTERA. 

Puescopia.      Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864.  p.  207. 

Head  moderate;  baleen  short,  broad;  skin  of  throat  plicated  or 
folded;  pectorals  long  and  narrow,  one-fourth  of  the  entire  length 
of  animal;  dorsal  low:  vertebrfe,  53;  cervical  vertebra?,  free. 

11.  nodosa.    {Bahrn,i),  Bonn.  Cetol..  17S9,  p.  5. 

longimana,  Rudolphi,  Abh.  Ak.  Berl.,  1S29,  pis.  1-5. 

keporkak,  Eschr.  K.  Dansk.  Vid.  Selskabs.  Afh.,  1845,  xl,  p. 
239.  t.  I,  3,  4. 

americana.  Gray,  Zoo).  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.   17. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arctic  and  North  Atlantic  Oceans. 

Genl.  Char.  Pectorals  very  long,  their  margins  scalloped. 
Dorsal  fin  hump-like.  Body  short,  thick:  mandible  projecting  beyond 
upper  jaw. 

Color.  Above  black;  beneath  white  spotted  with  gray:  pectorals 
white  except  the  base  which  is  black. 

Aleasuremenis.  Total  length  of  female  45  to  50  feet;  male 
smaller. 

a. — osphyia.  (J/egap/era),  Cope.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865, 
pp.  178-180. 

Tjpe  loiality.  Coast  of  Maine  forty  miles  from  Petit  Menan 
lighthouse. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Atlantic  Ocean. 

Genl.  Char.  Posterior  cervical  vertebrae  with  long  inferior  lat- 
eral processes;  that  of  the  fifth  as  long  as  the  second;  cranium 
broad,  and  one-fifth  or  less  of  the  total  length:  fins  short,  one  fifth 
total  length.  Neural  arches  and  spines  of  dorsal  and  lumbar  regions 
greatly  elevated,  the  vertical  diameter  of  the  centrum  in  the  33d 
vertebra;  being  9.75  inches,  and  the  height  of  the  arch  and  spine 
17.87  inches;  the  position  of  the  zygapophysis  measuring  half  the 
elevation.      Ribs,  14  pairs. 

Color.      Only  skeleton  preserved. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  50  feet.  Breadth  of  cranium  from 
the  tips  of  orbital  processes,  6.41  feet;  between  coronoids  of  mandi- 
ble. 5.75  feet:  height  of  scapula,  29.6  inches,  breadth,   44.4   inches. 

12.  versabilis.  {Megaptera),  Cope.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1869, 

P-  15- 

Type  locality.      Northwest  coast  of  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.      North  Pacific  Ocean,  California  to  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Pectoral  fins  between  one-third  and  one-fourth  the 
total  length;  pectoral  and  gular  folds  26. 

Color.  Above  black,  and  in  the  most  typical  form  the  belly  ••  is 
said  to  be  entirely  black  "  (Cope.  1.  c. ) ;  external  face  oj  the  pectorals  black. 


AGAPHELUS  BALAENOPTERA.  II 

8.     Agiiplielus. 

Agaphelus.    Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  I'hil.,  iS6.s.  p.  223.    Type 

B.  gib/'osus,  Erxl. 

"  Fingers  four,  elongate,  cervical  vertebra',  lumbar  and  anterior 
caudal  vertebra  longer  than  their  greatest  diameter.  Dorsal  fin 
wanting.  Gular  and  pectoral  region  without  folds.  Scapula  with 
well-developed  acromion  and  coracoid.      Baleen  narrow,  short." 

13.  gibbosus.    (Ba/cFHii),    Erxleb.    S\st.    Regn.    .\nim.    Mamm,,    1777, 

p.   610. 

rostrata.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1S67,  p.  147, 
(Part). 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  .\tlantic  Ocean,  south  on  North  American 
coast  to  New  Jersey. 

Genl.  Char.  Mandibular  ramus  triangular  in  section  with  an 
inferior  angulated  ridge  and  a  broad  slightly  concave  face.  Lamina 
tliin,  each  one  having  two  others  supplementary  to  it,  bristles  of 
these  last  longer  and  finer;  ulna  slender  with  a  prominent  rounded 
and  flattened  olecranon  prolonged  into  a  thin  cartilaginous  plate  in 
the  plane  of  the  ulna. 

Color.  Above  black,  beneath  white;  sides  lead  color  with  longi- 
tudinal shades  of  blackish.  Fins,  basal  half,  white,  remainder  black. 
Baleen  creamy  white,  shaded  with  purple  near  the  center  of  the  base. 

yfeasuri-nitnts.      Young  about  43  feet. 

Sub.  Fam.   I.     Balaenopteriuae. 
9.     Balaenoptera. 

Balaenoptera.  Lacep.  Hist.  Nat.  C^t.,  1SC4,  p.  .\.\xvi.  Type  B.  gib- 
bar.      Desm. 

Fliysalus.      Lacep.  Hist,  des    C^tac. ,  1S26,  p.  37. 

Bettedenia.      Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864,  p.  211. 

Sibbaldus.      Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864,  p.  222. 

Sibbaldius.      Flower,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864,  p.  391. 

Cuvicrius.      Gray,  Cat.  Seals  and  Whales,  1866,  p.  164. 

Head  small,  flat,  pointed,  body  elongate;  baleen  short,  broad; 
pectoral  small,  narrow,  pointed;  dorsal  small,  falcate:  cervical  ver- 
tebra- free;  skin  of  throat  wrinkled. 

14.  acuto-rostrata.   (Balienoptera),    Lacep.    Ann.    Hist.    Nat.    Cetac  , 

xii,  V.   I,  1803-4,  p.  197,  pi.  8. 
rostrata,  Miill.  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.,  1776,  p.  7. 
minor,  Knox.  Journ.  Inst.,  1834,  p.  336. 
mondini,  Capell.  Mem.  Acad.  Bologn.,   1877,  vii,  pi.    1-4. 


BALAENOPTERA. 


Fig.  3.   Tympanic  bones  of  Bal/enoptera  acuto  rostrata.     Inner  and  outer  surface. 
No.  289  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 


Geogr.  Distr.      North  Atlantic,  Davis  Straits. 

Genl.  Char.  Smallest  of  the  species;  vertebrae,  48,  eleven  bearing 
ribs.      Dorsal  fin  high,  far  forward  on  the  body. 

Color.  Above  grayish  black,  beneath  white  including  inferior 
side  of  flukes;  inner  sides  of  pectorals  white,  and  a  broad  white 
band  on  outer  side.      Baleen  yellowish  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  30  feet. 

15.  davidsoni.   {Baleenopiera),    Scamni.    Proc.    Calif.    Acad.     Scien., 

1872,  iv,  p.  269. 

Type  locality.      Admiralty  Inlet,  coast  of  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mexico  to  Bering  Straits,  west  coast  of  North 
America. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  pointed,  dorsal  small,  falcate:  pectorals 
small,  narrow;  baleen  pure  white.  Lamina;-,  270  on  each  side,  not 
exceeding  10  feet  in  length. 

Color.  Above  dull  black,  beneath  white;  pectoral  and  caudal 
fins  black  above,  white  beneath;  a  white  band  across  pectorals  near 
their  base.      Gular  folds  70,  milky  white,  interspaces  pinkish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  27  feet;  pectorals  4  feet  i  inch 
wide;  height  of  dorsal  10  inches;  width  of  flukes  7  feet  6  inches. 

16.  velifera.   {Balienoptera),  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  i86g. 

p.    16. 
Type  locality.      Shores  of  Oregon  and  California. 
Geogr.  Distr.      North  Pacific  Ocean;  coast  of  California  and  Ore- 
gon, Commander  Islands. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,   width  of  flukes  one-fourth  total  length. 


BALAF.NOPTERA  l;j 

Color.  Above  black  or  blackish  brown,  beneath  milky  white; 
baleen  light  lead  color. 

Mt\xiiircments.      Total  length,  60  feet. 

a.  —  copei. 

borealis.     Cope  (nee  Auct).  in  Scammon  303,  fig.  p.  37. 

Type  locality.      Shumagin  Islands,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Nortiiern  Seas  and  Aleutian  Islands. 

Genl  Char.  "Dorsal  fin  large  and  high;  flukes  black  in  some, 
white  below  in  others,  and  in  a  few,  white  on  external  parts  of  flukes." 

CoL'r.      Black  above,  milky  white  beneath. 

17.  physalus.    {Bahena),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  i,  p.  106. 

hoops,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  i,  p.  106. 

rorqual,  Lacep.  C6t.,  1804,  pp.  37,  126. 

dugttidi,  Heddle,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1856,  p.  187. 

communis,  Van   Ben.    Bull.    Acad.   Brux.,  ser.  i,  1S57,  i,    p.  403. 

kno.xii.  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864,  p.  212. 

Gcogr.  Disir.  Arctic  and  Atlantic  Oceans,  Mediterranean  Sea. 
On  North  American  coast  from  Greenland  to  New  Jerse)'. 

Genl.  Char.  Flippers  relatively  short;  baleen  short,  narrow. 
N'ertebr*,  62;  ribs  16  pairs. 

Color.  Above  grayish  slate,  beneath  white.  Baleen  slate  color 
variegated  with  yellow  and  brown. 

Measitremen/s.      Total  length,  65  to  70  feet. 

18.  bore.ilis.  Less.  Hist.  Nat.  C(5t.,  1828,  p.  342. 

Gei'gr.  Dist.   Arctic  and  North  Atlantic  Oceans,  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  less  than  B.  physalus:  flippers  very  small,  one- 
eleventh  of  total  length.     Vertebra;,  55;  ribs  14  pairs. 

Colcr.  Above  bluish  black,  with  light  colored  oblong  spots; 
beneath  white.      Flippers  and  tail  black. 

.Measurements.      Total  length,  50  feet. 

19.  musculus.  {Bahena),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  106. 

physalus.  Pall.  Zoogr.  Ross.  Asiat.,  1830,  p.  290. 

sihbaldi.  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1847,  p.  92. 

tectirostris.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1869,  p.  17. 

T\pe  locality.      Coast  of  Yorkshire,    England. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Arctic  and  North  Atlantic  Oceans. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  large;  flippers  one-seventh  of  the  total 
length  of  body.  Dorsal  fin  small,  placed  far  back  on  the  body. 
\'ertebraj,  64;  ribs  16  pairs. 

Color.  General  hue  dark  bluish  gray,  with  small  white  spots 
on  the  breast.      Baleen  black. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  80  to  85  feet. 


14  BALAENOPTERA.  PHYSETER. 

20.  sulfureus.  (Sihhii/ifiiis),  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1869, 

p.  20. 

Type  locality.      Northwest  coast  of  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Pacific  Ocean,  Bering  Sea,  shores  of  Cali- 
fornia northward. 

Genl.  Char.  Largest  of  living  animals;  body  slender;  pectorals 
small,  short,  ends  rounded.  Dorsal  fin  small,  placed  far  back; 
baleen  broad  at  base. 

Color.  Above  light  brown  or  brownish  black,  sometimes  whit 
ish;  beneath  yellow  or  sulphur  hue.     Baleen  black   or  bluish    black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  95  feet;  circumference,  39  feet; 
length  of  mandible,  21  feet;  longest  baleen,  4  feet;  weight  of  baleen, 
800  pounds;  estimated  weight  of  animal,  147  tons  (Scammon). 

21.  stynegeri.  {Mesoplodon),  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  p.  584, 

Pl-  25- 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  the  Commander  Islands. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Bering  Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull:  "Brain  case  little  less  than  half  the  length 
of  the  skull.  No  basi-rostral  groove.  Premaxillary  foramen  pos- 
terior to  the  maxillary  foramen.  Premaxillary  bones  not  grooved 
in  front  of  the  foramen,  assuming  a  nearly  vertical  position  anterior 
to  the  middle  of  the  back;  not  greatly  expanded  laterally  back  of 
the  nares.  Occipital  bone  plane  above  the  condyles,  concave  at  the 
vertex.  Exposed  portion  of  vomer  less  than  one-fifth  the  length  of 
the  beak."     (True,  1.  c).      Only  the  skull  known. 

Fam.  II.     Physeteridae. 

Upper  jaw  without  functional  teeth;  those  in  mandible  various, 
number  often  reduced.  Pterygoids  meeting  on  the  median  line,  and 
hollowed  on  outer  side.  Transverse  processes  of  the  arches  of  dor- 
sal vertebrae  cease  near  the  end  of  the  series  and  are  replaced  at  a 
lower  level  by  processes  on  the  body.  Costal  cartilages  not  ossified, 
cranium  elevated  into  a  prominent  crest  behind  the  nares.  Cranium 
assymmetrical  around  narial  openings. 

Sub.  Fam.  I.     Physeterinae. 

10.    Physeter. 

-^=^   to    -^^=^  =40  to  50. 
20 — 20  25 — 25       '  -^ 

Physeter.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  107.   Ty^e  P. macrocephalus.    Linn. 

Tursio.     Fleming,  Phil.  Zool.,  1822,  11,  p.  211. 

Upper  teeth  rudimentary;  lower  jaw  with  20  to  25  on  each  side, 
short  conical,   pointed  and    recurved;   posterior   and    lateral  edges  of 


LIBRARY 
UNIVERSIIV  Of  ILU 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM- 


ZOOLOGY,    F 


i  Hyperoodon  rostratus. 

No.  42  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nearly  ?  nat.  size. 
Lower  Surface.  Upper  Surf.\ce. 


PHYSETER.  HYPEROODON.  15 

cranium  raised  into  a  compressed,  semicircular  crest.  Cranium 
above  concave.  Rostrum  elongated,  its  base  broad  and  thence 
tapering  to  tip.  Mandible  long  and  narrow,  the  sj-mphysis  being 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  ramus.  Vertebrae  50.  Zygomatic 
process  of  jugular,  thick,  massive. 


Fig.  4.     Physeter  macrocephalus  —  Lower  Jaw. 
No.  2^6  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 

22.    macrocephalus.  {PhyseUr),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  107. 

Type  locality.      North  Atlantic. 

Geogr.  Distr.     All  seas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  enormous.  Head  about  one-third  the  length 
of  body,  high,  truncated,  compressed  in  front  ;  blow  hole  longitu- 
dinal, placed  to  the  left  of  the  median  line  on  the  upper  end. 

Color.  Above  black,  shading  gradually  on  the  sides  into  the  gray 
of  the  under  parts.      Occasionall)^  specimens  are  piebald. 

Measurements.  Total  length  of  adult  55  to  60  feet,  female  much 
smaller. 

11.   nyperoodon. 

Hyperoodon,  Lacep.  Hist.  Nat.  Cdt.,  1804,  p.  xliv.  Type /i^.  hutskopf 
Bonn.,=/r.  rostratus  Miill. 
Upper  part  of  head  anterior  to  blow  hole  rising  abruptly  from 
above  the  snout ;  upper  ends  of  premaxillae  rise  and  expand  laterally 
and  overhang  the  nares ;  nasals  concave  along  median  line  and  ante- 
riorly their  outer  edges  expand  over  the  front  of  inner  border  of  the 


16  HYPEROODON.  ZIPHIUS. 

maxillae,  particularlj'  on  the  right  side.  At  base  of  rostrum  are  high 
longitudinal  crests  on  the  maxills  approximate  in  middle  line  and 
extending  backward  nearly  to  the  nares.  Cervical  vertebree  coalesced. 
Vertebrae  45. 

23.  rostratus.  {Balcend),  Mull.  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.,  1776,  p.  7. 

biiientatus,  Bonn.  C^tol.,  1789,  p.  25. 

hutskopf,  Bonn.  Cetol.,  1789,  p.  25. 

anarnacus,   Desm.  Mamm.,  1820,  p.  550,  No.  780. 

hunteri,   Desm.  Mamm.,  1820,  p.  520,  No.  782. 

latifrons,  Graj',  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.  27,  pi.  4. 

hyperobdon,  Schleg.  Zoogd.  Nederl.,  1870,  p.  94,  pi.  18. 

Geogr.  Distr.      North  Atlantic,  Davis  Straits,  Hudson  Straits. 

Genl.  Char.  Contour  of  head,  rounded,  high  above  the  beak, 
and  descending  abruptly  to  it  anteriorly.  In  old  males  the  anterior 
part  of  the  head  resembles  a  flat  disc-like  surface  nearly  covering  or 
burying  the  beak  and  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  line  of  the  back. 
Other  characters  those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Old  Adult.  Yellowish,  anterior  part  of  head  white,  and  a 
white  band  around  the  neck;  beneath  grayish  white.  Young,  black; 
mature  animals,  light  brown. 

Measurements.      Total  length  30  feet,  20  in  circumference. 

13.    Ziphius. 

1—1 
Ziphius.     Cuv.  Oss.  Foss.,  1823,  2d  ed.,  v,  p.  352.      Type  Z.  caviros- 
tris,  Cuv. 

Aliama.      Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864,  p.  242. 

Petrorhynchus.     Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1865,  p.  524. 

Ziphiorhynchus.      Burm.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1866,  p.  94. 

On  either  side  of  the  mandible  at  anterior  end  is  a  single  conical 
tooth,  directed  upwards  and  forwards.  Rostrum  triangular,  tapering 
from  base  to  apex;  edges  of  maxillae  at  base  of  rostrum  raised  into 
roughened  tuberosities.  "  Premaxillae  immediately  in  front  of  and  at 
the  sides  of  the  nares  expanded,  hollowed  and  with  elevated  lateral 
margins,  the  posterior  ends  rising  to  the  vertex  and  curving  forwards, 
the  right  being  considerably  more  elevated  than  the  left;  the  conjoint 
nasals  forming  a  strongly  pronounced  symmetrical  eminence  at  the 
top  of  the  cranium,  projecting  forwards  over  the  nares,  flat  above, 
most  prominent  and  rounded  in  the  middle  line  in  front,  and  sepa- 
rated by  a  notch  on  each  side  from  the  premaxillae.  Anteorbital 
notch  not  distinct."  (Flower.)  Vertebrae,  49,  the  three  anterior  cer- 
vicals  united. 


ZIPHIUS.  MESOPLOUON.  17 

24.    cavirostris.  {/.iplnus),  Cuv.  Oss.  Foss,  1823,  v.  2nd.  ec],  p.  353. 

Gio^r.  Distr.      All  seas. 

Genl.    Char.      Those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Spec,  from  Nice.  "Steel  gray  with  nnnierous  irregular 
white  streaks,  beneath  white." 

Measurement. <:.      Total  length  16  feet. 

Color.  Specimen  supposed  to  be  of  the  same  species  taken  at 
Warrington,  New  Zealand,  vide  Trans.  Zool.  Soc,  1889,  p.  241. 
Upper  parts,  dorsal  and  flippers  and  upper  part  of  flukes,  purple 
black;  sides  of  head  before  eye,  and  upper  lip,  dark  brown 
shading  below  into  the  white  of  the  throat.  Lower  jaw  dark  brown; 
throat  anteriorly  brownish.  Under  side  of  flukes  white.  Small 
white  area  from  angles  of  mouth  backward.  Three  oblique  folds 
each  side  of  the  throat. 

Measurements.  Total  length.  15  feet  11  111.;  dorsal,  8  in.;  widths 
at  bases,  i.i;  flipper  on  lower  borilt-r,   1.7;  width,  5.5. 

l.'i.     31es()i>lo(loii. 

Mesoplodon.  Gerv.  .\nn.  Scien.  Nat.,  1850,  3rd.  ser.  xiv.,  p.  16.  Type 
D.  soiccrbiensis.  Blainv. 
Mandible  with  a  compressed  pointed  tooth  on  either  side  at  some 
distance  from  anterior  extremity  directeti  upwards,  sometimes  back- 
wards and  frequently  of  large  size.  Rostrum  long,  narrow;  mesoth- 
moid  ossified  in  old  animals,  coalescing  with  adjacent  bones.  Region 
about  nares  like  Hyperocidon,  the  nasals  narrower  and  more  sunken. 
Vertebra',  46  to  48. 


Fig.  5.    Mesoplodon  oensirostris.    Skull. 

From  Flower  and  Lydekkcr  "Mammals  living  and  extii 


18  MESOPLODON.  MONODON 

25.    bidens.  [P/irse/c-r),  Sowerby,    Brit.  Miscell.,  1804,  i,  p.  r. 

sowerbyi  and  so7verbiensis,  Blainv.  Nouv.  Diet.,  ix.  181 7,  p.  177. 

epidon,  Desm.  Mamm.,  1821,  p.  521,  No.  786. 

dalei,  Blainv.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.,  1825,  p.  139. 

micropteriis,  Cuv.  Regn.  .^nim.,  1829,  i,  p.  288. 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  Elginshire,  England. 

Geogr.  Distr.      North  Atlantic. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  higher  than  broad,  forehead  swollen;  beak 
flat  and  rounded  at  tip.  Eyes  large;  ear  openings  very  small;  pec- 
toral small,  ovate;  dorsal  elevated,  falcate;  tail  triangular  bi-lobed; 
vertebrae,  38. 

Color.      Brownish  lead  color,  belly  bluish  ash. 

Measurements.  Total  length  of  male,  16  feet,  female  15  feet: 
length  of  her  head,  2.  7  in. ,  pectoral,  1.6  in. ;  dorsal,  o.  10  in.,  height  of 
dorsal,  .11  in. 

Fani.  111.     Delpliiiiidae. 

F.  W.  True.      A  Review  of  the  family  DelphinidiC,  Bull.  V.  S.  Nat. 

Mus.  1889,  No.  36,  p.  1-191,  pts.  1-47. 
Scammon.      The    Marine   Mammals  of  Northwest  North  America, 

1874,  p.  40. 
Facial  portion  of  skull  produced  into  a  beak;  teeth  numerous  in 
both  jaws;  anterior  ribs  articulated  to  the  transverse  process  by  a 
tubercle;  sternal  ribs  ossified.  Lacrymal  not  distinct  from  thejugal; 
pterygoids  short,  thin,  and  form  with  a  process  of  the  palate  the 
outer  wall  of  the  post  palatine  air-sinus. 

Sub  Fam.  I.     Delphinapterinae. 
14.     Moiiodoii. 


Monodon.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  105.      Type  M.  monoceras,  Linn. 

Ceratodon.    Briss.  Regn.  Anim.,  1762,  i,  p.  231. 

Diodon.   Storr.  Prodr.  Mamm.,  1780,  p.  42. 

Narvalus.    Lacep.  Hist.  Nat.  C6t.,  1804,  p.  163. 

Oryx.   Oken.  Lehrb.  Naturg.,  1815,  p.  672. 

Teeth  produced  in  two  twisted  ivory  tusks,  generally  concealed 
in  the  female,  and  in  the  male  only  a  single  tooth  is  greatly  developed, 
usually  the  one  on  the  left  side,  projecting  horizontally,  pointed  and 
marked  with  spiral  grooves.  Head  short,  rounded;  dorsal  rudimen- 
tary; pectoral  short,  broad.  Pterygoids  not  meeting,  but  approxi- 
mating posteriorly.      Vertebra-  distinct,  50. 


MONODON. 


DELPHINAPTERUS. 


26.  monoceras.  (J/('//('i/('«),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  i,  p.  105. 
7'ii/garis,  Lacep.  Hist.  Nat.  Cet. ,  1804,  p.  142. 
andenoiiii,  Lacep.  Hist.  Nat.  C^t.,  1804,  p.  163,  pi.  g,  fig 
microcc/'ha/in,  Flem.  Mem.  Wern.  Nat. 

Hist.  Soc,  1811,  t. 

Type  locality.      Greenland  Sea. 

Geogr.  Diitr.      Arctic  seas. 

Getil.  Char.  Same  as  those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Above  dark  gray,  mottled  with 
gray  on  sides  and  back;   beneath  white. 

Mcasurcmt-nts.  Total  length,  3915;  tip 
of  snout  to  pectoral,  762;  length  of  pecto- 
ral, 381;  greatest  breadth  of  same,  17. 
Skull;  total  length,  54;  length  of  rostrum, 
23.7;  breadth  of  same  at  base,  22;  at  mid- 
dle, 13.7:  interorbital  breadth,  34.4;  length 
of  temporal  fossa;,  15.2.  Developed  tooth 
often  reaches  a  length  of  seven  or  eight 
feet. 

15.    Delphinapterus. 
?^  to  ^^^^  =  32  to  40. 

S— 8  10—10  -■  ^ 

Oelphinapterus.     Lacep.   Hist.  Nat.   Cet., 

1804,    p.    xli.       Type    D.    heluga, 

Lacep. 
No  dorsal  fin,  middle  of  back  arched; 
head  globose:  pectorals,  short,  broad, 
pointed;  teeth  standing  apart,  small,  coni- 
cal and  pointed,  crowns  inclined  forwards. 
Skull  elongated,  depressed,  narrow;  ros- 
trum broad  at  base,  narrowing  toward  tip 
where  it  is  recurved.      Vertebras,  50. 

27.  leucas.  (Z?6-/////«//i),  Pall.  Raise,  Kunl., 

1776,  III,  p.  85,  pi.  74. 

catodon,  (Linn.)  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  10. 

beluga,  Lacep.  Hist.  C(5t.,  1804,  p.  50. 

albicans,  (Klein).  Briss.  R.  Anim.,    17, 

P-  259- 
canadensis,    Desm 

1822,  p.  516. 


Fig.  6.    MONODON  monoceraS. 
2nd     Pt.,     From  KloworandLeydekker- Mam- 


Mamm 

mals  living  and  e.\tinct. 

angustata.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phila.,  1859,  p.  25 
rhinodon,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865,  p.  278 


20  DELPHINAPTERUS.  PHOCAENA, 

conotta.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865,  p.  278. 

declivis.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1S65.  p.  278. 

Type  loiality.      Coast  of  Siberia. 

Geogr.  Diitr.  Arctic  and  sub-Arctic  seas.  South  to  Cape  Cod, 
Mass. 

Genl.  Char.  Pterygoids  appro,ximating  towards  their  ends,  but 
not  meeting:  intermaxills  broad  somewhat  convex,  sometimes  extend- 
ing to  posterior  wall  of  the  superior  nares.  Other  characters  same  as 
those  of  the  genus. 

Color.     All  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length  3483;  tip  of  snout  to  pectoral,  736; 
length  of  pectoral,  410;  breadth  of  same,  255.  Skull:  total  length, 
53.3:  length  of  rostrum,  26.4:  breadth  at  base,  18.3;  at  middle,  9.9; 
interorbital  breadth,  27.2:  length  of  temporal  fossae,  15.2. 

16.    Phocaena. 

25—25 
Phocsena.  Cuv.  Regn.  Anim.,  1817,  i,  p.  279.  Type  Z>. ///(;<(r//(j,  Linn. 
Rostrum  short,  broad,  tapering  towards  apex,  premaxillas  raised 
into  tubercles  before  the  nares:  nasals  flat:  mandibular  symphysis 
short;  teeth  small,  crowns  spade-shape,  occupying  nearly  the  entire 
length  of  rostrum;  the  neck  of  each  tooth  constricted:  pterygoids  sep- 
arated on  median  line:  head  not  beaked:  dorsal  fin  small,  blunt  spines 
often  seen  on  the  anterior  margin:  pectoral  fins  ovate:  first  to  sixth 
cervical  vertebrae  coalesced. 

28.  communis.  {Phoaena),  Cuv.  Regn.  .\nim.,  1817,  p.  279. 

phocana,  {Delphinits),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  p.  77. 

vomerina,  Gill.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865,  p.  178. 

brachycium.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scienc.  Phil.,  1865,  p.  279. 

? lineata,  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scienc.  Phil.,  1876,  pp.  134,  135. 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  Europe. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Atlantic  to  North  Pacific  Oceans.  United 
States  coasts.  Maine  to  New  Jersej-.  and  Puget  Sound  to  Glacier 
Bay,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Slender:  dorsal  fin  anterior  to  middle  of  the  length, 
triangular,  posterior  margin  concave,  anterior  about  straight,  with 
sometimes  a  row  of  tubercles.      Jaws  of  equal  length. 

Color.  Upper  parts  slate  or  blackish,  grading  on  sides  into  the 
white  of  lower  parts.  Sides  somewhat  tinged  with  yellow  or  pink. 
Narrow  dark  line  from  corner  of  mouth  to  anterior  base  of  pectoral, 
and  a  broad  dark  band  often  extends  from  lower  jaw  half  way  to  the 
pectoral. 


I  IRK 


UN! 


PHOCAENA. 


ORCINUS 


Measurements.  Total  length,  1727;  length  of  mouth,  121;  end 
of  snout  to  dorsal,  737;  length  of  pectoral,  178;  height  of  dorsal, 
I02:  width  of  flukes,  31.7.  Skull:  total  length,  293;  length  of  ros- 
trum, 137;  width  of  beak  at  base.  85;  at  middle,  55:  interorbital 
breadth,  137;  length  of  temporal  fossa,  6. 

2Q.  dalli.  {Phoctena),  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1885.  p.  95, 
pis.  2-6. 

J'ype  locality.      Strait  west  of  Adakh  Island,  Aleutian  group. 

Geogr.  Dislr.      North  Pacific  Ocean,  Alaska;  Aleutian  Islands. 

Genl.  Char.  Lower  jaw  longer  than  upper.  Head  sloping,  dor- 
sal fin  moderate,  falcate,  placed  anterior  to  middle  of  total  length, 
anterior  margin  with  small  tubercles.  Dorsal  and  ventral  margins  of 
body  with  prominent  ridges,  teeth  small;  vertebrao,  97. 


Fig.  7.     Phoccena  dalli. 
From  True.  Kev.  Delphinida-.    Drawinn  by  \V.  H.  Dall. 

Color.  Black:  belly  and  lower  half  of  sides  from  anterior  margin 
of  dorsal  to  behind  vent,  white  streaked  with  fine  dark  lines.  Dorsal 
tipped  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1S29:  tip  of  snout  to  dorsal,  698; 
length  of  mouth,  88:  of  pectoral,  203;  height  of  dorsal,  152;  breadth 
of  flukes,  47.  Skull:  total  length,  333:  length  of  beak,  140:  breadth 
at  base,  95;  at  middle,  57;  interorbital  breadth,  165:  length  of  tooth 
line,  127:  depth  of  temporal  fossa,  25. 

1 7.     Orcimis. 

■^^'^  =48. 
12—12      ^ 

Orcinus  l-'itzin.    VViss-Populaire  Naturgesch,  Siiugeth.,  i860,  vi.,  pp. 

204,  217.      Type  O.  gladiator,  Bonnat. 


22  ORCINUS.  PSEUDORCA, 

Orca.  Gray  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.  33  (nee  Wagl,  1830). 

Teeth  very  large,  stout,  occupying  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the 
rostrum  which  is  broad  and  elongated,  flattened  above  and  rounded 
anteriorly.  Pterygoids  separate,  premaxillse  concave  before  the 
nares,  narrow  in  the  middle  and  widening  towards  end.  Head 
depressed;  no  beak;  dorsal  large,  prominent,  pointed;  pectoral  fins 
large,  ovate.  First  and  second  vertebra?,  sometimes  the  third,  coa- 
lesced.     Vertebra^,  52. 

30.  gladiator.  {Delphinus),  Bonnat.  Cdt.,  1789,  p.  23. 

arctiais  and  europaus,  Gerv.  &  Van  Ben.  Ost.  Cet.,  1804,  p.  314. 

schlegelii,  Lilljeb.  Roy,  Soc. ,  1866,  p.  235. 

latirosiris,  Gerv.  Ost.  C^t. ,  i858,  p.  543. 

stenorhyncha,  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1870.  p.  74. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Europe. 

Geogr.  Distr.      All  seas. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,  characters  those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Upper  portion  of  head  and  body,  and  all  of  the  fins  black; 
under  jaw,  throat,  breast  and  belly  white;  a  white  trident-shaped  area 
extends  back  to  the  vent  with  one  tine,  the  two  others  passing 
obliquely  upwards  and  backward  on  the  sides.  A  large  white  patch 
behind  the  eyes.      Behind  dorsal  fin  is  a  crescentic  purple  area. 

Measurtinents.      Total  length  about  16  feet. 

31.  rectipinna.  {Ona),  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1869,  p. 

22,  figs.  15  and    16. 
atra.     Cope,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil.,    1869,    pp.  22,  58, 

fig-   17- 

Type  locality.      Pacific  coast  of  United  States. 

Geogr. Distr.      Pacific  Ocean.      California  to  the  Aleutian  Islands. 

Genl.  Char.  Muzzle  slightly  acuminate,  dorsal  fin  long,  "six 
feet  or  more  in  larger  males  "  placed  one-third  the  length  from  muzzle. 

Color.  Black;  white  beneath  with  white  lines  on  the  sides  from 
e}'es  to  hinder  margin  of  dorsal  fin. 

Meastiri'wents.  Total  length  about  20  feet;  height  of  dorsal  fin, 
6  feet. 

18.    Pseudorca. 

^:  =  40. 

Pseudorca,  Reinh.     Overs.    Dan.  Sezsk.  Forh.,    1S62,  p.   151.      Type 

P.  irassidcns,  Owen. 

Rostrum  short,  broad,  rostral  portion  of  intermaxilla-  truncated 

at  distal  end;  pterygoids  short,  approximated  on  median   line;  teeth 

large,  roots  cylindrical.     Vertebrs,  50;  the  first  to  sixth  or  seventh  coa- 


ck, 
.ed; 

i6. 

!67. 


rom 
lod- 


287; 
igth 


!,    p. 

aiU. 
:on- 
ysis 
con- 
60. 
ind; 


pi. 


;  and 
coa- 


PSEUDORCA.  CLOBIOCEFHALUS  j:! 

lesced.  Pectoral  fins  moderate,  pointed;  dorsal  near  middle  of  back, 
moderate  falcate.  Head  elevated  before  blow  hole,  compressed: 
snout  truncated. 

32.  crassidens.    {P/iocie»a),    Oweu,  Brit.  Foss.  Mamm.  1846,  p.  516. 

meiidionalis,  Flower,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864,  p.  420. 

destructor.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scienc.  Phil.,  1866,  p.  293. 

grayi,  Burm.  Ann.  Mus.  Pub.  Buen.  Aires.,  1864-69.  i,  p.  367. 
pi.  xxi. 

Type  locality.      Lincolnshire.  England. 

Geogr.  Distr.     All  seas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large.  No  beak:  head  sloping  gradually  from 
blow  hole  to  end  of  snout.  Dorsal  in  center  of  length  narrow,  mod- 
erate; pectoral  small. 

Color.     All  black. 

Measurements.  Skull:  total  length.  595;  length  of  rostrum,  287; 
breadth  at  base,  208;  at  middle,  18S;  interorbital  breadth,  333;  length 
of  temporal  fossa.  191. 

19.     Globiocephaliis. 

^  to  "--  -  32  to  48. 

S— S  12-12  •>  ^ 

Qlobiocephalus.  Less.  Nouv.  Tabl.  Regn.  Anim.,  Mamm.,  .1842,  p. 
200.  Type  Delphinus  deductor.  Scoresby.  —  I),  melas.  Traill. 
Teeth,  only  on  anterior  half  of  rostrum  and  mandible,  small  con- 
ical, acute,  curved.  Rostrum  short,  broad:  mandibular  symphysis 
short:  pterygoids  in  contact;  skull  broad,  depressed:  premaxilla>  con- 
cave in  front  of  nares;  as  wide  at  middle  as  at  base.  Vertebra;,  57-60. 
First  five  or  six  cervical  vertebra'  coalesced.  Fore  part  of  head  round: 
dorsal  low,  triangular. 

ii.  melas.  inelphhius),  Traill.    Nichols.  Jour,   if^og,  xxiii.   pi.  3. 

glol>ree/>s,  Cuv.  Ann.  Mus.,  1S12,  p.  14,  pi.  i,  figs,  i  and  2. 

deductor,  Scoresby,   Arct.  Reg.,  1820,  i,  t,  13,  fig.   i. 

intermedius,  Harl.  Jour.  .\cad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil..  1829,  p.  51,  pi. 
I,  fig.  13. 

incrassatus.  Gray,   Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1861,  p.  309,  fig   i. 

macrorhynchus.  Hector,  (nee  Gray),  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.vii, 
iS6i,  pi.  16,  figs.  3,  3a. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  England. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  and  South  Atlantic  Oceans,  coast  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  New  York,  eastern  end  of  Long  Island. 

Genl.  Char.  Teeth  g  to  ||;  vertebra?,  59-60.  Maxillaries  and 
intermaxillaries  rugose  anteriorly;  second  and  third  vertebrii  coa- 
lesced. 


24  GLOBIOCEPHALUS.  GRAMPUS. 

Color.      Black;  a  white  area  beneath. 
Measurements.      Total  length  about  20  feet. 

34.  brachypterus.  {Globioccphalus).     Cope,    Proc.    Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 

Phil.,  1876,  p.   129,  fig.  p.  131. 

Type  locality.  East  coast  of  Delaware  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of 
Maurice  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  New  Jersey  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  West  Indies. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Pectoral  fins  one-sixth  the  total  length  of  body; 
dorsal  placed  forward  of  middle  length;  teeth,  %;  vertebrae  57.  Skull 
massive.  Rostrum  broad,  the  basal  width  greater  than  four-fifths 
total  length;  temporal  fossae   large,  oval;    intermaxillfe   large  and  flat. 

Color.      Entirely  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  4648;  tip  of  snout  to  dorsal,  1206; 
length  of  pectoral,  762;  height  of  dorsal,  356;  width  of  flukes,  1168. 
Skull:  total  length,  662;  length  of  rostrum,  333;  breadth  at  base, 
288;  at  middle,  235;  interorbital  breadth,  45;  length  of  temporal 
fossa,  163. 

35.  scammoni.  {Globiocephalus),  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1869,  p.  21. 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  Lower  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coasts  of  North  and  South  America  from  Cali- 
fornia southward;  occasionally  going  into  high  northern  latitudes. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  G.  brachypterus;  pectoral  fins  longer. 
Skull  heavy:  intermaxillae  not  projecting  over  the  lateral  margins  of 
rostral  portion  of  maxillae.  Superior  nares  broad  and  bordered  by 
narrow  plates  of  the  intermaxillae;  pterygoids  short,  approximate. 

Color.      Entirely  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  4724;  tip  of  snout  to  dorsal,  1372; 
length  of  pectoral,  864;  width  of  flukes,  1007.  Skull:  total  length. 
690;  length  of  rostrum,  340;  breadth  at  base,  308;  at  middle,  252; 
interorbital  breadth,  487;  length  of  temporal  fossa,  148. 

30.     Grampus. 

5=5  to  -^^^  =  6  to  28. 

■\—-\  14— u 

Grampus.  Gray,  Zool.  of  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.  30.  Type  D. 
griscus,  Cuv. 
Rostrum  moderate,  expanding  in  front  of  ma.xillary  notches, 
and  tapering  to  tip;  rostral  portion  of  intermaxillarj'  broad  and 
rounded.  No  teeth  in  uppsr  jaw.  Pterygoids  in  contact,  no  beak: 
dorsal  fin  rather  large,  falcate:  pectorals  long,  narrow,  falcate:  verte- 
brae, 68. 


LIBKARV 
UNIVER^illf  Or 


Lagenorhynchus  acutus. 
No.  45  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     About  V,  nat.  : 


GRAMPUS.  LAGENORHYNCHUS.  25 

36.  griseus.  {^J)(lphinus),  Cuv.  Ann.  Mus. ,  1812,  p.  14,  pi.  1,  fig.  i. 
rissoaniis,  Desm.  Mamm.,  1822,  p.  519. 

iiile-rmfiiiits,  Harl.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1829,  p.  51. 

ciivicri.      Gray.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1846,  p.  85. 

siearnsii.      Dall.  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  1873.  v,  p.  13. 

Type  locality.      Brest,  coast  of  France. 

Geogr.  Dislr.  North  Atlantic  to  North  Pacific  Oceans.  Coasts 
of  United  States,  Cape  Cod  to  Atlantic  Cit_v,  New  Jersey;  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  globose;  beak  indicated;  lower  jaw  the  short- 
er; mouth  oblique;  dorsal  fin  high,  falcate:  pectorals  falcate,  long. 
Flukes  narrow.      \'ertebrae,  68.      Prenareal  area  elevated. 

Color.  Head  and  anterior  half  of  body  light  gray  tinged  with 
yellow;  belly  grayish  white;  body  marked  conspicuously  with  fine 
light-colored  irregular  lines.  Back,  dorsal  fin  and  flukes,  dark  gray 
or  blackish  tinged  with  purple. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2305  ;  tip  of  snout  to  dorsal,  1270  ; 
length  of  pectoral,  604;  height  of  dorsal,  407;  breadth  of  flukes,  736. 
Skull:  total  length,  530:  length  of  rostrum,  260;  breadth  at  base,  205; 
at  middle,  128;  interorbital  width,  342;  length  of  temporal  fossa,  133. 

^1.     Lageuorliyiicliiis. 

^——  to  ii^-i^  =  88  to  90. 

22—22  4=^—45  "^ 

Lagenorhynchus.  Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  846,  p.  34.  Type 
Drlphinus  Uiicopleiirus,  Rasch.  D.  aciitus,  Gray. 
Rostrum  broad;  rostral  portion  of  intermaxillre  flat,  sometimes 
convex;  pterygoids  in  contact  or  separate;  teeth  variable  in  size.  \'er- 
tebrac,  73  to  92.  Beak  short;  dorsal  and  pectorals  moderate,  falcate; 
caudal  ridges  prominent. 

37.  acutus.  {Delphiiitis),  Gray,  Spicil.  Zool.,  1828,  p.  2. 

esilirichtii,  Schleg.  Abh.  Geb.  Zool.,  1841,  p.  23. 

leucopleiiriis,  Rasch.  Nyt.  Mag.  for  Naturv.,  1843,  Iv.  p.  97, 
pis.  2,  3. 

arcticus.  Gray,  Syn.  Cet.,  1868,  p.  7. 

perspicillatiis.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1876,  p.  136, 
pi.  4. 

giibernalor.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1876,  p.  136, 
pi.  4. 

Type  loealily.      Faroe  Islands,  North  Sea. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Atlantic  Ocean;  northern  coast  of  United 
States;  Cape  Cod,  Greenland,  Faroe  Island,  North  Sea. 

Ge>il  Char.  Stout,  forehead  sloping  ;  beak  a  mere  rim  ;  dorsal 
high,  recurved,  attenuated  distally;  pectorals  broad  at  base,  pointed; 
flukes  large;  caudal  ridges  greatly  developed. 


LAGENORHYNCHUS. 


Color.  Sides  of  head  and  body  gra}-:  upper  jaw,  forehtad,  back 
of  fins,  black:  sides  of  tail  above,  dusky  yellowish  ;  below  dorsal  fin 
on  sides,  a  white  oblong  area.  From  base  of  flukes  to  the  dorsal  fin, 
a  narrow  black  line,  and  another  from  base  of  pectorals  to  corner  of 
the  mouth;  orbital  ring  black,  from  which  a  line  goes  to  the  beak; 
vent  black;  base  of  flukes  beneath  and  margin  of  tail  whitish.  Mar- 
gin of  lower  jaw  occasionally  black. 

Measiireinents.  Total  length,  2515:  ends  of  snout  to  pectoral, 
406;  to  dorsal,  939;  length  of  pectoral,  330  ;  breadth  of  flukes,  635. 
Skull:  total  length,  425;  of  rostrum,  216:  breadth  at  base,  114:  at  mid- 
dle, 76:  iaterorbital  breadth,  216:  length  of  temporal  fossa,  84  ; 
depth,  43. 

38.  thicolea.  {Lageiiorkync/uis),  Gra}',  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1849,  p.  2. 

Type  locality.      West  coast  of  North  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.     West  coast  of  North  America. 

Genl.  Char.  "Rostrum  long,  narrow,  greatest  breadth  one- 
fourth  the  length:  intermaxilla^  flat,  narrow;  temporal  fossa  small, 
rounded;  margins  of  proximal  half  of  rostrum  thickened;  the  superior 
surface  of  the  maxillae  in  this  part  at  a  different  angle  from  the  plane 
of  the  distal  half  of  the  rostral  part  of  the  maxillae,  which  looks  down- 
ward and  forward."     Only  the  skull  known. 

Measurements.  Skull:  total  length,  375;  length  of  beak,  210: 
breadth  at  base,  97;  at  middle,  53;  breadth  of  intermaxillae  at  same 
point,  I'i;  interorbital  breadth,  163;  length  of  temporal  fossa,  56. 

39.  albirostris.   {Delphinus),  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1846,  p.  84. 
ibsenii,  Eschricht.  Undersogelser  over  Hvaldyrene  5te  Afh.,  p.  73. 


Fig.    8.      LAGENORHYNCHUS   ALBIROSTRIS. 
I  e.v-Liitken.  Kgl.  Danske.Videnskabs  Selskabs  Skrifter  6th  Koekke  IV.  1SS7.  pi.  21 


LAGENORHYNCHUS.  DELPHINUS  27 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  Norfolk,  England. 

Geogr.  Dislr.  North  Atlantic  Ocean,  Greenland.  North  and 
Baltic  Seas,  Faroe  Islands,  Davis  Straits. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  inform  to  Z.  acutiis,  forehead  more  swollen; 
dorsal  more  attenuated  and  reclined:  pectorals  larger.  Teeth,  f|Z-|f ; 
vertebrae,  88-92. 

Color.  Forehead,  except  base,  back  and  fins,  black:  sides  gray- 
ish black;  beneath,  white.  Base  of  forehead,  beak  and  mandible."^, 
white  tinged  with  graj'.  On  sides,  three  irregular  areas,  one  above 
base  of  pectoral,  one  below  insertion  of  anterior  margin  of  dorsal, 
and  one  below  the  insertion  of  the  posterior  margin  of  dorsal,  white 
mottled  with  black,  gray  and  brown.  Behind  the  blow  hole  on  back 
and  near  the  insertion  of  the  flukes  on  the  tail  are  similar  light  areas. 
Flukes  beneath,  graj'ish. 

Measuraiu'iils.  Total  length,  1664;  end  of  snout  to  base  of  dor- 
sal, 762;  height  of  dorsal,  152:  length  of  pectoral,  305:  breadth  of 
flukes,  381.  Skull:  total  length,  460:  length  of  rostrum,  229;  breadth 
at  base,  152  :  at  middle,  87  :  interorbital  width,  235  ;  length  of  tem- 
poral fossa,  79. 

40.  obliquidens.  {Lagfnorliyiiiliits).  Gill,  Proc.  .•Xcad.  Nat.  Scien. 
Phil.,  1865,  p.  177. 

longidfiis.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phila.,  1866,  p.  295. 

similis,  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1868,  p.  147. 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Pacific  Ocean,  Monterey  to  Puget  Sound, 
coast  of  United  States. 

Genl.  Char.  Rather  stout;  dorsal  falcate;  skull  similar  to  that  of 
/.  aculi/s,  but  narrower,  prema.xillae  rounded,  outer  margins  not 
sinuate:  pterygoid  not  meeting  on  median  line,  divergent  posteriorly: 
vomer  visible  in  median  line  of  palate.      Teeth,  f|J^f;  vertebrte,  74. 

Color.  Above,  black,  or  greenish  black;  broad  strips  of  white, 
gray  and  black  on  the  sides;  beneath,  white.  Posterior  edge  of  dor- 
sal and  flukes  tipped  with  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2210;  breadth  of  flukes,  610:  end  of 
snout  to  anterior  base  of  dorsal,  914.  Skull:  total  length,  413;  length 
of  rostrum,  209;  breadth  at  base,  118:  at  middle,  81;  interorbital 
breadth,  192:  length  of  temporal  fossa,  84;  depth  of  same,  68. 

22.     Delpliiiiu8. 

i2=i?    to   ^^=    160  to  240. 
40—40  60—60  ' 

Delphinus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  p.  77.      Type  D.  dclphis,  Linn. 
EuJelphinus,  Gerv.  Ost^og.  des  C^taces.  1880,  p.  600. 


28  DELPHINUS.  TURSIOPS. 

Teeth  occupj'ing  nearh'  all  the  rostrum,  numerous  in  both  jaws, 
conical,  acute,  curving;  rostrum  twice  the  length  of  brain  case;  ptery- 
goids meeting  on  median  line  for  their  entire  length;  palate  grooved 
deeply  laterally;  pectoral  fin  moderate,  falcate. 

41.  delphis.     {De/phtiiiis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  p.  77. 

fulvo-fasciaiiis,  Wagn.  Schreb.  Saugth.,  pi.  361,  fig.  i. 

novcB-zelandicv,  Quoy  &  Gaim.  Voy.  Astrol.,  Mam.,  1830,  p.  149. 

jaitira,  Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.  41,  pi.  23. 

albritianiis,  Peale,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  Mam.,  1848,  v,  iii,  p.  33. 

algeriensis,  Loche.    Rev.  Mag.  Zool.,  i860,  p.  474,  pi.  22,  fig.  i. 

forsteri,  Gray,  Cat.  Cat.,  1866,  p.  24S. 

major,  moorei  &=  ivalkeri,     Gray,  Cat.  Cat.,  1866,  pp.  396,  397. 

poiiii'cgm,     Owen,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc. ,  1866,  vi,  p.  23,  pis.  6,  8. 

hairilii,  Dall.  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  1873,  v,  p.   12. 

micro/is,  Burm.  (nee  Gray),  Desc.  Phys.  Argent.,  1879,  in,  p.  534. 

fiisci/s,  sowerhianiis,  variegaius,  batteaius,  moschatiis  (La  Font). 
Fisch.  Act.  Soc.  Linn.  Bord.,  1881,  v,  p.  127,  pis.  4,  5,  6. 

marginal iis^  La  Font,  (nee  Pucher).  Act.  Soc.  Linn.  Bord.,  vi, 
p.    518. 

curvirostris,  Riggio,  Nat.  Sicil.,  1883,   11,    p.    157,  pi.  3. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Europe. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Atlantic  Ocean,  Mediterranean  Sea,  etc. 

GcnI.  CItar.  Body  slender,  forehead  forming  an  angle  to  the 
beak,  which  is  long  and  slender;  dorsal  fin  in  the  center  of  dorsal 
line,  narrow;  pectorals  three  times  longer  than  broad,  pointed. 

Color.  Very  variable.  Upper  parts  black  and  blackish  gray, 
beneath  white  or  greenish  white;  black,  gray  or  greenish  band  from 
lower  jaw  to  base  of  pectoral  fin;  orbital  ring  black,  from  which  a 
black  band  extends  forward  to  the  base  of  the  beak.  Margin  of  lower 
jaw  black.  Elongated  areas  of  light  festoons  of  gray  on  sides  trav- 
ersed by  two  longitudinal  bands  of  gray  or  greenish  gray. 

Measuremcnis.  Total  length,  1382,-2008;  length  of  pectoral, 
280,-305;  width  of  flukes,  393,-450:  height  of  dorsal,  177,-203;  blow 
hole  to  end  of  nose,  330,-356. 

33.    Tursiops. 

?i=Hto?5=?5  ^    8      to  IOC. 

21—21  25 — 25  ^ 

Tursiops.  Gerv.  Hist.  Nat.  Mamm.,  1855,  11,  p.  323.  Type  D.  tiirsio. 
Fabric. 

Tiirsio,  Gray,   (nee  Wagl).    Cat.  Seals  and  Whales,  1866,  p.  254. 

Rostrum  with  moderate  taper;  no  groove  in  palate;  mandibular 
symphysis  short,  teeth  stout;  vertebra,  C.  7,  D.  13,  L.  17,  C.  27  =  64. 
Dorsal  lin  high,  falcate. 


!ly  dis- 
3ulf  of 

ne  has 

'urple, 

.    232; 

width 

length 

idth  of 


13- 
South- 

unded 

lower 

■gin  of 

iion  of 


maxil- 
length 


),  169. 

I)- 

5- 

s  sep- 

small, 


I 


TURSIOPS.  LISSODELPHIS.  29 

42.  tursiu   [/)t-//>/ii»us).  Fabric.  Faun.  Groenl.,  1780,  p.  49. 

triincatiis,  Montagn,  Mem.  Wern.  Soc,  1821,  iii,  p.  73. 

compressicaiiJa,  Less.  Cut.,  1828,  p.  igg. 

communis,  Fitzin.  (nee  Cuv).  Carr.  Dalm.,  184b,  p.  75. 

metis.  Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.  38,  pi.   17. 

cymodice.  Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.  38,  pi.   17. 

eurynome.  Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  pi.  38,  pi.  18. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Greenland. 

Geogr.  Dislr.  Atlantic  Ocean,  Mediterranean  Seas — wiiiely  dis- 
tributed. .Atlantic  coast  of  .\tlantic  states,  Maine  to  Florida;  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Practicall)'  those  of  the  genus.  Frontal  bone  has 
no  backward  extension  and  the  parietal  is  broad  inferiorly. 

Co/or.  Upper  parts  of  fins  plumbeous  gray  tinged  with  purple, 
grading  on  sides  into  the  pure  white  of  the  underparts. 

Measurements.  Total  length  skull,  432;  length  of  beak,  232; 
greatest  breadth  of  beak,  108:  length  of  tooth  line,  195;  width 
between  interorbitals,  igi;  length  of  mandible,  365.  Total  length 
of  animal,  2907;  of  mouth,  319;  height  of  dorsal  fin,  229;  breadth  of 
flukes,  612. 

43.  gillii.  (Tursio/>s),  Dall,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  1873,  v,  p.  13. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Pacific  Ocean  and  along  shores  of  South- 
ern and  Lower  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Optic  canal  not  reaching  the  level  of  the  rounded 
antero-internal  border  of  the  deeply  concave  frontal,  and  the  lower 
part  of  the  parietal  is  a  narrow  band  between  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  squamosal,  and  the  posterior  margin  of  a  backward  extension  of 
the  frontal. 

Color.      "  Black  all  over,  lightened  a  little  below." 

.\feasurements.  Length  of  beak,  298:  breadth  at  base  of  maxil- 
lary vertebr.T,  141;  at  the  middle,  88;  length  of  tooth  line,  254;  length 
of  mandible,  427. 

2\.     Lissoclelphis. 

idzi!  to  44:^4  ^  1-6  to  182. 
44—44      47—47 

Lissodelphis.     Glog.  Hand-u  Hilfsbuch  d.  Xaturgesch.,  i84i,p,  169. 

Type  /).  peronii  Lacepede. 

Tursio,  Wagl.  Nouv.  Syst.  Amph.   1830,  p.  34  (nee  Fleming). 

Delphinapterus,  Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,    1846,  p.  35. 

Dorsal  fin  absent.  Rostrum  long,  tapering,  flat;  pterygoids  sep- 
arate; margins  parallel;  mandibular  symphysis  short;  teeth  small, 
acute.     Beak  short,  narrow;  pectoral  fins  falcate. 


30  LISSODELPHIS.  PRODELPHINUS. 

44.  borealis  \Dclphinapterus),  Peale  U.  S.  Expl.  Exp.,  Mamm.,  1S48, 
p.  35,  pi.  viii,  fig.  2. 

Crc-oxr.  Distr.  North  Pacific  Ocean,  San  Diego,  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia to  Bering  Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  Slender;  lower  jaw  longer  than  upper,  decurved  at 
extremity;  flukes  small,  symphysis  of  mandible  not  keeled. 

Geogr.  Distr.      North   Pacific  Ocean,  coast  of  California,  Japan. 

Color.  Lozenge-shaped  area  on  a  line  between  the  pectorals 
and  flukes,  end  of  lower  jaw  and  lower  sides  of  flukes  white  or  clouded 
with  white,  remaining  parts  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2464;  end  of  snout  to  pectoral,  635; 
length  of  pectoral.  305;  breadth  of  flukes,  406.  Skull:  total  length, 
437;  length  of  rostrum,  240;  breadth  of  rostrum  at  base,  no;  at  mid- 
dle. 56;  interorbital  breadth,  176;  length  of  temporal  fossa,  71. 

35.    Prodelphimis. 

^~-  tn  •°~"°  =   120  to  200. 
30—30  •■"  fo— 50 

Prodelphinus.     Gerv. ,  Ostdog.,  des  C^tac^s.  1880,  p.  604.     Type  P. 
dubius,  Cuv. 
C/ymene,  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864.  p.  237  (nee  Oken  et  Savi, 

1815-17)- 
Chrnenia,   Gray,   Syn.    Whales  and    Dolphins,    186S,    p.    6   (nt 

Munst.,  1839). 
Teeth   smaller  than  those  of   Tursiops.      Rostrum   long,  narrow; 
no  groove    in    palate.      Vertebrs,   73-78.      Symphysis    of    mandible, 
short.      Beak  elongated.      Dorsal  and  pectoral  fins  falcate. 

45.  euphrosine.  {Delpkinns),  Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846. 
p.  40,  pi.  22. 

Styx,     Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.  39,  pi.  2. 

tethyos,  Gerv.  Bull.  Soc.  Agr.  Herault,    1853,  xl,  p.   150.  pi.   i. 

marginatus,  (Duvern).      Pucher.  Rev.  Zool.,  1854,  p.  547. 

doreides.  Gray,  Cat.  Cet.,  1866,  p.  400. 

euphrosinoides.  Gray,  Synops.  Whales  and  Dolphins,  1868,  p.  6. 

nova-zelandiiT.  Hector,  (nee  Gray),  Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  v,  p.  159. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Atlantic  Ocean,  South  Greenland,  Mediterranean 
Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  stout,  beak  long;  dorsal  fin  high,  falcate;  pec- 
torals small. 

Color.  Above  black;  sides  blackish,  beneath  white;  orbital  ring 
black;  black  band  from  eye  to  vent  and  one  going  downward  and 
backward  above  base  of  the  pectorals;  this  black  band  is  divided  from 
the  dark  color  above  bv  a  white  band  which  is  broadest  in  the  middle 


LUM8IAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL. 


Vv 


V  ^^^BmL; 


W^ 


PrODElPHINUS    EUFHROSYN,e    (GrAY).  LlaSODELPHIS    BOREALIS. 

tie  (From  Gray,  Synopsis  of  Whales  and  Dolphins,  iS6S,  pi.  22.)  No.  303  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINUlb 

URDANA 


PRODELPHINUS.  :U 

Broad  black  band  from  ej-e  to  base  of  pectoral  with  white  area  in  its 
center  that  joins  the  white  throat  below  the  eye.  Fins  black,  mar- 
gined anteriorly  with  white. 

.\ft-asitrt-mc-nts.  Total  length.  2097;  end  of  beak  to  base  of  dor- 
sal. 932;  breadth  of  flukes.  420;  anterior  margin  of  pectoral  fin,  305. 

46.  crotaphiscus.  (/)c-//>/iifi//s).  Cope,  Proc.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865.  p. 

203. 

Ty/>r  localily.  Unknown  Type,  skull  in  the  museum  at  Salem. 
Mass. 

Geoi^r.  Dish-.      Unknown. 

Gen/.  Char.  Muzzle  flat,  carina  in  front  of  blow  holes;  small 
temporal  fossa,  only  a  trace  of  the  groove  in  roof  of  mouth.  Paroc- 
cipital  ala-  moderately  developed;  inner  margin  of  glenoid  cavity  pro- 
duced into  a  lamina;  palatines  terminating  next  the  orbits,  sphinoids 
in  a  free  keel  and  with  a  strong  lateral  keel. 

47.  plagiodon.  ^Dc/phinus).  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1866, 

p.    296. 

Ty/ie  locality.     Eastern  coast  of  United  States. 

Gedgr.  Distr.  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  Cape  Hat- 
teras  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Dorsal  fin  high,  recurved;  pectoral  tins  broad  at 
base:  beak  stout. 


FiG.    9.      PrODELPMINUS    PLAGIODON. 
.  Dclphinidae,  from  photo,  of  specimcQ  taken  on  I'.  S.  steaii 


Color,  .\bove  purplish  gray,  shading  on  the  sides  into  the  white 
of  the  underparts.  Upper  parts  and  fins  spotted  with  white  or  gray; 
lower  parts  spotted  with  dark  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2157:  length  of  mouth,  2S0;  of  pec- 
toral  fin,  304;  end  of  beak  to  dorsal,  337:  height  of  dorsal,  241; 
breadth  of  flukes,  527. 


32  PRODELPHINUS. 

48.  fraenatus.     {Dflphinus),  Cuv.  Mamm.,  1825,   pi.  426. 

frontalis,  (Duss).  Cuv.  Regn.  Anim.,   1829,  i,  p.  288. 

doris.  Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1846,  p.  39,  pi.  20. 

clymene.   Gray,  Cat.  Cet.,  1866,  p.  249. 

normalis.   Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. ,  1866,  p.  214. 

Geogr.  Dis/r.      Atlantic  to  Indian  Oceans. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  P.  plagiodon,  but  smaller.      Vertebrae  70. 

Color.  Above  dark,  grading  on  sides  into  the  white  of  belly; 
sides  and  fins  spotted. 

Measurements.  Total  length  1572;  end  of  beak  to  dorsal,  858;  to 
pectoral,  390;  length  of  skull,  376;  of  rostrum,  218;  breadth  of  ros- 
trum at  base,  89;  interorbital  breadth,  164;  length  of  temporal 
fossa,  71. 


LIBRARY 

b?ilV£K:-,:'V  m  ir!.||\jO!S 


DiCOTYLES    TAJaCU. 
No.  --.b  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     '2  uat. 


()id<i\.    Ungulata. 

Fam.    I.     I>ic*<>tylidae. 

Snout  elongated,  truncated,  flat  terminal  naked  surface  in  which 
the  nostrils  are  situated.      Stomach  complex:  cifcum  present. 

Sub.  Fam.  I.     Dicotylinae. 

2<J.     I)i<'<>tyles. 

I.  -:zi;    C.  ~;    P.  '"';   M.  ^^  =  38. 
3-3  i-i'  3-3'  3-3        ■' 

Dicotyles.     Cuv.  Regn.  Anim.,  i,  1817,   p.  237. 

Incisor  rooted;    upper   canines   pointed  downwards,  with    sharp 

cutting  edges.      Four  toes  on  fore  feet,    three  on  hind  feet.      Upper 

outer  incisor  and  anterior  premolar  of  both  jaws  wanting.     Third  and 

fourth   metapiodials  united   at  their  upper  ends.      Ears  small,   erect. 

Bodv  covered  with  bristly  hair.      Musky  gland  in   middle  of  back. 

49.  tajacu.    (.S//J),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1766.  p.   loj. 

Type  locality.      Mexico. 

GfOf;r.  Distr.  Red  River  of  Arkansas,  latitude  34  south  through 
Mexico,  Central  and  South  America  to  the  Rio  Negro  of  Patagonia. 

iienl.  Char.  A  white  collar  on  either  side  of  tlie  neck;  size 
small. 

Color.  Hairs  bristly,  banded  with  black  and  white,  the  tips  being 
always  black,  making  the  upper  parts  and  sides  appearing  a  mixed 
black  and  white.  Black  predominates  on  face,  along  the  mane  and 
the  median  line  of  the  dorsal  region.  The  throat,  underparts,  legs. 
ears  and  a  patch  behind  ears,  nose  and  hoofs  black.  Band  extend- 
ing from  either  side  of  neck  over  shoulders  and  meeting  on  back 
whitish;  legs  dark  brown,  sometimes  the  sides  of  hoofs  are  horn  color. 

.\fiasiirc-menls.  Total  length,  865;  head,  280;  height  at  shoulder, 
S13:  tail  vertebrae,  12. 

Fam.  II.     Cerviilae. 

Antlers  solid,  always  present  on  the  male,  sometimes  on  the 
female,  first  molar  in  upper  and  lower  jaws  brachyodont;  lach- 
rymal bone  prevented  from  articulating  with  the  nasals  by  an  exten- 
sive anteorbital  vacuity;  lachrymal  duct  with  two  orifices  at  or  inside 
rim  of  orbit;  lateral  hoofs  nearly  always  present  on  all  of  the  feet. 
Upper  canines  generally  present;  no  gall  bladder. 


Svib.  Fani.  I.     Cervinae. 
27.     Cerviis. 

I.  °^;  C.  '^;  P.  ■^;  M.  i=^  =  34. 

4-4        0—0         3—3'         3-3       Jt 

Cervus.     Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  p.  66. 

Antlers  only  present  in  male,  supported  by  short  pedicles,  rising 
at  acute  angles  to  the  median  line  of  skull;  never  regularly  forked  at 
first  division,  and  furnished  with  tines;  brow  tine  present;  no  ridges 
on  frontals;  canine  teeth  large  in  American  species;  lateral  metacar- 
pals only  represented  by  the  upper  ends. 

50.  canadensis.  Erxl.  Syst.  Regn.  Anim.,  1777,  p.  305. 

s/roi2gyiiH-cros,  Schreb.  Saugeth.,  v,  p.   i,  pi.  ccxlviii. 

wapiti.  Barton,  Am.  Phil.  Trans.,  1869,  p.  70. 

Type  locality.      Eastern  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountain  region  from  New  Mexico  to  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  and  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  range  westward  to 
about  i20th  meridian.  East  of  the  westward  borders  of  the  great 
plains  it  is  practically  extinct,  although  it  may  still  linger  in  northern 
Minnesota  and  possibly  in  North  Dakota. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  large;  antlers  with  often  more  than  five 
tines;  curving  backwards,  flattened  in  upper  portion;  fourth  tine  long- 
est; brow  and  bez  tines  close  together  and  of  nearly  equal  length; 
crowns  sometimes  cup-shaped,  caudal  disk  enormous;  mane  devel- 
oped, tail  short.  Tarsal  gland  absent,  metatarsal  present.  Lachry- 
mal large,  naked. 

Color.  Siimnu-r  Pelage.  Head,  neck  and  underparts  verv  dark 
chestnut  brown,  sometimes  black  beneath;  sides,  back  and  thighs 
yellowish  gray;  a  white  or  straw-colored  patch  on  rump  uniting  with 
white  between  the  hind  legs,  the  lower  border  of  this  patch  being 
black;  legs  clove  brown.      Individuals  vary  considerably  in  color. 

Winter  Pelage.  Resembles  the  summer  in  color,  but  the  hairs  are 
much  longer  and  there  is  a  heavy  under  coat  of  fur. 

Measuremtnts.  Height  at  withers,  1627;  total  length,  2973;  nose 
to  occiput,  558;  tail  vertebra,  213.  The  dimensions  vary  greatly  and 
those  of  one  specimen  are  hardlj-  a  criterion  for  others. 

Antlers.  Length  along  outside  curve  from  1448  to  1655;  circum- 
ference about  bez  tine  183-237;  tip  to  tip,  622-1650;  widest  inside, 
902-1398. 

a. — orcidenlalis.    [Cerrus),  Smith,   Griff,  .\nim.  King.,    1827,    iv,    pp. 
101-103. 
roosepelti,   Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,   [897,  p.  271. 
Tvpe  locality.      Northwestern  America,  no  definite  locality  given. 


FIELD   COLUMBIAN    Ml 


:iELO  COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM, 


I 


Cervus  canadensis 

No.  62  Field  Columbian  Museum  Cull.    .\bou 


LlBRm 

UNimm  OF  ILLINOIS 


%"' 


4i 


Rangifer  caribou. 

No.  6i  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     Nearly  J  nat.  size. 


CERVUS  RANGIFER.  SS 

Geogr.  Dish.  \'ancouver  Island,  coast  ranges  of  Washington 
and  Oregon  to  northwestern  California. 

(i<n/.  Cliar.  Size  large;  in  winter  pelage,  head,  neck  and  legs 
black. 

Color.  Summer  Pelagf.  Not  perceptibly  different  from  the 
i^ocky  Mountain  or  eastern  Wapiti. 

Winter  Pe/iigc.  Head  and  neck  more  or  less  black;  especially  on 
the  face  and  on  median  line  of  neck,  rest  brown;  the  extent  of  black 
varies  greatly  among  individuals:  back  and  side  grayish  brown;  dor- 
sal line  dusky:  breast  and  belly  reddish  chestnut;  legs  and  feet  black; 
black  on  inner  side  of  thigh  curving  outward  on  lower  side  of  rump 
patch,  which  is  large  and  buffy  fulvous. 

.\/t-iisi/rt-Mi-/i/s.  Total  length,  2490:  tail,  80:  ears,  225:  antlers 
trom  tip  to  tip,  990-1130:  circumference  of  burr,  266-370. 

2S.      Haiiffif*''-. 

I.  °=^;  C.  "^i  P.  i-'i  M.  i-^  =  34. 
4—4  0-0'         i-y  3-3        -'^ 

Rangifer.  H.  Smith,  Griff.  Anim.  King.,  v,  1.S27,  p.  304.  Type  >?. 
/iiroiu/us.  Linn. 
Lateral  metacarpals  represented  only  by  the  lower  extremities. 
Both  sexes  bearing  antlers;  brow  tines  palmated,  compressed  later- 
ally, advancing  over  middle  of  face  and  rarely  symmetrical;  a  second 
or  bez  tine  above  the  brow  tine,  also  palmated;  about  midway  its 
length  the  beams  beud  forward,  and  here,  posteriorly,  is  a  small  tine, 
and  the  beam  ends  in  a  large  palmation  with  numerous  points.  Ant- 
lers of  female  much  smaller,  lighter  and  simpler.  Muzzle  entirely 
hairy;  ears  and  tail  short:  mane  on  neck.  Tarsal  gland  present,  meta- 
tarsal absent.      No  upper  canines.      Hoofs  deeply  cleft. 

51.  caribou.  {Crmts),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1788,  p.   177. 

Idramhis  sy/restris.  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  .\mer. ,  1829.  p    250. 

ha.<:/ii/is,  .\gass.  Sillim.  Jour  .  1847.  p.  436. 

Tyf't- locality.      Boreal  eastern   North  America. 

Geo,^r.  Pistr.  Labrador,  Lower  Canada,  south  to  Nova  Scotia, 
New  Brimswick  and  Maine  in  the  east:  west  through  the  districts 
north  of  Quebec  and  Lake  Superior  to  Montana  and  British  Colum- 
bia, in  forest  lands. 

Gen/.  Char.  Size  large:  antlers  stout,  flat,  palmation  very  con- 
siderable; one  brow  tine  usually  simple.  Colors  dark  on  body  and 
limbs:  no  light  ring  around  eye. 

Color.  Summer  Pela^^e.  Rump,  tail,  underparts  and  inside  legs 
p\ire  white;  outside  of  legs  dark  brown:  head,  neck  and  remaining 
p;irts  clove   brown,    sometimes    reddish;  black     patch   on    cheek   and 


36  RANGIFER. 

around  eye,  and  white  band  above  hoofs  enclosing  lateral  hoofs 
behind. 

Winter  Pehige.  Head  and  neck  white,  or  whitish,  rest  of  coat 
grayish  ash. 

Measurtimn/s.  Total  length,  1933;  height  at  withers.  106S:  ears, 
127. 

52.  terraenovae.     {Ran^i;!/er).  Bangs,   Boston,  Private  Pub.,  1896, — 

Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  1896,  p.  233. 

Type  locality.  Grand  Lake,  Newfcflindland  (Allen),  Codroy,  New- 
foundland (Bangs). 

Geogr.  Distr.      Newfoundland. 

Genl.  Char.  Antlers  massive,  points  numerous,  general  shape 
low,  widelv  spread  and  the  points  directed  forward;  white  ring  around 
eye. 

Color.  .4nti/mii  Pelagf.  Above  grayish  brown;  neck  soiled 
white;  lower  part  of  face,  and  ring  around  eye  grayish  white:  rest  of 
head  grayish  brown,  underparts  pure  white;  front  of  legs  brownish 
grav,  feet  white;  tail  drab  above,  white  beneath;  ears  drab. 

Measurements.      Larger  than  R.  groenlandicus. 

53.  montanus.  {Rangifer),  Seton  Thompson,  Ottawa  Natur.,  i8gg,  p. 

129. 

Type  loeality.  lUacillewaet  watershed  near  Revelstoke,  Selkirk 
Range,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  of  British  Columbia,  north  into  south- 
eastern Alaska,  east  into  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Alberta  and  south 
into  Idaho. 

Genl.  Cliar.  Size  large,  color  dark,  white  mark  above  hoof  nar- 
row.     Antlers  not  different  from  the  woodland  species. 

Color.  Lips,  neck,  bell}',  buttocks  and  under  side  of  tail  gray- 
ish white;  rest  of  pelage  deep  umber  brown,  becoming  nearly  black 
over  lower  part  of  legs.  A  light  grayish  patch  over  ribs.  White 
mark  above  hoof,  very  narrow. 

Measurements.  Total  length  from  end  of  nose  to  root  of  tail,  1930- 
2413;  tail,  127-177.8;  nose  to  occiput,  502;  hind  foot,  597-660;  ear, 
115-120;  height  at  withers,  1081-1397. 

54.  dawsoni.    (Rangifer),    Seton  Thompson,  Ottawa  Natur.,  1900,  p. 

260. 
Type  locality.      Graham  Island,  Queen  Charlotte  Islands. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Queen  Charlotte  Islands. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  small,  color  dark  but  lighter  than  R.  montanus. 
Color.      General  hue  mouse  color. 
Measurements.      Only    those   of  antlers  and    part    of   skull  given. 


,  Canada.     Coll  .  V.  Shaw  Kc-niiudy.     Indi 


AMERICANUS. 
■idiial  shot  Oct 


Spread  ol  horns,  hi  inches.     %  i 


RANGIFER  ALCES.  :tT 

I'^om  burr  to  tip  along  outer  curve,  283-4  in.  (730  mm.);  girth  above 

burr.  120;  occiput  to  posterior  end  of  nasals,  166:  width  across  orbits, 

'53 

55.  groenlandicus.  (Ci-rj'us),  Gmel.  S)st.  Nat.,  178S,  i,  p.  177. 

Ty/>e  locality.      Greenland. 

Gfogr.  Distr.      Greenland. 

(.',enl.  Chiir.  .\utlers  long,  slender,  with  but  few  points;  white 
ring  around  eye,  and  white  line  bordering  the  hoofs. 

Color.  .Summer  Pelage.  General  character  clove  brown;  around 
the  eye  a  broadly  defined  white  ring;  and  the  hoofs  are  bordered  by  a 
broad  white  band. 

.\feasiirements.     Somewhat  smaller  than  R.  laribou. 

56    arcticus.  (Cem/s),  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer. ,  1829,  p.  239. 

Type  localily.      Shores  of  Hudson  Bay? 

Geog.  Distr.  Barren  grounds  of  Arctic  America,  north  of  the 
tree  limit,  to  the  shores  and  islands  of  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  antlers  of  male  long,  slender  with  com- 
paratively few  points;  brow  and  bez  tines  more  or  less  palmated;  back 
tine  usually  absent. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  General  tint  clove  brown  mi.xed  with 
dark  reddish  and  yellowish  browns;  neck  beneath  and  underparts 
white. 

Winter  Pelage.      Entire  coat  soiled  white. 

.Measurements.      Similar  in  size  to  R.  caribou. 

29.    Alces. 

T.  \~J;.  C.  „~^;  P.  ;^;  M.  ^^  =  34- 

Alces.  If.  Smith.  Griff.  Anim.  King.,  v.  1827.  p.  303.  Type  .-//<v.r 
machlis,  Linn. 
Size,  largest  of  all  living  deer;  lateral  metacarpals  represented  by 
the  lower  extremities;  antlers  possessed  onlj'  by  the  male,  placed  low 
on  skull  extending  at  first  outwards  and  then  backwards,  expanding 
into  a  broad  palmation  with  numerous  points;  brow  tine  often  pal- 
mated and  furnished  with  points.  Muzzle  large,  broad  and  overhang- 
ing, with  a  small  triangular  naked  area  between  nostrils;  head  and 
legs  long;  neck  and  body  short;  fore  legs  longest,  tail  very  short;  tar- 
sal gland  small;  lateral  hoofs  large;  main  hoofs  pointed.  Nasal  bones 
short;  nasal  aperture  large;  gland  pit  and  interorbital  vacuity,  moder- 
ate. A  mass  of  hair  depends  from  lower  part  of  throat  called  "the 
bell." 


38  ALCES.  ODOCOILEUS. 

57.  americanus.   {.4/i;-s),  Jard.  Nat.  Libr.,  1835,  Mamm.  p.  125. 

inaclilis,  (Linn.),  Ogilby,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1836,  p.  135. 

pa/inattis.  Gray,  List  Mamm.  Brit.  Mus.,  1843,  p.  182. 

lobatus,  Agass.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc,  1846,  p.  188. 

iiiusiva,  Rich.  Zool.  of   Herald,  Mamm..  1852,  p.  66. 

Type  locality.      Eastern  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Labrador,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Quebec, 
possibly  Ontario;  Maine,  Minnesota,  Montana  and  north  to  latitude 
69°  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  Alaskan  moose;  skull  with  broader 
occipital  region,  narrower  palate  and  lighter  mandible. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  General  color  black;  flanks  pale  fawn; 
legs  golden  brown;  forehead  dark  chestnut. 

Summer  Pelage.  Somewhat  lighter  in  general  color.  Not  infre- 
quently grayish  individuals  are  met  with,  very  different  in  appearance 
from  the  blackish  ones. 

Measurements.  Height  at  withers  as  much  as  2440;  total  length, 
2iio-2igo;  tail  vertebra;,  202-280;  height  of  ear,  355.  Weight,  800- 
1200  pounds.      Weight  of  antlers,  50-60  pounds. 

58.  gigas.   {Alces),  Miller,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  i8gg,  p.  57. 

Type  locality.      Tustumena  Lake,  Kenai   Peninsula,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  large.  Skull  with  narrow  occipital 
region,  broad  palate  and  heavy  mandible. 

Color.  Grizzled  black  and  wood  brown,  darker  on  dorsal  region; 
breast  clear  black  as  are  the  buttocks  and  lower  sides.  Legs  hair 
brown;  middle  of  belly  hair  brown.  Ears  broccoli  brown,  inside  yel- 
lowish white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  males,  2946-3048;  tail  vertebrae, 
loi;  height  at  shoulder,  2034;  ear  from  crown,  304.  Antlers:  Great- 
est expanse,  1530-1600;  tip  to  tip,  1 120-1200;  width  of  palmation, 
310-360;  least  diameter  between  burr  and  brow  tine,  175-210.  Skull: 
width  between  tips  of  paroccipital  processes,  160-165;  greatest 
width  of  palate  between  tooth  rows,  93-101;  length  of  mandible,  480, 
485;  depth  of  mandible  at  posterior  end  of  tooth  row,  58-65;  greatest 
depth  of  mandible,  223-235;  least  depth  of  mandible,  31-34;  mandibu- 
lar tooth  rows,  152-165. 

30.    Odocoileus. 

I.  2^°;  c.  ?=5;  P.  ti;  M.  -3=1  =  32. 

Odocoileus.     Rafin.      Atlantic  Jour. ,  1832,  i,  no.  3,  p.  109.      Type  O. 
sptiei/s,  Rafin.   =   C.  a/nericanus  Erxl. 


LIBRARY 

UNIVcR^llY  or  iiLiP'ci:- 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


Odocoileus  AMERICANUS. 
No.  63  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Little  more  than  '4  nat.  size. 


ODOCOILEUS.  39 

Size  large.  Antlers  in  male  only;  large,  with  sub-basal  snag; 
anterior  pronf?  of  main  fork  more  developed  than  the  posterior  one. 
Metatarsal  gland  and  tuft  generally  present.  Tail  usually  long, 
thickly  haired  beneath.  Face  gland  small;  gland  pit  moderate;  upper 
canmes  absent. 

59  americanus.  (Cfn'iis),  Erxleb.  Syst.  Regn.  Anim.,  1777,  p.  312. 
:  ii\i;i)iiiiniis,  Bodd.  Elench.  Anim.,  1785,  i,  p.  136. 

Type'  loiiilily.     Virginia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  North  America  from  Ontario,  Canada, 
and  Maine  to  Florida,  and  west  to  the  Missouri  River  below  the 
Canadian  boundary  line. 

Giiil.  Char.  Size  large;  antlers  large  with  subbasal  snag, 
beyond  which  the  beam  is  curved  forward  and  soon  after  forks  dichot- 
omously,  the  lower  prong  again  forking,  presenting  a  beam  with 
three  practically  vertical  tines  arising  above  it.  Metatarsal  gland 
well  developed  and  placed  low  on  the  leg.      Tarsal  gland  present. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  General  color  of  head,  neck,  back  sides- 
and  legs  bright  rufous,  throat,  underparts  and  inside  of  legs  white; 
black  band  across  chin;  tail  dark  brown  above,  white  beneath.  The 
shade  of  color  in  the  summer  coat  varies  greatly  from  bay  to  yel- 
lowish. 

.Autumn  Pelage.  General  color  bluish  gray;  throat  and  under- 
parts white. 

Winter  Pelage.  Yellowish  gray  above  and  on  sides  mottled  with 
brown;  throat,  around  eyes,  chin,  base  of  ears  posteriorly,  inside  of 
thighs  and  buttocks,  and  entire  underparts  and  beneath  tail  pure 
white.  Dusky  band  across  chin.  Tail  above  rusty  on  basal  half, 
remainder  sooty  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2062;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  228;  nose 
to  occiput,  224.  Dimensions  in  this  species  as  in  others  of  the  Cer- 
vida^  are  of  little  practical  value,  as  individuals  vary  so  greatly  in  size. 
Antlers:  Length  along  outer  curve  338-694,  basal  circumference 
95-130;  tip  to  tip,  368-505;  widest  inside,  321-439. 

n.—niacrouruf.  (Cer-usj,  Ratin.  .Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  i.  p.  436. 

Icucurns,  Doug.  Zool.  Jour.,  1829,  iv,  p.  330. 

Type  locality.      Plains  of  the  Kansas  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Kansas,  Nebraska  and  the  Dakotas  westward  to 
California,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  amerieanus,  but  smaller  and  paler  in 
color.  Antlers  resembling  those  of  the  type  species,  but  are  inclined 
to  produce  three  posterior  points  and  are  verv  rough  at  base  in  old 
animals;  tail  not  as  long  as  head;   no  black  on  face  anil  tail. 


40  ODOCOILEUS. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts  and  outside  of  limbs  red- 
dish brown. 

Autumn  Pelage.  Yellowish  gray  mixed  with  black;  chin  and  throat 
white,  dusky  spot  on  side  of  chin.  Throat  white;  underpart  of  neck 
brownish  gray;  legs  pale  brownish  yellow,  underparls  white.  Tail 
above  reddish  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  nose  to  end  of  tail  vertebr;p,  2287; 
tail  vertebra,  305;  nose  to  occiput,  448. 

b.—texensis.  [Dorcelaphus),  Mearns,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.Wash.,  1898,  p.  23. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Clark,  Kinney  county,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Texas  and  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tip  and  edge  of  ears  black;  liorns  small, 
incurved;  molar  teeth  large;  color  pale. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Top  of  head  black,  sides  light  ash  gray. 
Upper  parts  yellowish  white  and  gray  mixed;  black  line  from  crown 
to  root  of  tail;  sides  pale  yellowish  ash;  chest  fuliginous,  rest  of  under- 
parts  white,  chin  white  with  black  transverse  cross  bar,  jaws  light 
ash.      Throat  white.      Legs  reddish  fawn  mixed  with  gray  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1585;  tail  vertebra",  265;  ear  from 
crown,  160;  height  at  shoulder,  880. 

Antlers:  length  of  beam  on  outside  curve,  440;  widest  expanse, 
330;  circumference  of  beam  at  base,  80. 

c. — osceola.    (Cariaeus),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  26. 

Type  locality.      Citronelle,  Citrus  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Florida. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small,  color  dark. 

Color.  Autumn  Pelage.  Upper  parts  dark  and  pale  brown 
mixed;  dark  brown  line  from  between  the  ears  along  neck  and  back; 
sides  and  lower  part  of  neck  and  flanks,  cinnamon;  throat  and  under- 
parls of  body  white;  ears  dark  brown,  inside  white.  Tail  above  the 
hairs  dark  reddish  brown  tipped  with  cinnamon,  beneath  white. 

Midsummer  Pelage.  Above  bright  russet  cinnamon;  tail  broadly 
edged  with  black  at  base  and  black  above  at  tip. 

Measurements.      Total    length,    male,    1600;    tail    vertebra,    280. 

Antlers,  widest  expanse,  413-636. 

d. — couesi .  {Cervus,  Rothrock  ms.),  Coues  &  Yarrow  in  Wheel.  Geog. 

and  Gaol.  Surv.,  1875,  p.  72. 
tnexicanus,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  653,  (Part). 
77>x/«/Vz«?«,  var. ,  Coues  &  Yarr.  Rep.  Geog.  Surv.  West  looMerid.. 

1875,  V,  pp.  72,  75. 
var   Couesi.  Rothrock,  Rep.  Geog.  Surv.  West   100  Merid.,  1875, 

V,  pp.  72,  75- 


ODOCOILEUS.  41 

lype  locality.  Camp  Crittenden,  Arizona.  (Wheeler  Geog.  and 
Geol.  Surv. ) 

Gt-nl.  Char.      Smaller  than  O.  7'irgi/u'atti/s;  boms  similar  in  shape. 

Gc-i>gr.  Distr.  Arizona  and  Mexico,  from  the  Gila  River  Vallej' on 
the  north,  in  the  woody  mountain  regions  south  to  the  City  of  Mexico. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  pale  dull  fawn  color  tinged  with 
ochraceous,  dorsal  area,  mouse  gray;  sides  tawny  or  reddish  brown; 
throat,  underparts  and  inner  side  of  limbs  and  around  digits  white. 
Tail  above  reddish  brown,  fringed  with  white,  beneath  pure  white. 

Measurements.  Height  at  withers,  812;  at  rump,  902:  ears,  197. 
Skull;  occipital  condyles  to  apex  of  intermaxillaries,  210;  width 
across  orbits,  96;  interzygomatic  width,  90;  interparoccipital  width, 
45;  length  of  nasals,  68;  occipital  condyles  to  anterior  edge  of  inter- 
maxillaries, 210. 

60.  crooki.     (Dorcelaphiis^,   Mearns,    Proc.  I'.    S.    Nat.    Mus.,   Wash. 

1897,  p.  468. 

Type  locality.      Dog  Mountains,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      New  Mexico,  limits  of  range  not  defined. 

Genl.  Char.      Somewhat  similar  to  O.  columhianiis,   smaller. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Female.  Reddish  fawn,  darkest  on 
back;  neck  grayish  drab,  sides  grayish  cinnamon.  Forehead  black; 
legs  cream  color;  hairs  on  metatarsal  gland  sooty  at  base,  tips  white; 
tail,  upperside  and  tip  black,  beneath  in  middle  white,  naked  basally. 

.Measurements.  Total  length,  1440;  tail  vertebra-,  195:  ear  above 
crown,  220. 

61.  columbianus.   (^Ceriuis),  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer. ,  1S29,  p.  257. 

leausi,  Peale,   U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.    Mamm.,  viii,  p.  39,  fig.  p.  43. 

richanlsoni,  Aud.  &  Bach.  Quad.  N.  Am.,  iii,  p.  27,  pi.  cvi. 

punctulatus,  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1S50,  p.  239,  pi.  28. 

Type  locality.      Mouth  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  British  Columbia.  V'ancouver  Island  and  west  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains  in  Washington,  Oregon  and  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  O.  hemionus:  ears  shorter;  metatarsal 
gland  shorter:  tail  black  above.     Antlers  like  those  of  Mule  Deer. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  General  color  brownish  gray  mottled 
with  black,  darkest  on  dorsal  line  forming  a  streak  from  occiput  to 
root  of  tail.  Top  of  head  chestnut  and  black;  black  stripe  over  the 
eyes  meeting  on  forehead,  chin  white,  behind  is  a  black  patch;  face 
gray;  upper  throat,  posterior  portion  of  underparts  and  base  of  tail 
white;  rest  of  underparts  mottled  similarly  to  the  back,  chest  sooty: 
legs  dark  cinnamon;  inner  side  white.  Tail  above  black,  shading  at 
base  into  the  color  of  the  back,  beneath  white. 


ODOCOILEUS 


Summer  Pelage.      General  color  red  or  reddish  yellow. 
Measurements.      Total  length,  1780:  tail  vertebrse,  152-228:  height 
at  withers,  863. 

a.—sWcensis.  {Odocoilens),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc,  Wash.,  1898,  p.  loi. 

Type  locality.      Sitka,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Alaska,  limits  of  range  not  defined. 

Geril.  Char.      Similar  to  O.  columbianus;  ears  shorter. 

Color.  Slimmer  Pelage.  Fulvous;  face  grizzled  gray;  dusky 
patch  from  eyes  half  way  to  nose;  ears  mixed  gray  and  dusky;  poste- 
rior part  of  belly,  inner  side  of  thigh  and  strip  on  hind  part  of  fore 
leg  white,  remainder  of  underparts  pale  fulvous;  tarsal  gland  black 
with  fulvous  border.  Tail  above  like  back  at  base  grading  into  black, 
beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Female  from  island  near  Sitka.  Total  length, 
1297;  height  at  withers.  902;  tail  vertebr;e,   165. 

h.—scaphiolui',  {O<iocoileu<:),    Merr.    Proc.    Biol.    Soc,    Wash.,    1898, 

p.     lOI. 

T)pe  loeality.     Laguna  Ranch,  Gabilan  Range,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Limits  of  range  not  defined.  Gabilan  Range,  Cal- 
ifornia. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  eoliimhianus:  ears  larger:  colors  paler. 
Skull:  lachrymal  pit  longer  and  narrower  anteriorly. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Grizzled  gra}'  above;  beneath  "with 
white  areas  as  in  columbianus.'' 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1463;  tail  vertebra,  135;  hind  foot, 
452;  ear  (skin)  from  anterior  base   178,  from  notch  168:  breadth,  106. 

62.   hemionus.   [Cervus],  Rafin.  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  i,  p.  436. 

macrotis.  Say.  Narr.  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  11,  p.  88. 

auritus.  Ward,  Desc.  Etats  Unis,  1820,  v,  p.  540. 

Type  locality.  Siou.K  River,  probably  on  eastern  border  of  South 
Dakota. 

Geogr.  Distr.  West  of  the  Missouri  River  from  Fort  George, 
south  to  Texas,  westwards  through  Nevada  to  latitude  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, including  North  and  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Texas, 
Colorado,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho,  Nevada,  California,  Oregon 
and  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  body  heavy;  ears  very  large,  thickly 
haired;  tail  moderate,  round,  white  tipped  with  a  black  tuft,  naked 
beneath  basally;  metatarsal  gland  occupying  upper  half  of  outer  side 
of  canon  bone;  tarsal  gland  present.  Antlers  with  short  sub-basal 
snag,  the  beam  from  this  projecting  outward  and  then  upward  fork- 
ing dichotomously,  both  prongs   nearly   equal   and  then  again  divide. 


LIBRARY 

tJi'iVLhiiiy  Oh  ILLINOIS 


FIELD   COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


AnTILOCAPRA  AMERICANA. 
No.  70  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    About  K  nat.  size. 


ODOCOILEUS  ANTILOCAPRA.  11! 

Co/or.  Slimmer  Pe/a};c-.  Pale  dull  yellowish  or  yellowish  tawny; 
this  is  replaced  in  the  early  autumn  by  a  bluish  gray  coat,  growing 
lighter  in  color  as  the  hairs  lengthen  during  the  winter.  A  dark 
brown  patch  on  forehead  between  the  eyes  and  extending  below  them 
on  the  face;  remainder  of  face  and  throat  white  as  are  also  the  abdo- 
men, inner  side  of  legs  and  buttocks;  rest  of  underparts  blackish 
brown.      Tail  white,  tip  black;  ear  bordered  with  black  anteriorly. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  male,  1983;  tail  vertebra;,  203. 

Antlers:  Length  along  curve,  393-698;  tip  to  tip.  189-369;  widest 
inside,  369-483. 

a. — cnlifornicu9.     i  Cariaeiis),  Catou,  .\mer.  Nat.,  1S76,  p.  464. 

Type  locality.  St.  Julian  Ranch.  Summit  of  Gaviota  Pass, 
Coast  Range,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  California  south  of  San  I'rancisco,  in  the  Coast 
Range. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  smaller  than  type  species;  tail  longer  and  dif- 
fers from  that  of  O.  hemionus  by  having  a  dark  median  stripe  on  top, 
metatarsal  gland  very  large. 

Color.  Similar  to  O.  hemionus,  the  main  difference  apparently 
being  that  this  form  has  the  top  of  the  tail  covered  by  a  dark  line 
embracing  one-third  of  its  circumference;  underside  of  tail  naked,  tip 
black. 

Fam.  III.     Aiitilocapridac. 

Horns  branched,  deciduous,  allied  to  the  Bovidae. 
31.     Aiitilocapra. 

I.  ?z^;  c.  ^•,  P.  2=^-  M.  ^:  =  32. 

4-4  0-0'  3-3'  3-3  -' 

Antilocapra  Ord,  Journ.  de  Phys.,  i8i8,  p.  149.  Type  Aniilo/'e amer- 
ieana,  Ord. 

Dieranocerus,  H.  Smith,  Griff.  Anini.  King.,  1S27,  p.  312. 

Horns  compressed  at  base;  flattened  process  in  front,  end  coni- 
cal, recurved;  deciduous;  lateral  hoofs  absent;  hair  stiff,  coarse,  brit- 
tle. Nose  hair}',  save  a  narrow  line  in  the  center.  Tail  very  short. 
Horns  in  the  female  rudimentary  or  absent. 

63.  americana.  (.■Intilope).  Ord,  Guth.  Geog.,  2d  Am.  ed.,  11,  1S15, 
p.  2y2. 

Ty/'e  loeality.  Plains  east  of  the  Missouri  River?  Black  Moun- 
tains? 

Geof^r.  Dtstr.  X'alley  of  the  Saskatchewan,  latitude  53'  south  to 
Mexico,  and  from  Missouri  River  on  plains  westwards  to  Rocky  Moun- 
tains  and  the  Cascade  Range  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 


44  ANTILOCAPRA,  OREAMNUS. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  domestic  sheep,  with  much  longer  legs  and 
neck;  eyes  large,  gazelle-like;  no  lachrymal  gland,  low  mane  on  back 
of  neck. 

Color.  Male.  Upper  parts  and  sides  yellowish  brown;  band 
between  eyes  covering  forehead,  nose  and  a  spot  below  ear,  liver- 
brown;  sides  of  head,  spot  behind  ear,  throat,  front  of  neck  extend- 
ing in  two  triangles  into  the  brown  on  either  side,  entire  underparts 
and  rump  white.  Legs  yellowish  brown.  Horns,  hoofs  and  naked 
skin  on  nose  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1245;  tail,  178;  height  at  withers, 
780. 

Fam.  I\'.     Bovidae. 

Horns  hollow,  unbranched,  non-deciduous,  usually  smaller  in 
the  female,  affi.\ed  on  bony  appendages  to  the  skull.  Molars  often 
hypsodont;  orifice  of  lachrymal  canal  inside  rim  of  orbit;  lower  ends 
of  metacarpals  and  metatarsals  absent;  canine  is  wanting;  gall  blad- 
der usually  present.      Lateral  hoofs  sometimes  absent. 

Sub-Fam.  1.     Rupicaprinae. 
'-Vl,    Oreanimis. 

I.  2=°;  C.  °---^;    P.  5=5;  M.  ^'  =  32. 

4-4  0-0  3-3  3-3  -' 

Oreamnos  Rafin.  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  11.  p.  44.  Type  Ovis 
montana,  Ord. 

Hap/ocerus,  H.  Smith,  Griff.  Anim.  Kingd.,  1827,  v,  p.  354. 

Size  moderate;  chin  with  short  beard;  nose  hairy;  horns  small 
curving  slightly  backward;  ringed  at  base;  lateral  hoofs  present.  Hair 
long,  pendant;  fur  short,  wooll)-. 

64.  montanus.(  Oris),  Ord,  Guth.  Geog. ,  2ndAm.  ed.,  11,  1815,  p.  292. 

Tv/'e  localily.  Mountains  adjacent  to  Brant  Island,  Columbia 
River,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Higher  portions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  other 
high  ranges  lying  between  them  and  the  Pacific,  to  .\laska.  Not 
found  in  the  Olympic  Range. 

Genl.   Char.      The  same  as  those  of  the  genus. 

Color.      Entirely  yellowish  white.      Horns  and  hoofs  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1018;  tail  vertebr;i-,  25;  horns,  203- 
257;  circumference  at  base,  82-143. 

65.  kennedyi.      Elliot,    Pub.    Field   Colunib.    Mus.,    1900,    111,  p.  i. 

Zoology. 
Type  locality.      Mountains   at   mouth   of  Copper   River,  opposite 
Kyak  Island,  Alaska. 

Genl.   Char.      Frontals  much  depressed   anterior   to   horn  cores; 


'lELD   COLUM&IAN    MUSEUM 


OrEAMNUS    KENNEDY 
No.  374  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 


OREAMNUS    MONTANUS. 
No.  15752  Am.  Mus,  Nat.  Hisl.  Coll.    Nearly  'A  nat. 


Oreamnus  montanus. 
No.  I57S2  Am.  Mus.  Nat    Hist.  Coll.    About  %  i 


Oreamnus  kennedyi. 

No.  374  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    J^  i 


■'ELD  COLUMBIAN    MUSEU 


ZOOLOGY,   PL. 


Oheamnus  MONTANUS. 
No.  I575J  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.     Nearly  H  nat. 


Oreamnus  KENNEDYI. 
No.  374  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     Nearly  Jj  nat. 


■lELD  COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM 


Ore»mnus  kennedyi. 

No.  J74  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nearly  H  i 


OREAMNUS   MONTANUS. 
No.  H752  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Nearly  }i  nat. 


OREAMNUS. 


nasals  narrow,  flat:  interparietal  with  nearly  straight  anterior  out- 
line; basisphenoid  and  presphenoid  narrow,  contracted;  palate  wide. 
Horns  spreading  outward  from  base,  turning  backwards  at  tips, 
ribbed  for  half  their  length,  then  smooth  for  remaining  portion. 

Color.  *White.  Horns  brownish  black  on  ribbed  part,  black  on 
smooth  portion. 

Skull.  Superior  outline  highest  between  horn  cores,  descending 
rapidly  with  a  concave  curve  anteriorly  to  end  of  frontals,  and  pos- 
teriorly with  a  convex  curve  to  occiput;  nasals  flat  on  top,  rounded 
at  posterior  end,  and  terminating  in  a  point  anteriorly,  and  widest 
about  midway  their  length.  The  horn  cores  are  concave,  "scooped 
out,"  on  the  inside,  not  rounded,  and  the  points  incline  outward, 
causing  the  exterior  lateral  outline  to  be  slightly  curved  and  per- 
mitting the  wide  expanse  that  exists  at  the  tips  of  the  horns. 
Tile  malar  is  long  and  narrow  and  terminates  anteriorly  in  a  some- 
what lengthened  point,  while  the  lacrymal  is  rather  wide  for  its 
length.  The  parietals  are  considerably  depressed  at  the  posterior 
base  of  the  liorn  cores,  and  the  interparietal  is  rounded  anteriorly, 
entireh'  without  the  central  point  so  conspicuous  in  the  same  bone 
of  the  Rocky  Mountain  goat  skull.  On  the  inferior  surface  of  the 
skull  the  basioccipital  is  almost  square,  slightly  contracted  midway. 
The  wall  of  the  foramen  magnum  between  the  occipital  condyles  has 
been  cut  away.  The  .basisphenoid  is  greatly  contracted  and  very 
narrow  for  most  of  its  length,  and  the  visible  portion  of  the  pre- 
sphenoid terminates  almost  in  a  point.  The  ptergoid  fossa  is  wide  for 
its  entire  length,  broadest  between  the  hamular  processes.  Palate 
very  broad  for  its  lent;th,  and  the  palatal  arch  has  a  blunt  median 
azygos  process. 

The  mandible  has  a  broad,  flat  condj'le,  a  rounded  angle  pro- 
jecting outward  nearly  on  a  line  with  outer  edge  of  condyle;  horizoc- 
tal  portion  slender,  with  only  a  slight  curve  to  the  inferior  outline. 
Coronoid  process  long,  narrow,  curving  gradually  backwards. 

.\[ftjsiiiem(7its.  Occipito-nasal  lengths,  273  mm.;  foramen  mag- 
num to  anterior  end  of  premaxillaries,  243;  interorbital  width,  75; 
length  of  frontal,  82;  of  nasals,  gg;  greatest  width  of  nasals,  30; 
mastoid  breadth,  79;  zygomatic  width,  102;  width  of  palate  between 
second  molars,  46;  length  of  incisive  foramina,  40;  length  of  horn 
core,  74. 

Horns.  Commence  to  curve  outward  from  the  base,  turning  back- 
wards at  the  tips,  strongly  ribbed  for  half  their  length,  and  smooth 
for  the  remaining  portion.  Total  length  along  curve.  244:  around 
base,  108;   tip  to  tip,  303. 

*  Scalp  was  on  the  skull. 


33.     Ovis. 

I.  ?z?;  c.  °-=^;  P.  i^-';  M.  ^^=3  =  32. 

4-4  0-0'  J-.l  .^-3  -" 

Ovis.     Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  97.      Type  O.  amnion, 'LAnn.} 

Body  stout,  legs  rather  short;  neck  of  moderate  length;  nose  nar- 
row pointed;  small  naked  space  between  nostrils,  rest  hairy;  chin 
beardless;  ears  small,  pointed,  upright,  hairy;  tail  short,  pointed;  lateral 
hoofs  present;  glands  between  hoofs  present,  and  often  on  face  below 
eyes;  canon  bones  long  and  slender.  Skull  broadest  between  eyes, 
then  narrowing  rapidh' to  nose.  Horns  curving  backwards  and  then 
downwards  in  a  majestic  sweep:  tips  averted;  transverse  ridges  prom- 
inent. 

66.  cervina     {Oris),  Desm.  Nouv.   Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  1804,  p.  5;  nouv. 
ed.,  1818,  xxl,  p.  553. 

canaiiensis,  Shaw,  Nat.  Misc.,  1S04,  ?  pi.  610. 

amnion,  Mitch,  (nee  Linn.),  Med.  Rep.,  1807,  p.  35. 

montana,  Cuv.  (nee  Ord.),  Regn.  Anim.,  i,  1817,  p.  267. 

pygarga,  H.  Smith,  Griff.  Anim.  King.,  1827,  p.  318. 

calif ornianus,   Dougl.  Zool.  Journ.,  1828,  p.  332. 

Type  locality.  Rocky  Mountains  between  the  Kootenai  Pass  and 
Mount  Mead,  N.  lat.  50"  W.,  long.  115,  Alberta. 

Geogr.  Distr.  High  mountain  ranges  from  the  Colorado  River 
and  Arizona  north  into  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  broad,  pointed,  moderately  haired; 
no  mane;  caudal  disk  large,  conspicuous;  horns  massive  in  the  male, 
thick,  keel  on  outer  front  edge,  tips  usually  broken  in  adult  animals 
and  directed  forward;  spiral  short.  Horns  of  female  short,  ribbed  at 
base  pointing  backward  and  outward. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown,  dark  line  along  center  of  the  back; 
face  ashy  gray,  neck  grayish  brown  tinged  with  plumbeous;  under- 
parts,  buttocks,  inner  side  of  legs,  on  each  side  of  base  of  tail  and 
upper  part  of  throat  whitish;  legs  dark  grayish  brown;  tail  above  like 
the  back. 

Autumn  Pelage.  General  color  a  bluish  gray  white,  the  hairs  are 
short,  changing  as  they  lengthen  to  the  coat  described  above. 

Measurements.  Height  at  withers,  1000-1070;  girth  around  chest, 
1170-1245. 

Horns:      Length   along   front  curve,   928-1143:    basal    circumfer- 
ence, 356-458. 
n.—nelsoni.  (Oris),  Merr,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  217. 

Typelocaliiv.  Grapevine  Mountains,  boundary  line  of  Nevada  and 
California. 

Geo^r.  Distr.      Limits  of  range  not  defined.     Grapevine   Range. 


G<nl.  Char.      Similar  apparently  to  O.  stonei  but  paler. 

Color.  Above  pale,  dingy  lirown:  caudal  disk,  posterior  part  of 
belly,  inner  side  of  thighs,  and  himl  part  of  legs,  white:  rest  of  uniier- 
parts  and  legs  dark  brown. 

.\feasuremenls.  Total  length,  i2So;tail  vertebra-,  loo:  hind  foot, 
360:  height  at  shoulder,  830. 

67.  stonei.  ( (^,-/V),  Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.  Hist.,    iSyj,    p.    in, 
pts.  I,  2. 

liardensis,  Lydekker.  Wild  O.xen.  Sheep  and  Goats,  iSyS,  p.  J13. 

Type  localilx.  Che-onnee  Mountains,  Coast  Range,  British 
Northwest  Territory. 

Geogr.  Dislr.  From  Cassiar  Mountains  61='  north  latitude,  and 
south  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Nelson  and  Peace  Rivers,  Rocky 
Mountains;  west  to  longitude  134'.  Also  found  in  the  Stickeen, 
Cheonnees  and  Etsezas  Mountains,  Alaska. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Color,  dark  gray  or  blackish  brown:  horns  slender, 
curving  outwards  at  tips. 

Color.  Above  blackish  brown  and  whitish  mi.xed:  a  broad  black- 
ish stripe  from  occiput  to  base  of  tail:  face  and  sides  of  neck  paler; 
front  of  neck,  chest  and  sides  almost  black:  caudal  disk,  back  of 
thighs  and  underparts  to  center  of  chest,  where  it  ends  in  a  point,  and 
back  of  legs  white:  outside  of  legs  blackish  brown.  Tail  black,  some 
white  hairs  on  lower  surface;  hoofs  black:  horns  pale  brown. 

yfeasurements.  Total  length,  1676;  tail  vertebr;e,  89:  nose  to 
base  of  ear,  305. 

Horns.  Length  over  curve.  762:  tip  to  tip.  352;  circumference 
at  base,  324.      (Mounted  specimen.) 

68.  Aa\\\.  {Oris),  Nelson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus..  1884.  p.  12. 

I'ype  locality.      Fort  Reliance,  Upper  Yukon  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "Alaskan  Mountains  and  the  Kenai  Peninsula: 
Rocky  Mountains  north  of  latitude  60',  to  near  the  .\rctic  coast  west 
of  the  Mackenzie,  ranging  thence  west  to  the  headwaters  of  the 
Noatak  and  Kowak  Rivers,  that  flow  into  Ko.zebiie  Sound."  (.X.  J. 
Stone. ) 

Genl.   Char.      White  or  yellowish  white  at  all  seasons. 

Color.  Entirely  whitish,  hairs  usually  tipped  with  rusty.  Some- 
times specimens  have  certain  parts  brow-nisli,  but  this  does  not  seem 
to  be  confined  to  any  particular  spot. 

Measurements.  Male.  Total  length,  1476;  tail,  102;  height  at 
shoulder,  991;  length  of  tarsus,  419. 

Horns.  Length  along  curve,  375-990:  circumference  at  base, 
219-368. 


OVIBOS. 

34. 

Ovibos, 

I.  ?=?; 

C.  ?=-°; 

P.  ?=^;   M. 

Ovibos.  De  Blainv.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.,  Paris,  i8i6,  p.  76.  Tvpe  B. 
i>ii)Si/ia/iis,  Zimm. 
Size  medium;  neck  short;  muzzle  hairy  save  a  naked,  triangular 
space  between  the  nostrils;  no  face  glands;  tail  rudimentary;  hoofs 
broad,  asymmetrical;  lateral  hoofs  large;  flesh  between  hoofs  covered 
with  hair.  Both  sexes  horned;  largest  in  male,  those  of  latter  in 
adults,  approximating  at  base,  beginning  near  to  the  occiput,  spread- 
ing nearly  to  the  eyes,  flattened  and  grooved  at  base,  curving  at  first 
outwards  and  downwards  and  then  upwards  at  tips.  Molars,  caprine. 
Pelage,  long,  shaggy;  uniform  coloration. 

69.   moschatus.   (Bos.),  Zimm.  Geog.  Geschichte,  1780,  11,  p.  86. 

pallantis,  H.  Smith,  Griff.  Anim.  King.,  iv,  1827,  p.  375. 

pallasi,  DeKay,  Ann.  Lye,  New  York,  11,  1828,  p.  29. 

caiialiculatus,  Fisch.  Mem.  Acad.    Mosc,  iii,  1834,  p.  287. 

Type  locality.      Region  about  Hudson  Bay. 

Geog?-.  Distr.  Arctic  America  from  Mackenzie  River  and  north 
of  60th  parallel  to  the  north  of  Greenland,  south  to  Melville  Bay  and 
Sabine  Island. 

Genl.  Char.      Those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Dark  brown,  blackish  on  head  and  neck  and  sides  of 
body  in  adult  males;  on  middle  of  back  a  saddle-shaped  patch  of  yel- 
lowish white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  1878;  height  at  withers,  1250. 

Horns.  Length  along  outer  curve,  546-755;  width  at  base,  222- 
318;  tip  to  tip,  502-762. 

35.     Bison. 

I.  ?z?;    C.  °=^;    P.  3=3.   M.  2^'  =  32. 
4—4'  0-0'         3-3'  3—3        -' 

Bison.     H.    Smith,    Griff.    Anim.    King.,    1827,  v,  p.  373.      Type  Bos 

bonasus,  Linn. 

Horns  cylindrical,  thick  at  base,  short,  tapering  rapidly  to  a 
point,  directed  outward  and  slightly  upward  for  half  their  length, 
then  bending  abruptly  upwards;  widely  separated  from  each  other  and 
resting  on  a  ridge  below  the  vertex  of  the  skull.  Forehead  short  and 
wide;  eye  sockets  not  far  removed  from  base  of  horns,  and  tubular  in 
shape;  nasals  short  and  separated  by  a  wide  space  from  the  premax- 
illag.  Neural  spines  of  the  dorsal  vertebrae,  and  that  of  the  seventh 
cervical  vertebrae  very  high  but  descending  rapidly  in  a  curve  to  the 
lumbars.      These  support  and  shape  the  so-called  "hump."     Hoofs 


.ely 
find 


'ive 
the 


me- 

OD 


ers, 
ield 


^97. 
reat 


;rid- 
the 


^arly 
end 

602; 

lorn 

urve 

the 


Ovib 


spac 
broa 
with 
adul 
ing  I 
outw 
Pela 

69. 


of  6c 
Sabi 


bodj 
lowi 


318; 


Biso 


poin 
then 
resti 
wide 
shap 
iUaj. 
cerv 
luml 


broad,  short;  sides  rounded,  muzzle  broad,  naked.  Tail  moderately 
long,  withers  high,  hind  quarters  low,  weak;  head  and  shoulders  and 
fore  legs  to  knees  covered  b}'  a  shaggy  mane. 

70.  americanus.  {Bos),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  1788,  vol.  i,  p.  204. 

Type  locality.      Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Practically  extinct  in  the  wild  state,  a  few  survive 
in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  and  some  are  said  to  be  in  the 
Pan  Handle  of  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.      Those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Head,  neck,  chest  and  shoulders  blackish  brown,  some- 
times black  without  any  brown;  remainder  of  coat  paler,  grading  on 
rump  to  cinnamon.      Muzzle,  horns  and  hoofs  black. 

Mt-asurements.  Males.  Total  length,  2949;  height  at  withers, 
1742;  girth  at  shoulders,  3050.  Specimen  from  Kansas  in  Field 
Columbian  Museum.      Measured  in  the  flesh. 

a.—athabascae.  (Bison),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  Phil.,  1897, 
p.  498. 

Type  locality.  Fifty  miles  southwest  of  Fort  Resolution,  Great 
Slave  Lake. 

Geoi;r.  Distr.  "Wooded  uplands  of  Northwest  Territories.  For- 
merly from  the  east  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  95th  merid- 
ian, and  from  latitude  63°  to  latitude  55°;  probably  south  along  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  United  States." 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  and  darker  generally  than  B.  liis,<n;  horns 
more  slender,  longer  and  more  incurved. 

Color.  Light  brown,  shading  to  dark  brown,  becoming  nearly 
black  on  head,  legs  and  belly.  Ears,  muzzle,  hoofs,  horns  and  end 
of  tail,  black. 

Measurements.  Height  at  shoulders,  1703;  height  to  rump,  1602; 
total  length,  2846.  Skull:  Frontal  width  between  bases  of  horn 
cores,  343;  length  of  horn  core  along  curve,  293;  horns  along  curve 
inside,  533;  tip  of  horn  to  its  base,  229.  Type  specimen  in  the 
Ottawa  Museum,  Canada. 


Order  VI.    Rodentla. 

Coues  &  Allen,  Monograph  of  North  Arnerican  Rodentia,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.,  1877,  xl. 

Fam.  I.     Scinridae. 

Tail  without  scales,  cylindrical,  bushy,  hairs  long;  distinct  post- 
orbital  processes:  infra-orbital  opening  small;  molars  rooted,  tuber- 
cular; first  upper  premolar  small. 

Sub.  Fam.  I.     Sciurinae. 

O.  Bangs,  A  Review  of  the  Squirrels  of  Eastern  North  America, 
Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  145. 

E.  W.  Nelson,  Revision  of  the  Squirrels  of  Mexico  and  Central 
America,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1899,  pp.  15-106. 

36.    Sciurus. 

I.   J=I;  p.   ?=?;  M.   ^  =  22. 
I— i'  I— 1'  3—3 

Sciurus.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  i,  p.  64.     Type  5.  vulgaris,  Linn. 

Guerlinguetus.      Gray,  Lond.  Med.  Repository,  1821,  p.  304. 

Macroxus.      F.  Cuv.  Diet.  Scien.  Nat.,  1829,  lix,  p.  474. 

Rheithrosciurus.     Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1867,  p.  272. 

Rhinosciurus.      Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1867,  p.  275. 

Neosciurus.      Trouess.  Le  Nat.,  1880,  11,  p.  292. 

Parasciurus.     Trouess.  Le  Nat.,  1880,  11,  p.  292. 

Echinosciurus.     Trouess.  Le  Nat.,  1880,  11,  p.  292. 

Micrcsciurus.      Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  p.  332. 

Hesperosciurus.      Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1899,  p.  27. 

Otosciuriis.      Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1899,  p.  28. 

Arceosciurus.      Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1899,  p.  29. 

Baiosciurus.     Nelson,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1899,  p.  31. 

Tail  broad,  long,  bushy,  hairs  mostly  directed  laterally;  ears 
moderate,  hairy,  sometimes  with  long  tufts  at  tip;  no  cheek  pouches; 
skull  rather  short,  broad;  postorbital  processes  directed  downward 
and  backward  and  well  developed;  upper  premolars  one,  sometimes 
two,  in  the  latter  case  the  first  is  very  small;  anteorbital  fora- 
men slitlike,  placed  anteriorly  to  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  max- 
illary. 


A.  Parasciuras,  Troness. 

Premolars,  '^'.  Skull:  brain  case  narrow  at  occiput,  not  inHated 
over  parietal  region,  long,  narrow;  rostrum  long,  broad:  nasals  broad, 
molar  series  large,  heavj-. 


Fig.  10.    SciuRus  (Parasciurusi  niger. 

No.  431  Kield  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  si/i 


71.  niger.  (Sdiirus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,    i,  p.  64. 
iiiureus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  i,  p.  64.      (Part). 
vulpintis,  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  1788,  i,  p.   147. 
capislratus,  Bosc.  Ann.  Mus.,  1808,  1,  p.  2S1. 
Type  locality.      South  Carolina? 


Geogr.  Distr.  Virginia  to  Florida  east  of  the  AUeghanies,  and 
Gulf  coast  to  Louisiana. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  color  variable;  nose  and  ears  white.  Pelage 
harsh. 

Color.  Varying  from  glossy  black  to  clay  color  mingled  with 
black  above,  clay  color  below.  Tail  mixed  black  and  clay  color. 
Nose  and  ears  always  white.      Top  of  head  usually  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  638.46;  tail  vertebrfe,  304.13;  hind 
foot,  87.81. 

72.  ludovicianus.  {.Saun/s),  Custis,  Bart.  Med.  Phys.  Jour.,  11,  1806, 

P-  43- 
rufiventer,  Desm.  Mamm.,  11,  1822,  p.  332.      (New  Orleans). 
macroura,  Say,  Long's  Expedition  Rocky  Mountains,  i,  1823,  p. 
115.     (Kansas). 

magnicaudaius,  Harlan,  Faun.  Am.,  1825,  p.  178. 

subauratus,  Bachm.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1838,  p.  87. 

audiiboni,  Bachm.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1838,  p.  97. 

occidentalis,  Aud.   &  Bachm.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1842, 

P-  317- 

rubricauda/iis,  \\i<l.  &  Bachm.  Quad.  N.  Am.,  11,  1851.  p.  30, 
pi.  Iv. 

sayi,  Aud.  &  Bachm.  Quad.  N.  Am.,  11,  1851,  p.  274,  pi.  l.xxxix. 

Type  locality.      Red  River  of  Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mississippi  Valley  from  Louisiana  to  South 
Dakota  and  Michigan,  and  from  Western  AUeghanies  to  eastern 
border  of  plains. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  .S.  niger;  ears  and  nose  never  white; 
colors  variable:  winter  pelage  soft,  ears  tufted. 

Color.  Above,  whollj'  black,  to  a  mixed  black  and  rufous;  under- 
parts  bright  ferruginous;  deepest  on  upper  surface  of  feet  and  lower 
surface  of  tail. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  541.5;  tail  vertebra'.  252; 
hind  feet,  73.7. 

a. — vicinus.   (Sciurus),  Bangs,  Proc.   Biol.  Soc.    Wash.,    i8g6,  p.  150. 

cinereus,  Le  Conte,  App.  McMurt.  Cuv.,  1831,  p.  433. 

vulpinus,  Schreb.  Saugth.,  iv,  1792,  p.  772.      (nee.   Gmel). 

Type  locality.      White  Sulphur  Springs,  West  Virginia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Formerly  from  northern  Virginia  to  southern  New 
England;  now  from  mountains  of  W^est  Virginia  northward  into  west- 
ern Pennsylvania. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  larger  than  S.  ludovicianus;  less  ferruginous; 
belly  usually  white;  tail  beneath  ferruginous. 


Co/or.  Ears  never  white,  but  nose  sometimes  of  that  hue;  above 
mixed  black  and  rusty;  beneath  pale  ferruginous  or  rusty  white;  ears 
and  tail  beneath  ferruginous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  587;  tail  vertebra;,  271;  hind 
foot,  73. 

h.—limitis.   {Sdiirus),   Baird,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil.,    1855, 

P-  331- 

Type  locality.      Devil's  River,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Texas,  southward  into  Mexico. 

Gent.  Char.  Smaller  than  .S'.  carolinensis :  hairs  short  and  close 
pressed.      Upper  molars  four.     Feet  small. 

Color.  Upper  parts  mixed  cinnamon  and  black;  sides  of  head, 
limbs  and  under  parts,  light  cinnamon  brown;  feet  above  tinged  with 
rusty;  tail  above  similar  to  back  but  more  yellowish,  beneath  uniform 
cinnamon  darker  than  belly.  The  color  of  ventral  surface  varies 
from  pure  white  to  deep  orange  among  individuals. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  532;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  280;  hind 
foot,  64.5. 

B.  Neosciurus,  Trouess. 

Premolars,  ^^.  Skull  lengthened;  rostrum  long,  compressed; 
nasals  cjuite  long,  not  extending  to  posterior  end  of  premaxillaries 
and  narrowed  posteriorly;  zygomata  ascending  obliquely,  the  process 
of  the  squamosal  abruptly  descending.  Cranium  generally  length- 
ened and  narrow.      Molar  series  moderately  heavy. 

73.  carolinensis.  (.Sciurus),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1788,  p.  148. 

Ty/>e  locality.      Carolina. 

Geoi^r.  Distr.  Eastern  United  States  from  southern  New  York 
to  northern  Florida,  and  westward  south  of  Pennsylvania  to  Missouri, 
Indian  Territory  and  to  edge  of  the  plains. 

Gen/.  Char.  Medium;  colors  constant  dark  yellowish  rusty 
above,  white  below;  pelage  soft. 

Color.  Above  dark  yellowish  rusty;  hairs  of  tail  yellow  at  base, 
then  black,  and  tips  white;  under  parts  white;  ear  yellowish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length  above,  450;  tail  vertebra',  212;  hind 
foot,  60.8. 

a.—leucotis.  (.Sciurus),  Gapper,  Zool.  Journ.,  1830,  v,  p.  206. 
cinereus.  Schreb.  Siiugth.,  1792,  iv,  p.  766,  pi.  ccxcii. 
pennsylvaniius  and  hiemalis.  O'cd,  Guth.  Geog.,  2nd  Am.  ed.,  1815, 

II,  p.  292. 
niger,  Godman,  (nee  Linn.).      .\m.  Nat.  Hist.,  1826,  11,  p.  133. 
vulpinus,   DeKay,    N.  Y.   Zool.,    1842,    i,  p.  59,   (nee  Gmel.,  nee 
Schreb). 


migratorius,  Aud.  &  Bach.  Quad.  N.  Am.,  1849,  i,  p.  265,  pi.  xxxv. 

Type  locality.  Region  between  New  York  and  Lake  Simcoe, 
Ontario,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Allef;hanies  of  Pennsylvania  north  through  New 
York  and  New  England  to  southern  New  Brunswick  and  southern 
Canada,  west  to   Minnesota. 

Gcnl.   Char.      Size  large;  tail  long,  bushy. 


Fig.    11.      SCIURUS  (NeOSCIRUS)  carolinensis. 
No.  3qS  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Color.  Above  silvery  gray;  under  parts  white,  rusty  sometimes 
on  neck  or  chest;  tail  hairs  yellowish  at  base,  then  black  broadly 
tipped  with  white;  ears  yellowish  white.  Melanistic  individuals  not 
uncommon. 

Meastir,  mints.      Total  length.  503;  tail  vertebra?,  230;  hind  foot, 71. 

h.—hypophaeus.  (Sciurus),  Merr.  Scien.,  1886,  viii,  p.  351. 
Ty/ie  locality.      Elk  River,  Minnesota. 


Geogr.  Distr.      Minnesota  forest  belt.      Range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  pelage  dark,  only  small  white  streak  on 
belly. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  iron  gray  mixed  with  yellow  and  rusty, 
under  parts  similar  to  back  with  a  central  white  streak  on  belly;  some- 
times the  chest  and  neck  beneath  are  yellowish  brown;  tail  iron  gray; 
ear  tufts  in  winter  yellowish  white. 

Meaaurctnents.  Total  leniith  about  496;  tail  vtrtebra-,  220;  hind 
foot,  07. 

c.—fitli^inosus.  {Sciurus)^  Bachni.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,    1838,  p.  96. 

7\p(  locality.      New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Coast  region  of  Louisiana. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  under  parts  never  pure  white,  tail  only 
slightly  tipped  with  white. 

Color.  Upper  parts  yellow  ferruginous  varied  with  black;  tail 
dark,  subapical  band  broad,  and  white  tip  narrow:  under  parts  from 
buffy  ferruginous  to  smoke  gray. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  467;  tail  vertebra',  219;  hind  foot,  67. 

d.—extimus.  (Seiurus),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  158. 

Ty/>e  locality.      Miami,  Dade  County,   Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      South  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Smallest  of  S.  carolinensis  series;  color  light;  tail 
short. 

Color.  Upper  part  yellowish  gray;  tail  light  gray;  under  parts 
white;  ear  tufts  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  average,  438.4;  tail  vertebra",  190; 
hind  foot,  47. 

0.  Hesperosciuras ,  Nelsou. 

Premolars,  ^.  Skull  large,  long  and  broad,  especially  across 
parietal  region,  where  the  brain  case  is  depressed;  zygomatic  process 
of  squamosal  horizontal,  arch  obliquely  ascending  but  less  than  in 
Neosciiirus.  Rostrum  deep;  nasals  long,  broad  anteriorly  and  ending 
on  a  line  with  the  premaxillaries  posteriorly.    Molar  series  very  heavy. 

74.   £;riseu5.  {Sciurus),  Ord,  Guth.  Geog.,  1815,  p.  292. 

fossor,  Peale,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  Mamm.  and  Birds,  1848,  p.  55. 

hermanni.  LeConte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1852,  p.  149. 

leporinus,  Hensh.  Ann.  Rep.    Engin.,  1876,  p.  25. 

Type  locality.  Southwestern  Washington,  western  Oregon,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northern  California.  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  vertebra;  as  long  as  body  and  head. 
Upper  molars,  five.     Skull  long,  broad,  rostrum  broad,  deep. 


Fig.  12.    SciuRus  (Hesperosciurus)  griseus. 

No.  b6o8  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Color.  Above  grizzled  bluish  gray  and  black;  under  parts  pure 
white;  tuft  at  base  of  ear  chestnut;  tail  mixed  gray,  white  and  black, 
with  a  white  border,  beneath  grizzled  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  565;  tail  vertebrse,  257;  hind  foot, 
77;  ear,   30^^. 

a. — ni^ripes.  [Sfiurus),  Bryant,   Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Scien.,  1889,  p.  25. 

Tv/e  locality.  San  Mateo  County,  California,  south  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Red  Wood  belt,  coast  region  of  California,  south 
of  San  Francisco. 

Genl.  Char.      Feet  dark  brown  or  black;  back  reddish  brown. 

Color.  Differs  from  5.  griseus  in  having  the  back  and  upper  parts 
generally  reddish  brown;  top  of  head  dark  gray  tinged  with  reddish 


brown,  and  feet  blackish.  Tail  above  blackish,  with  white  exterior 
border,  beneath  pale  gray  in  center,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed 
with  white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  545  ;  tail  vertebral',  285;  hind  foot,  75. 

b.—anthonyi.  {Sciunis),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. ,  1S97,  p.  501. 

Type  locality.  Campbell's  Ranch,  Laguna,  San  Diego  County, 
California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Interior  of  Southern  and  Lower  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .S'.  i:^riseui,  but  faintly  suffused  with 
brown  on  back. 

Color.  Above,  gray  suffused  with  yellowish  brown;  orbital  ring 
and  under  parts  white;  feet  yellowish  brown,  gray  and  black  mixed, 
edged  with  white;  ears  at  base  tawny  ochraceous.  Tail  gray  above 
tipped  with  white,  beneath  gray  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  540;  tail  vertebr;i',  270;  hind  foot, 
79;  ear  from  crown,  28. 

D.  Otosciurus,  Nelson. 

Premolars,  ^.  Skull  very  broad,  rather  short;  brain  case 
depressed  posteriorly,  inflated  laterally;  rostrum  compressed;  nasals 
narrowing  posteriorly  and  extending  beyond  the  premaxillaries. 
Molar  series  very  heavy. 

75.  aberti.  {Sciums),  Woodh.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1852, 
p.  220. 

(lorsalis,  Woodh.  (nee  Gray),  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1852, 
p.  110. 

castanonoius,  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  266. 

Type  locality.      San  Francisco  Mountains,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arizona,  New  Mexico  and  mountains  of  Colorado. 

Gen/.  Char.      Above  grizzly  gray,  median  stripe  chestnut. 

Co/i'r.  Upper  parts  grizzled  bluish  gray;  broad  dorsal  stripe 
chestnut;  black  lateral  stripe,  feet  and  under  parts  white;  ear  tufts 
glossy  black  tinged  with  chestnut.  Tail  above  blackish  fringed  with 
white:  beneath  pure  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  521;  tail  vertebrre,  229;  hind  foot, 
62;  ear,  55. 

o.—concolor.  {.Sciurus),  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1894,  p.  241. 

'Type  locality.      Loveland,  Larimer  County,  Colorado. 

Geogr  Distr.      Northeastern  Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .S".  aberti,  but  no  chestnut  on  back;  tail 
same  on  both  sides. 


FiG.   13.     SCIURUS  (Otosciurus)  aberti. 
No.  2;2g  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Color.  Entire  upper  parts  gray;  under  surface  of  bod}-  and 
limbs  white;  upper  part  of  feet  gray,  toes  white;  ears  gray  with  length- 
ened tufts,  black  mixed  with  gray,  and  chestnut.  Tail  same  above 
and  below,  gray  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  white. 

Mfasurements.      Total  length,  495;   tail  vertebra?,   215;  ear   from 

occiput,  22;  hind  foot,  61. 

E.    Araeoscinrns,    Nelson. 

Premolars,  i^.      Skull    broad,    flat,   not    contracted  posteriorly; 
I— I  '  '  '^  -' 

depressed  between  orbits;  nasals  long  as  interorbital  width,  extend- 
ing posteriorly  to  end  of  premaxillaries. 

76.  apache.  (Sciiiriis),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893,  p.  29. 

griseojlavus,  Thomas,  (nee  Gray),  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1882,  p.  372. 

Type  locality.      Northern  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Chihuahua  Mountains,  Arizona,  south  into  Mex- 
ico in  the  Sierra  Madre  to  Durango. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,  back  yellowish  gray;  tail  long,  bushy, 


vertebrae  nearly  equal  to  head  and  body.     Rostral  portions  of  skull 
short  and  broad,  nasals  little  narrowed  posteriorly. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts,  including  nose  and  base 
of  tail,  iron  gray  washed  with  yellow;  crown  and  back  blackish;  flanks 
washed  with  pale  yellowish;  sides  of  head  gray  mixed  with  black  and 
fulvous;  under  parts  and  feet  huffy  yellow  to  orange  yellow,  sometimes 
suffused  with  rusty.  Orbital  ring  varying  from  buffy  white  to  ful- 
vous; ears  gray  tinged  with  buff;  outside  of  hind  legs  gray  suffused 
with  rusty.  Tail  above  black  washed  with  pale  or  rusty  yellow  and 
fringed  with  yellowish  white,  beneath  with  a  median  area  of  ferrugin- 
ous orange  or  rusty  rufous,  bordered  with  a  broad  black  band  and 
fringed  with  pale  yellowish. 

Measurements.      Average  of  five  adults:      Total  length,  565.8;   tail 
vertebra',  279;  hind  foot,  79.2. 
77.  arizonensis.  (Seii/rus).  Cones.  .\m.  Nat..    i<S67,  p.  357. 


1 

Hit  J>  V  'T^i^K^WbT 

¥  J 

Fig.  14.    SciuRus  (Araeosciurus)  arizonensis. 

No.  1705  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


colliaei,  Allen,  Mon.  Rod.,  1S77,  p.  738,  (nee  Rich). 

Type  locality.      Fort  Whipple,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  .S'.  carolinensis;  tail  as  long  as  head  and 
body;  soles  naked  to  heels. 

Color.  Above  mixed  gray,  black,  white  and  tawny;  the  latter 
predominating;  sides  and  limbs  outside  grizzled  gray  and  white. 
Beneath  and  inside  of  limbs  pure  white.  Tail  above  at  base  gray 
and  white,  remainder  black  mixed  with  white  and  fringed  broadly 
with  white;  beneath  tawny  in  the  center  bordered  with  black  and 
fringed  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  478;  tail  vertebrae,  240;  hind  foot, 
58;  height  of  ear,  20. 

n.^huachuca.  (Sa't/rus),   Allen,    Bull.   Am.   Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1894, 

P-  349- 

Type  locality.      Huachuca  Mountains,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Huachuca  Mountains,  Southern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  arizonensis,  but  nearly  uniform  gray 
above,  only  a  trace  of  a  fulvous  dorsal  stripe. 

Color.  Upper  parts  gray;  dorsal  stripe  nearly  obsolete;  sides 
lighter  gray;  nape  patch  pale  fulvous;  tail  above  black  sprinkled  with 
white,  and  fringed  broadly  with  white;  beneath  pale  chestnut,  bor- 
dered with  black  and  broadly  fringed  with  white.  Under  parts  of 
body  and  limbs  pure  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  540;  tail  vertebrae,  265;  hind  foot, 
70;  ear,  34. 

E.    Tamiasciunis,  Trouess.    1880. 

J.  A.  Allen.   Revision  0/ the  Chickarees  or  Xorth  American  Red  Squirrels 

{Subgenus  Tamiasciurus).     Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,    1898, 

p.  249. 

Premolars,   ^^  or  ^— i.      Skull   short,    broad,    depressed    between 
1— I     •  I— I  . 

orbits,  superior  outline   greatly  curved,    highest  point  between  post 

orbital  processes  of   the   frontal;  rostrum   short,  deep,  broad;  nasals 

broad,  not  equal  to  interorbital  width;  squamosal  process  of  zygoma 

projecting  outward,  curving  gradually  downward.      Molar  series  rather 

heavy  comparatively. 

78.   hudsonius.   (Sciurus),  Erxleb.  Mamm.,  1777,  p.  416. 

Type  locality.      Hudson  Strait. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Boreal  North  America,  Labrador,  west  to  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  Alaska. 


Fig.  15.    SciuRus  (Tamiasciurus)  hudsonius. 

No.  X202  Field  Columlii.in  Museum  Coll.    N.it.  size. 


Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  tail  short,  narrow;  a  dorsal  stripe  in 
winter,  chest  not  rufous;  under  parts  white  vermiculated  with  black. 

Color.  Winter  Pcldi^e.  Upper  parts  and  dorsal  stripe  chestnut 
rufous;  sides  olivaceous  gray:  under  parts  grayish  white.  Tail  above 
in  center  yellowish  rufous,  with  a  broad  border  and  sub-terminal  bar 
of  black  fringed  with  yellowish  rutous;  beneath  yellowish  ^'rav  bor- 
dered and  fringed  as  above. 

Summer  Pelage.  No  dorsal  stripe;  upper  parts  yellowish  rufous; 
conspicuous  black  lateral  line;  under  parts  pure  white;  no  ear  tufts; 
tail  as  in  winter,  less  full. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  296-333;  tail  vertebr;e,  89-134;  hind 
foot,  43-48. 

a.—iymnicws.  [Sciurus),  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1899, 
p.  28. 

'/ype  locality.      Greenville,  Maine. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Eastern  North  America  south  of  Labrador  to 
Northern  New  York,  through  Canada  to  Northern  Michigan  and 
Northern  Minnesota. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small:  colors  dark;  beneath  gray  in  winter,  tail 
dark. 


Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Dorsal  band  ferruginous;  sides  and  feet 
above,  olivaceous  gray;  under  parts  gray  and  dusky;  tail  above  ferru- 
ginous, fringed  with  same  and  with  a  subapical  black  band;  beneath 
tawny  fringed  and  banded  as  on  upper  surface. 

Summer  Pelage.  Above  dull  ferruginous,  brightest  on  upper  sur- 
face of  arms  and  feet;  olivaceous  on  sides  and  face;  black  lateral 
stripe;  under  parts  pure  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  300;  tail  vertebra,  117;  hind 
foot,   47. 

h. — loquax.  {Sciurus),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  161. 

earolinensis,  Ord,  (nee  Gmel).  Guthr.  Geog.,  Am.  ed.  1818,  11, 
p.  292. 

Type  locality.      Libert}-  Hill,  New  London,  Connecticut. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Ontario  to  North  Carolina  in  the  east,  and  west 
to  Minnesota. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  .S'.  liudsonius;  tail  longer;  dorsal  stripe 
in  winter  bright  red;  under  parts  not  vermiculated. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Similar  to  .S.  hudsonius;  but  dorsal  stripe 
brighter  red  varying  to  orange  rufous;  rest  of  upper  parts  more  yel- 
lowish; under  parts  grayish  white.  Black  on  tail  narrower;  hairs  on 
central  part  clear  red. 

Summer  Pelage.  Usually  brighter  and  more  red;  above  reddish 
yellow;  feet  ochraceous,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  286-356;  tail  vertebrs,  92-146; 
hind  foot,  40-52. 

c—minnesota.  (Sciurus),  Allen,  Am.  Nat.,  1899,  xxxiii,  p.  640. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Snelling,  Minnesota. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin,  Iowa?  east- 
ward to  Northern  Indiana. 

Genl.  Char.  Sizes  largest  of  the  eastern  Chickarees;  hind  foot 
large,  colors  light. 

Color.  Above  and  sides,  pale  yellow  and  black,  the  tips  of  the 
hairs  being  yellow  succeeded  by  a  black  band  which  shows  among 
the  yellow.  A  broad  light  red  band  from  between  the  ears  along  the 
back  to  end  of  tail  vertebrae;  beneath  grayish  white.  Tail  light  red 
above,  bordered  and  tipped  narrowl}'  with  black  and  fringed  with  pale 
yellow;  beneath  pale  \ellow,  bordered  with  black  and  a  pale  yel- 
low fringe.      Forehead  reddish;  sides  of  face  light  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  345-369;  tail  vertebra,  137-143; 
hind  foot,  47-50. 

(h—dakotensis.    (Sciurus),   Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.   Nat.  Hist.,  1894, 
P-  325 


Type  locality.      Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 

Giogr.  Distr.  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota  and  adjoining  parts 
of  Wyoming. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  larger  than  .S^.  h.  loqua.x ;  colors  paler. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Dorsal  line  yellowish  rufous;  rest  of 
upper  parts  and  outside  of  limbs  and  feet,  yellowish  gray;  beneath 
white;  tail  above  like  back  with  narrow  black  border  and  fulvous 
fringe;  beneath  pale  gray  in  center  shading  into  pale  fulvous,  bor- 
dered and  fringed  as  on  upper  part. 

Summer  Filage.  Above  yellow  olive  gray;  no  lateral  line;  out- 
side shoulders,  feet  and  edge  of  thighs,  yellowish  rufous;  beneath 
pure  white;  tail  above  yellowish  rufous,  bordered  and  fringed  as  in 
winter,  beneath  grizzled,  yellowish  in  center. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  338-356;  tail  vertebra%  143-149; 
hind  foot,  50-52. 

e.—haileyi.  (Seiums),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1S9S,  p.  261. 

Type  locality.      Big  Horn  Mountains,  Wj'oming. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountain  ranges  of  Central  Wyoming  and  East- 
ern Montana,  north  into  Alberta,  in  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Pale  dorsal  band,  tail  narrowly  bordered  with 
black,  size  large. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  yellowish  olivaceous;  fore  legs 
and  feet,  edge  of  thighs  and  hind  feet  ochraceous  orange;  black  lateral 
line;  beneath  white  washed  with  yellow;  tail  above  cherry  red  to  yel- 
lowish red,  grizzled,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  yellow; 
lower  surface  pale  yellowish  gray  grizzled  with  black,  bordered  and 
fringed  like  upper  part. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  313-359;  tail  vertebra;,  121-145; 
hind  foot,  49-53. 

f.—ventorum.  (.Sciurus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 
p.  263. 

Type  locality.      South  Pass  City,  Wyoming. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Wind  River  Mountains  north  to  Mystic  Lake, 
west  to  head  of  Snake  River  in  Idaho,  south  to  Wahsatch  Range, 
northeastern  Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Dorsal  line  and  back  dark  red;  apical  third  of  tail 
black;  size  large. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Upper  parts,  legs  and  feet  yellowish 
gray;  dorsal  line  dark  rufous;  lateral  line  dusky;  beneath  white;  tail 
above  yellowish  rufous  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  yellow; 
beneath  grizzled  gray. 


Summer  Pelage.  Above  dark  olivaceous,  sides  of  shoulders  and 
edge  of  thighs  reddish  fulvous;  feet  above  ochraceous;  lateral  line 
obscure;  tail  like  winter  but  reddish,  central  area  not  well  defined. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  300-350;  tail  vertebrae,  121-145; 
hind  foot,  49-55. 

g.—richardsoni.     (Sciurus),   Bachm.,  Proc.   Zool.  Soc,  1838,  p.  100. 

Ty/>e  locality.      Columbia  River,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  border  of  northern  Montana,  central 
and  northern  Idaho,  northeastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  north- 
ward into  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.      Upper  surface  of  tail  mostly  black;  size  large. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Upper  parts,  limbs  and  feet,  brownish 
gray;  dorsalb  and  chestnut  rufous;  tail  on  basal  half  dark  rufous  in 
center  grizzled  with  black,  remainder  all  black  fringed  with  yellowish 
for  two-thirds  the  length;  black  lateral  line  present;  beneath,  yellow- 
ish gray  in  center,  rest  black;  under  parts  white  vermiculated  with 
black;  ears  tipped  with  black. 

Summer  Pelage.  Above  rufous  olivaceous;  fore  arm  to  shoulder, 
hind  limbs  to  thighs,  and  feet  ochraceous  orange;  beneath  white; 
black  lateral  line  conspicuous;  tail  above  deep  red  for  two-thirds  the 
length,  rest  black  with  rufous  fringe  on  sides,  beneath  grizzled  gray 
washed  with  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  333;  tail  vertebra-,  125; 
hind  foot,  51.7. 

h.—streatori.  {Sciurus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y., 
1898,  p.  267. 

Type  locality.      Ducks,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Washington  from  Columbia  River  to 
central  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.     Apical  third  of  tail  black;  size  large. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Similar  to  S.  h.  richardsoni,  but  tail  less 
black.  Dark  chestnut  dorsal  band;  beneath  grayish  white.  Tail 
above  four-fifths  its  length  rufous  chestnut  grizzled  with  black, 
with  the  usual  black  border  and  pale  yellow  fringe;  apical  portion 
black;  below  grizzled  gray  tinged  with  pale  rufous. 

Summer  Pelage.  More  olivaceous,  less  rufous;  lateral  line  broad 
and  black;  black  on  tail  much  reduced;  yellow  fringe  broadened. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280-355;  *^'l  vertebra;,  105-144; 
hind  foot,  47-54. 

i. — Vancouver ensis.      (Sciurus),   Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 
1890,  p.  165. 
Type  locality.      Duncan  Station,  Vancouver  Island. 


Geogr.  Distr.      \'ancouver  Island  north  to  Sitka,  Alaska. 

Gen/.  Char.      Apical  third  of  tail  black.      Size  small. 

Color.  IVinler  Pelage.  Above  like  .S'.  /;.  richardsoni;  tail  has 
only  the  apical  third  black;  under  parts  gray  tinged  with  brown  and 
vermiculated  with  dusky.      Tail  like  that  of  .S".  /;.  streatori. 

Summer  Pelage.  Above  dark  olivaceous,  tinged  with  reddish  in 
some  specimens;   under  parts  white  tinged  with  yellow. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  290-325;  tail  vertebra^,  103-132; 
hind  foot,  48-52. 

79.  douglasi.     {Siiurus),  Bachm.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1838,  p.  99. 

helcheri.      Gray,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1842,  p.  263. 

suckleyi.      Baird,  Proc.  .^cad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855,  p.  333. 

Type  locality.      "Columbus  River,"  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  from 
Cape  Blanco  to  Puget  Sound. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  fringed  with  yellowish;  beneath  in  summer, 
orange. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Dark  ferruginous  dorsal  band;  rest  of 
upper  parts,  limbs  and  feet,  dark  gray;  under  parts  ochraceous 
gray  vermiculated  with  black;  lateral  line  present.  Tail  above  two- 
thirds  its  length  dark  ferruginous  and  black;  black  border  narrow; 
subterminal  black  bar  broad;  fringe  of  tail  yellowish.  Tail  beneath 
grizzled  rusty,  the  black  margin  apical  band  and  yellow  fringe  more 
distinct  than  above. 

Summer  Pelage.  Olivaceous  brown  tinged  with  reddish;  under 
parts  orange  varying  in  depth;  feet  orange  rufous;  lateral  line  con- 
spicuously black.      Tail  as  in  winter  pelage,  but  thinner. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  295-343;  '^''  vertebr;f,  1 13-144; 
hind  foot,  47-51. 

a—moUipilosus.     (Sciurus),  Aud.  &  Bach.,  Proc.  Acad.    Nat.   Scien. 
Phil.,  1842,  p.  102. 

orarius,  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  281. 

Type  locality.      Northern  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  of  northern  California  from  Sonoma  county, 
into  Curry  county,  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.      White  tail  fringe;  size  small. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Similar  to  S.  douglasi,  but  dorsal  band 
not  so  dark,  and  sides  more  grayish;  under  parts  buffy  gray  and  black. 
Tail  as  in  S.  douglasi,  but  fringed  with  white  instead  of  yellow. 

.'Summer  Pelage.  Like  .S'.  douglasi,  but  tail  fringed  with  white. 
Above  more  olivaceous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  314-347;  tail  vertebra,  121-148; 
hind  foot,  45-55. 


h—caxenflennin.  {Sciurus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y., 
1S98,  p.  277. 

Type  locality.      Mt.  Hood,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington, 
north  into  British  Columbia.  Also  coast  region  from  Fraser  River  to 
Rivers  Inlet  north  of  Vancouver  Island. 

Genl.  Char.  White  fringed  tail;  size  larger  than  5.  ,/.  tiiollipilo- 
sus. 

Color.  SuiiiiHtr  Pelage.  More  olivaceous  above  and  less  deeply 
orange  below  than  either  .S'.  d.  mollipilosus  or  .S'.  donglasi,  varying  from 
yellowish  buff  to  buffy  ochraceous  (Allen  1.  c). 

Measurements.  Total  length,  270-34S;  tail  vertebrae.  102-146; 
hind  foot,  48-52. 

C — albolimhatus.      (.Set//ri/s).  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  iSgS, 

P-  453- 

californicKS,  Allen,  Bull.  .\m.  ^lus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1S90,  p.  165. 
(Pre-occupied). 

Type  locality.      Sierra  Nevada  of  northern  California:-' 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sierra  Nevada  region  of  northern  California  and 
Oregon  east  of  Cascades  to  the  Maury  Mountains,  and  Strawberry 
Butte. 

Genl.  Char.      Tail  fringe  white;  under  parts  in  summer  pale  buff. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Upper  parts  like  5.  d.  cascadensis,  dorsal 
band  paler  chestnut  and  general  color  lighter  grayish.  Outer  fringe 
on  tail  broader.      Under  parts  grayish  white. 

Summer  Pelage.  Above  like  6'.  d.  cascadensis:  ventral  surface 
pale  fulvous:  feet,  and  line  on  edge  of  thigh,  deep  ochraceous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  290-348:  tail  vertebra^,  1 16-156; 
hind  foot,  47-55. 

80.  fremonti.  {.Saurus).  Aud.  iV  Bach.  Quad.  N.  Am.,  1S53.  Ill, 
P-  237. 

Type  locality.      South  Pass,  Rocky  Mountains? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Uintah  Mountains, 
Utah,  to  the  southern  border  of  Wyoming. 

Genl.  Char.      Dorsal  band,  pale  yellowish  rufous. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  gray;  dorsal  band  pale  yellowish 
rufous;  obscure  dusky  lateral  line;  under  parts  grayish  white.  Tail 
yellowish  rusty  above,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  white; 
beneath  pale  fulvous  gray,  bordered  and  fringed  as  above. 

.Summer  Pelage.  Above  yellowish  gray;  fore  arm  and  upper 
surface  of  feet  ochraceous;  lateral  line  black:  beneath  grayish  white; 
tail  as  in  winter,  but  thinner. 


Miiisini-mfitls.  Total  lengtii,  303-345;  tail  vertebr^r,  102-145; 
hind  foot,  47-52. 

(/  t)io6i>Uftts.is.  (Sciiiriis).  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Miis.  Nat.  Hist.. 
1887-90,  p.  277. 

J'ype  locality.  '  Ouaking  Asp  Settlement,  central  .\rizona. 

iiCi'gr.  Distr.  Higher  mountains  ami  plateaus  of  central  .\ri- 
'ona. 

Giiil.   Char.      Dorsal  hand  brighter   yellowish    rufous   than    in    .V. 

.  »U'll/i. 

Wiiilii  I'liagt'.  Like  5.  /ri-i/n'/i//,bul  the  dorsal  band  is  a  brighter, 
iceper  tint  of  yellowish  rufous. 

Suiiinur  J'<-lax<'.  Like  .V.  /ri-iiw/iti,  but  upper  parts  brighter 
rufous. 

Measurfiiunls.  Total  length,  310  365:  tail  vertebra-,  126-15^; 
hind  foot,  49-56- 

/-  neonipxicnnitf .  (.'^cii/r//.<;),  Allen.  Bull.  .\m.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.. 
iMy8,  p.  291. 

yV/t'  localily.      Kayado  Canon.  Colfax  county,  New  Mexico. 

G(i'i;r.  Dislr.      Taos  Range,  New  Mexico. 

GcnI.  Char.      Similar  to  .S.  /  mogolhnsis,  but  smaller. 

Color.  IVinltr  J't'la^^g.  "Similar  to  S.  fremonti,  but  dorsal  band 
much  brighter  yellowish  rufous,  nearly  as  in  S.  f.  iiiogollensis." 

Mfasiirements.  Total  length,  308-330;  tail  vertebra'.  127-145; 
hind  foot,  45-52  (Allen  1.  c). 

c — ^ruhamensui.     (.SV/V//v/j).     .Mien.  lUill.  .\m.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  1894, 

P-  350- 

'/'y/>f  loialily.      (iraham  Mountains,  .\rizona. 

Gioi^r.  Dislr.     Graham  Mountains,  southeastern  .\rizona. 

Gtnl.  Char.      Like  .V.  /.  iiioi^ollensis,  but  paler. 

Color.  Stimiiier  Pelage.  More  yellow  above  than  .V.  /'.  mogollen- 
sis,  with  tail  above  ochraceous,  and  nearly  white  beneath. 

Mfasiircnifnls.  Total  length,  325-340;  tail  vertebra,  130-140: 
hind  foot.  50-57. 

:{7.    Taiiiias. 

I.    '    '  ;    P.    '    ",    or  '"'  ;    M.  ^^-  ;  =  20  or  22. 
1     1  1-1'  11  13 

J.  .\.  .\llen.  A  rivieiv  of  some  of  the  Xorth  Aiiteritaii  i^roiind 
squirrels.      Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  45. 

C.  H.  Merriam.  Xotes  on  the  Chipmunks  of  the  Genus  Eutamias. 
occurring  west  of  the  east  base  of  the  Cascade  Sierra  system,  ioith  descrip- 
tion of  neii'  forms.      Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  of  Wash.,  1.S97,  p.  189. 


Tamias.    111.  Syst.  Mamm.,  1811,  p.  830.   Type  Sciurus  striatus,  Linn. 

Tcnotis,  Rafin.  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  i,  p.  362. 

Eutamias,  Trouess.  Le  Nat.,  1880,  p.  86. 

Tail  short,  not  bushy,  narrow,  cheek  pouches  large  ;  ears  medium 
without  tufts.  Skull  narrow  anteriorly,  superior  outline  convex, 
postorbital  processes  slender,  directed  backward  and  downward  ; 
anteorbital  foramen  oval  ;  zygomata  expanded  and  depressed  anterior- 
ly; upper  premolars  either  two  or  one. 

A.  Eutamias. 
Skull  with  superior  outline  highest  over  parietals  ;  orbital  fora- 
men a  narrow,  oval,   slit-like  opening  ;  rostrum  compressed  ;  nasals 
short,  narrowing  only  slightlj'  posteriorly  ;  pterygoid  fossa  long  and 
wider;  audital  bullae  large. 


Fig.  16.    Tamias  (Eutamias)  dorsalis. 
No.  83g  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 

Upper  tooth  kow.  Lower  tooth  row 

Enlarged  4  times.  Enlarged  4  times. 

81.  dorsalis.     {Tamias),  Baird,  Proc.   Acad.  Nat.    Scien.   Phil.,    1855, 

P-  332- 

qiiadrivitatus  pallidus,  Coues  &  Yarr.  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  Geogr. 
Expl.  &  Surv.  West  of  100  Merid.,  1876,  v,  p.  118. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Webster,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Utah  to  Mexico  ;  west  to  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains  ;  east  to  the  Mimbres  in  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.      Single  dorsal  stripe  alone  conspicuous. 

Color.      Upper  parts  hoaiy  mixed  with  rusty  and  brown  ;  flanks 


and  hips  dull  rusty  ;  dorsal  stripe  dark  brown  ;  a  faint  stripe  of  gray- 
ish on  flanks.  L'nder  parts  dull  grayish  white.  Tail  above  mixed 
black,  chestnut  anil  white  ;  hairs  chestnut  at  base.  Face  with  usual 
Tamias  stripes. 

Measiiiemenis.  Total  length,  237  ;  tail  vertebra',  105  ;  hind  foot, 
22  ;  ear,  20. 

a.      utahensi.".   (Eu/amias),  Merr.,Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  210. 

jypc  Uycality.      Ogden,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  I'tah  and  northwestern  Nevada  through 
Arizona  to  New  Mexico. 

Cienl.  Char.  Similar  to,  but  smaller  and  paler  than  T.  dorsa/is  ; 
markings  less  distinct  ;  tail  below  fulvous  ;  not  rufous. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  hoary  butf  ;  top  of  head  dark  : 
median  dorsal  stripe  noticeable,  others  nearly  obsolete  ;  sides  pale 
fulvous;  post-auricular  patch  light  buff;  facial  stripes  pale.  Tail  below 
fulvous,  bordered  with  black  fringed  with  yellowish. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  223.6:  tail  vertebra^,  loa  ; 
hind  foot,  32.9. 

82.  palmeri.    {Eulamias),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  208. 

Type  locality.      Charleston  Peak,  Nevada. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Restricted  to  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Resembles  T.  dorsalis  in  winter  pelage  ;  dorsal 
stripes  short. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  gray  :  flanks  pale  fulvous ;  light 
stripes  hoary  gray,  outer  ones  whitish;  dark  dorsal  stripes  pale  ferrugi- 
nous :  middle  one  blackish  :  facial  stripes  faint  ;  feet  grayish  fulvous. 
Tail  above  grayish  at  base,  remainder  black,  tips  of  hairs  on  base  and 
sides  yellowish  ;  beneath  rufous  bordered  witli  black,  fringed  on  sides 
with  yellowish. 

.\feasurements.  .Average  total  length,  219.3  ■  '3''  vertebra',  93.4  ; 
hind  foot,  33.3. 

83.  townsendi.   (  y'aw/ay),  Bachm.,  Jour.  .Vcad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1839, 

p.  68. 

cooperi.      Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855,  p.  334. 

Type  locality.      Mouth  of  Columbia  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  Oregon,  Washington  and  British 
Columbia,  from  mouth  of  Columbia  River  northward  ;  east  in  north- 
ern Cascades  to  head  of  Lake  Chelan. 

Genl.  Char.  Yellowish  brown  or  olivaceous  rufous  above  ;  size 
large,  tail  very  long,  equal  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  head  and 
body,  ears  large. 


Color.  Post  /irciJint^  Pe/ai^i-.  General  color  olivaceous  rufous 
with  a  3'ellow  tinge  ;  flanks  deeper.  Black  dorsal  stripes  five  :  outer 
ones  shortest  :  outer  pair  of  light  stripes,  gray.  Facial  markings  of 
usual  pattern.  Ears  blackish/ grayish  spot  behind  base  of  ear.  Ven- 
tral surface  grajish  white.  Tail  above  black  fringed  with  white  :  be- 
neath bright  chestnut,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  white. 

Bict'ding  Pelage.      Tints  paler,  lightest  dorsal  stripes,  gray. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  257:  tail  vertebrju,  107:  hind  foot,  },^. 

n.  —  hindsu.   [Tatnias],  Gray,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1842,  p.  264. 

Type  locality.      Nicasio?  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Coast  of  California  from  San  Francisco  north. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  iownscndi.  but  much  darker  :  lightest 
dorsal  stripes  whitish  :  post-auricular  patch  conspicuous. 

Color.  Posi-hrceding  Pelage.  Above  cinnamon  rufous  :  median 
pair  of  light  stripes  like  ground  color,  outer  pair  whitish  :  \entral  sur- 
face white  washed  with  buff. 

Breeiling  Pelage.  Above  dark  reddish  brown,  mixed  with  gray  ; 
brighter  red  on  flanks,  darker  gray  on  rump,  thighs  and  shoulders. 
Dark  dorsal  stripes  five,  outer  pair  usually  hardly  traceable  :  median 
stripe  edged  with  chestnut  rufous  ;  median  pair  of  light  stripes  mixed 
rufous  and  gray  :  outer  pair  whitish  ;  facial  stripes  strongly  contrasted. 
Ear  dusky  brown  anteriorly,  silver}'  graj'  posteriorly.  Post  auricular 
patch  small,  pale  gra}'.  Ventral  surface  white.  Tail  above  blackish, 
beneath  reddish  chestnut,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  264:  tail  vertebra^  no;  hind  foot, 
34  ;  ear,  11. 

b.—pricp.i.    [Tamias),  .Mien,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  p.  333 

Type  locality.      Portola,  San  Mateo  county,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  California  from  Mountains  of  San 
Diego  and  San  Bernardino  county  north  to  San  Francisco. 

Gent.  Char.  Intermediate  in  size  and  color  between  T.  liindsii 
and  T.  mcrriami. 

Color.  Breeding  Pelage.  Above  grayish  brown,  varied  with 
hazel.  Flanks  tawny;  dorsal  stripes — five  hazel  and  black,  four 
ashy-graj*.  Shoulders  aud  thighs  grayish;  under  parts  whitish. 
Light  facial  stripes  gray;  dark  ones  hazel  brown;  post-auricular 
patches  small,  grayish  white.  Tail,  above  mixed  clay  color,  and 
black  and  gra3-ish:  beneath  dark  reddish  cht-stnut  bordered  with 
black  and  fringed  with  gray. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length.  252;  tail  vertebra.-,  119; 
hind  foot,  35. 


e-—Ochro^enys.  {^Eutamias),  Merr. .  I 'roc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1S97, 
p.   206. 

J\pe  locality.      Mendocino,  California. 

Gfoar.  Distr.  Cazadero,  north  of- San  Francisco  Bay,  California, 
to  the  mouth  of  Rogue  River,  Oregon. 

Gtnl.  Char.  Size  large;  colors  dark:  similar  to  /'.  mtiriami, 
but  darker. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Upper  parts  grizzled  olive;  sides  ful- 
vous: dark  dorsal  stripes,  black;  light  ones  grayish;  sides  of  face 
ochraceous.  Tail,  above  black  and  hoary:  below  chestnut,  bordered 
with  black. 

Po.<:t-l'ree,li/ig  Fela,i;e.  Above  fulvous,  paler  on  rump:  only  the 
median  dorsal  band  clear  black,  others  reddish;  inner  light  stripes 
tinged  with  fulvous,  outer  grayish;   under  parts  washed  with  fulvous. 

Measiiremfiits.  Total  length,  261;  tail  vertebra-,  113;  hind 
foot,  3S. 

84.  merriami.     (/amias),   Allen,    Bull.    .\m.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,  1S90, 

P-  84. 

yy/e  locality.      San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Mountains  of  Southern  California  from  San  Diego 
county  north  to  Tulare  and  Monterey  counties. 

Ge/il.  Char.  Size  large;  color  pale;  facial  aiul  dorsal  marking 
not  strongly  contrasted;  ears  high,  pointed. 

Color.  Above  dull  yellowish  gray  mixed  in  places  with  fulvous; 
dorsal  streaks  pale  yellowish  to  fulvous  brown;  the  light  ones  pale 
gray;  sides  and  rump  pale  olivaceous.  Tail,  above  blackish  fringed 
with  gray:  beneath  reddish  chestnut,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed 
with  whitish. 

Post-breeding  PeUii^e.  Flanks  golden  rufous;  dark  dorsal  streaks 
yellowish  rufous;  light  ones  silver  gray.  Tail,  below  orange  chest- 
nut; above  orange  yellow. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  2S5;  tail  vertebra'.  117; 
hind  foot,  34. 

85.  quadrimaculatus.    (  J'amias),  Gray,  .\nn.  >.V  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  i(S67. 

P-  435- 
macrorhahiloles.    Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  iSb4,    p.  25,   fig. 

p.  26. 
Type  locality.      Michigan  Bluff,  Sacramento  \'alle)-,  California. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Central  California,   in  the   Sierra  Nevada,    Placer 
county,  to  Fort  Klamath,  Oregon,  through  the    vallej-   of    the    Sacra- 
mento River. 

Genl.    Char.      Ears  very  large,  post-auricular  patches  very  large. 


Color.  Post-breeding  Pelage.  Head  and  rump  gray;  rest  of 
body  ferruginous,  under  parts  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  fulvous. 
Five  dark  dorsal  stripes  black,  those  on  either  side  next  the  center 
one  edged  with  rufous;  median  light  stripes  gray,  outer  ones  white. 
Dark  facial  streaks  rusty  brown;  light  streaks  fulvous  white:  ears 
blackish  edged  with  rusty  and  bordered  posteriorly  with  white. 
Post-auricular  patches  large,  white.  Tail,  above  blackish  fringed 
with  white;  beneath  orange  rufous,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed 
with  white. 

Autumn  Pelage.  Like  the  above  except  the  whole  half  of  the 
posterior  dorsal  region  is  gray;  anterior  half  rufous;  flanks  deeper 
rufous,  ears  more  reddish. 

Afeasurements.  Total  length,  249;  tail  vertebrae,  93;  hind  foot, 
305- 

86.  senex.     [Tamias),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  83. 

Type  locality.      Summit  of  Donner  Pass,  Placer  county,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sierra  Cascade  Mountains  from  Farewell  Bend 
on  the  Des  Chutes  River  in  Oregon,  south  to  the  head  waters  of  the 
Merced  River  in  Yosemite  National  Park. 

Genl.  Char.      All  upper  parts  gray;  ears  small. 

Color.  Breeding  Pelage.  Above  gray;  yellowish  tinge  on  sides 
of  neck  and  shoulders;  flanks  yellowish  brown;  dark  dorsal  stripes 
black  to  rusty  brown,  light  stripes  pale  gray.  Ventral  surface 
dull  white.  Facial  stripes  rusty  brown  and  grayish  white.  Tail, 
above  blackish;  below  pale  orange,  edged  with  black,  hairs  tipped 
with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  263;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  114;  hind 
feet,  35. 

87.  speciosus.   {Tamias),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  86. 

Type  locality.      San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium  or  small.  Similar  to  T.  inerriami: 
tip  of  tail  above  and  below,  black. 

Color.  Post-breeding  Pelage.  Dark  dorsal  stripes  dark  brown 
suffused  with  ferruginous;  outer  light  stripe  pure  white;  sides  ferru- 
ginous; post-auricular  patches  very  large,  white;  facial  stripes  dis- 
tinct; dark  ones  dusky,  obscured  with  rusty;  light  ones  white.  Tail, 
bright  chestnut  above  obscured  with  black,  edged  with  yellowish: 
beneath  chestnut  with  lateral  border  and  terminal  fourth  black,  fringe 
yellowish. 

Breeding  Pelage.      Above   yellowish    gray   with   two   broad   white 


stripes.  Ferruginous  color  has  nearly  disappeared  from  the  dark 
dorsal  stripes  and  flanks,  the  latter  suffused  with  pale  yellowish 
brown. 

Measuremctits.      Total  length,  234;  tail  vertebrae,  91;  hind  foot,  32. 

88.  callipeplus.     yTiimias),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1893, 

p.  136. 

Type  locality.      Mount  Pinos,  Ventura  county,  California. 

Geogr.  Dislr.  Mount  Pinos  and  head  waters  of  Yule  River, 
north  nearly  to  the  Yosemite  Vallej'. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  speciosiis,  but  thighs  and  rump  yellow- 
ish instead  of  gray,  and  inner  pair  of  light  dorsal  stripes  vinaceous 
drab  instead  of  gray. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Top  of  head,  nape  and  inner  pair  of 
light  dorsal  stripes  vinaceous  drab,  shoulders  ochraceous,  flanks 
fulvous,  thighs  and  rump  yellowish;  central  dorsal  stripe  dark  umber 
brown  edged  with  rusty,  inner  pair  dark  ferruginous,  outer  pair  ful- 
vous; post-auricular  patches  large,  white:  facial  stripes  dark;  tail 
orange  rufous  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  yellow;  under 
parts  pure  white. 

Afeasiiremenls.  Total  length,  212;  tail  vertebra',  91.7;  hind 
foot,  34. 

a.—inyoensis.  {Eutamias),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  208. 

Type  locality.      White  Mountains,  Inyo  County,  California. 

Geog.  Distr.      Summits  of  White  and  Inyo  Mountains,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  speciosus,  but  rump  grizzled  golden 
yellow. 

Color.  Top  of  head  grizzled  grayish;  dark  dorsal  stripe  black 
and  rusty:  outer  pair  light  stripes  white:  sides  bright  fulvous;  back 
and  sides  of  neck  grayish  white;  rump  golden  yellow  and  black;  feet 
fulvous.  Tail,  above  yellow  ochraceous  and  black;  below  fulvous 
bordered  with  black. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  229:  tail  vertebr;r,  100; 
hind  foot,  33.3. 

89.  frater.     (Tamias),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  88. 

Ty/>e  locality.  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  Placer  county,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  Nevada  to  central  California  and  region 
of  Lake  Tahoe. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  post-auricular  patches  large,  white; 
tail  deep  orange. 

Color.      Breeding  Pelage.       .\bove    pale     gray,    darker   on    lower 


back  and  thighs:  flanks  rusty  brown;  middle  dorsal  stripes  blackish 
edged  with  rufous;  outer  ones  light  rufous:  light  stripes,  median 
pair  ashy,  outer  white.  Dark  facial  stripes  black  or  rusty  brown: 
light  ones  grayish  white  or  white.  Tail,  above  rusty  orange  mixed 
with  black;  beneath  orange  bordered  and  tipped  with  black,  and 
fringed  with  pale  yellow. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  233;  tail  to  end  of  hairs, 
97.5:   hind  foot,  32. 

90.  panamintinus.     {Tamias).   Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1893, 

P-  134- 

Type  locality.     Johnson  Canon,  Panamint  Mountains,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      West  side  of  Great  Basin  in  California  and  Nevada. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  speciosns  of  Lower  California,  but 
paler:  hind  foot  very  short. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Top  of  head  and  rump  ash  gray;  dark 
dorsal  stripes  dull  fulvous;  inner  pair  of  light  stripes  vinaceous  drab, 
outer  pair  dull  white;  sides  gray  tinged  with  buffy  ochraceous. 
Facial  stripes  indistinct.  Tail,  above  orange  rufous  bordered  with 
black  and  fringed  with  yellowish;  beneath  similar,  the  orange  rufous 
deeper. 

Measurements.  Tvpe.  Total  length.  208:  tail  vertebra:-,  96; 
hind  foot,  31. 

•91.  amoenus.    [Tamias),  kW&u,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  90. 

Type  loealitv.      Fort  Klamath,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Fort  Klamath,  Oregon,  to  Placer  county,  Cali- 
iornia,  and  western  Nevada  about  Lake  Tahoe. 

Genl.   Char.      Similar  to  T.  /rater,  but  smaller,  colors  paler. 

Color.  .Spring  Pelage.  Above  vinaceous  gray  ;  flanks  ochraceous 
brown  ;  dark  dorsal  streaks  seal  brown  edged  with  rufous  ;  others 
chestnut ;  light  stripes,  pale  gray  ;  outermost  ones  white.  Ventral 
surface  white  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow.  Tail  above  black  and 
ochraceous  ;  beneath  pale  orange  yellow,  edged  and  tipped  with 
black,  tips  of  hairs  ochraceous  yellow. 

Brreiiing  Pelage.  Colors  much  paler  :  vinaceous  of  upper  parts 
gone  :  the  stripes  are  yellowish  :  flanks  pale  rufous  :  tail  above  pale 
buff. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  207;  tail  vertebra,  70;  hind  foot,  30. 

■92.  caurinus.     ('Tamias),  Merr..  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,i8g8, 

P-  352- 
Tvpe  loealitv.      Solduck  Trail,  Olympic   Mountains,  Washington. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Olympic  Mountains,  Washington,  timber  line. 
Genl.   Char.      Similar  to  T.  amanus,  hind  feet  longer. 


C\>/i'r.  PiHt-l'iecditii^  Pfhi,i;e.  As  compared  with  T.  amirnus,  post- 
auricular  patches  obsolete  ;  back  of  neck  and  sliouldcrs  grizzled  with 
fulvous,  not  hoar)'  ;  dorsal  stripes  mixed  with  fulvous  ;  tail  beneath 
lilack.  border  broader,  and  the  central  portion  mixed  with  black. 

Mtiisioemcnts.      Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebra'.  Njihind  foot.  34. 

93.  cinereicollis.      ('J'ai>il,i.<:\,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890, 

p.  94. 

J  r/>c  locality.     San  Francisco  Mountains,  Arizona. 

Get\i:;r.  Distr.      San  Francisco  and  Mogollon  Mountains,  .\rizona. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Allied  to  T.  umbriuiis.  but  neck  and  shoulder  dif- 
ferently colored  from  the  flanks. 

Color.  Autumn  Fflagf.  Above  gra\-  ;  flanks  yellowish  brown  ; 
thighs  and  rump  pale  yellowish  brown  ;  dark  dorsal  stripes  black 
edged  with  chestnut  brown  :  inner  pair  of  light  stripes  whitish  gray  ; 
outer  pair  white.  Light  facial  stripes  white  ;  dark  ones  rusty  brown. 
Under  part  of  bod}'  white.  Post-auricular  patch  light  gray.  Tail 
above  blackish  ;  beneath  orange  rufous,  bordered  with  black  and 
fringed  with  buff. 

Bri-filing  Pi-laxr.  Colors  much  faded  :  sides  faintly  washed  with 
pale  yellowish  brown  or  pale  buff.      Upper  parts  dull  j'ellowish  gray. 

.^/(a.uireiHiiits.  Average  total  length,  247  ;  tail  vertebra-,  ici2  ; 
hind  foot,  35. 

94.  umbrinus.     { '/'amias).   .Mien.    Bull.   \m.    Mus.  Xat.  Hist..    i8go, 

p.  96. 

Type  locality.      Uintah  Mountains,  Itah,  south   of   Fort   Bridger. 

(/',v';v.  ni.<tr.  Wahsatch  and  I'intah  Ranges  of  northern  and 
central  I'tah. 

iicnl.  Char.  Larger  than  7'.  ijuadrivittatus.  colors  duller,  and 
outer  dark  stripe  obsolete. 

Color.  Autinnii  Pelage.  Above  j'ellowish  brown  gray;  flanks  dull 
yellowish  brown  :  under  parts  grayish  white.  Dark  dorsal  stripes 
black  mixed  with  yellowish  or  rusty  brown  :  outer  ones  usually  obso- 
lete. Light  stripes  pale  gray,  outer  ones  whitish.  Facial  streaks 
dusky  brown  and  gray.  Tail  above  orange  and  black  :  beneath  orange 
rufous  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  j'ellowish. 

Mi-,rutr<i/n/its.    Total  length,  249;  tail  vertebra',  ico:  hind  foot,  32. 

95.  quadrivittatus.     (.S,-/urus),  Say.  Long's   Hxpetl.  Rocky  Mts.,  11, 

1823,  p.  45. 

I ype  loiality.  Rock)'  Mountains  about  the  sources  of  the  Arkan- 
sas and  Platte  Rivers. 

Giogr.  Pistr.  Southern  boundary  of  Colorado  northward  through 
Wyoming,  including  the  Yellowstone  National  Park. 


Gen!.  Char.      Rather  small,  general  color  gray. 

Color.  Breeding  Pelage.  Above  gray,  sides  washed  with  pale 
yellowish  brown,  beneath  grayish  white.  Dark  dorsal  stripes  black 
and  rufous  ;  light  ones  ashy,  outer  white. 

Post-breeding  Pelage.  Above  rufous,  thighs  plumbeous  gra\  ; 
dark  dorsal  stripes  black  and  rufous  ;  outer  light  stripes  whitish  : 
flanks  yellowish  rufous  ;  broader  parts  grayish  white.  Dark  facial 
stripes  rusty  brown  ;  light  ones  grayish  white.  Tail  above  black  and 
buff  ;  beneath  buffy  ochraceous  bordered  and  fringed  with  black. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  223  ;  tail  vertebra,  82  ;  hind 
foot,  31. 

a.— gracilis.   {Tamias),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist..  1890,  p.  99. 

Type  locality.      San  Pedro,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sicorro  County,  New  Mexico,  to  Apache  County, 
Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  T.  quadriviitatus,  but  more  slender  ; 
tail  longer,  ears  larger  and  color  very  different. 

Color.  Post-breeding  Pelage.  Above  light  gray  ;  post-auricular 
patches  whitish  gray.  Dark  dorsal  stripes  black  ;  outer  part  nearly 
obsolete  ;  light  stripes  whitish  gray,  outer  pair  white.  Dark  facial 
streaks  bright  rusty.  Thighs  and  rump  gray.  Tail  above  black  and 
rustj',  below  deep  orange  rufous  bordered  with  black  and  fringed 
with  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  245  ;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  120  ;  hind 
foot,  34. 

b.  —  luteiventris.  (Tamias),  Allen.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  loi. 

Type  locality.      Chief  Mountain  Lake,  Montana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountains  in  Montana  from  Helena  north- 
ward, probably  into  British  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  horealis,  but  colors  much  brighter  : 
body  beneath  buffy. 

Color.  Post-breeding  Pelage.  Above  gray  mixed  with  rufous; 
flanks  ferruginous;  ventral  surface  buff.  Dark  dorsal  stripes  black 
edged  with  rufous.  Light  stripes  gray  and  vinaceous;  outer  pair 
white.  Tail,  above  black  and  buff,  beneath  pale  orange  bordered  with 
black,  and  fringed  with  pale  j-ellow.  Upper  surface  of  feet  orange 
buff. 

Measurenwnts.  .Average  total  length,  243:  tail  vertebrif,  92: 
hind  foot,  32. 

c.—felix.      [Tamias),  Rhoads,  Amer.  Natur.,  1895,  p.  941. 

Type  locality.  Mt.  Baker  Range,  Westminster  District,  British 
Columbia. 


Geogr.  Dislr.  Mt.  Baker  Range,  British  Columbia,  extent  un- 
known. 

Genl.  Char.  Darker  than  T.  quadrivittatus,  or  T.  lutdventris, 
more  nearly  resembling  the  latter. 

Color.  Colors  and  pattern  as  in  T.  quaJrivittatus,  but  darker. 
From  T.  luteiventris  it  differs  in  a  deeper  orange  on  cheeks,  sides  and 
tail;  head,  shoulders,  neck  and  upper  part  of  back  rusty  brown;  dor- 
sal black  stripes  broad;  light  stripes  rusty;  upper  parts  not  hoary. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  245;  tail  vertebrse,  105;  hind 
foot,  32.5. 

d.    affinis.     (Tamias),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  103. 

Type  locality.     Ashcroft,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Interior  of  British  Columbia,  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  T.  quadrivittatus,  but  larger. 

Color.  .Spring  Pelage.  Above  yellowish  gray  brown;  sides 
brownish  ochre;  beneath  grayish  white,  tinged  with  fulvous.  Dark 
•dorsal  stripes  black,  light  ones  gray  mixed  with  rufous;  outer  ones 
yellowish  white.  Dark  facial  stripes  rusty  brown  and  black,  light 
ones  brownish  white.  Tail,  above  black  and  pale  ochraceous; 
beneath  orange  rufous  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  pale 
ochraceous. 

Breeding  Pelage.  Above  ashy  gray,  sides  tinged  with  yellowish; 
tail  thin,  below  pale  yellowish  rufous,  yellow  fringe  mostly  worn 
away. 

Post-breeding  Pelage.  Gray  suffused  with  yellowish  rufous; 
thighs  and  rump  ash  gray;  flanks  deep  ochre.  Facial  and  dorsal 
stripes  like  spring  phase. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  125;  tail  to  end  of  hairs, 
120;  hind  foot,  31.5. 

e.—borealis.     (Tamias),  Allen,  Mon.  N.    .\m.    Rodent.,    1877,   p.    793 
(Part). 

Type  locality.      Fort  Liard,  British  .\merica. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  North  America,  Hudson  Bay  to  eastern 
base  of  Rocky  Mountains,  also  in  North  and  South  Dakota  and  Mon- 
tana. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  7".  <///(j(//7r//'/(Z/«j-,  more  yellow  on  sides, 
and  on  light  dorsal  streaks. 

Color.  Autumn  Pelage.  Above  pale  yellowish  gray;  dark  dorsal 
streaks  black;  light  ones  gray;  outer  one  white  tinged  with  yellow- 
ish: sides  washed  with  yellowish  brown;  thighs  and  rump  yellowish 
grav;  ventral    surface    grayish    white    tinged    sometimes    with    buff. 


Dark  facial  stripes  blackish  mixed  with  rusty  brown.  Tail,  below 
pale  orange,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  yellowish. 

Bri-e<iiiig  Pchige.  Above  ash  gray  tinged  with  yellowish;  sides 
pale  yellowish:  dark  dorsal  stripes  with  less  rufous,  median  light 
ones  ashy,  outer  ones  white. 

Meaiiii€nun/s.  Average  total  length.  206;  tail  to  end  of  hairs, 
92;  hind  foot,  32. 

f.—neglectus.  {Tamias),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist..  1891, 
p.   106. 

Ty/fe  locality.  Eastern  end  of  Lake  Superior,  mouth  of  Montreal 
River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northeastern  Minnesota,  northern  Wisconsin, 
northern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  and  northern  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 

Geiil.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  oorfalls,  but  colors  much  brighter; 
size  larger. 

Color.  Posl-breeding  Pelage.  Above  gray;  sides  redder  than  in 
T.  borealis,  and  less  gray  on  rump  and  thighs;  lower  lateral  dark 
stripe  blacker. 

Measurements.      Total  length.  204;  tail  vertebra',  97;  hind  foot,  31. 

96.  minimis.  (Tainias),  Bachm..  |our.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1839, 
p.  71. 

Type  locality.      Green  River,  southwestern  Wyoming. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Bad  Lands  and  plains  of  Dakota,  Montana,  and 
Wyoming. 

Genl.   Cliar.     Colors  pale;   size  small;  ears  medium. 

Color.  Post-breeding  Pelage.  Above  light  graj-  and  rusty, 
except  on  thighs  and  rump;  sides  ochraceous  buff;  under  parts  gray- 
ish white.  Median  dorsal  stripe  edged  with  rusty;  others  pale  rusty 
yellow  and  black;  central  light  stripes  whitish  gray,  outer  ones  white. 
Indistinct  grayish  white  post-auricular  patch.  Tail,  above  blackish, 
below  ochraceous  bordered  with  black,  fringed  with  ochraceous. 

Breeding  Pelage.  Similar  to  above,  but  all  colors  much  faded. 
Upper  parts  pale  \ellowish  white;  dark  streak  yellowish  brown. 
Tail,  beneath  pale  yellowish  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  200;  tail  vertebra,  .S5; 
hind  foot,  29. 

a.  —  consobrinus.  (Tamias).  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rodent.,  1SS7,  p. 
793  (Part). 

Type  locality.      Wahsatch  foothills  near  Salt  Lake  City,  L'tah. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  border  of  the  Great  Basin,  eastern  Utah, 
western  and  southern  Colorado,  and  northwestern  New  Mexico. 


Genl.  Char.      Larger  than  T.  iiiiriimiis,  and  colors  darker. 

Color.  Brcedini;  Pi-lagc.  Above  gra}'  mixed  with  rufous  and 
black  ;  flanks  faintly  washed  with  pale  buff  ;  under  parts  graj'ish 
white.  Dark  dorsal  stripes  black,  black  and  rusty,  and  rusty  yellow- 
ish, chestnut  brown  on  outer  pair.  Light  stripes  pale  gray,  outer  ones 
white.  Light  facial  stripes  grayish  white,  dark  ones  pale  dusky 
brown.  Tail  above  black  and  yellowish  white  :  below  deep  buff  bor- 
dered with  black  and  fringed  with  yellowish  white.  Post-auricular 
patches  small,  yellowish  white. 

Posl-hreeding  Pelage.  Above  gray,  rusty  anti  black  ;  llauks  }el- 
lowish  brown,  under  parts  white  tinged  with  buff.  Median  dorsal 
stripe  black  edged  with  rusty,  rest  seal  brown  and  rustv  :  median 
light  ones  gray  and  rusty  yellow,  outer  pair  white  tinged  with  yellow. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  203  ;  tail  vertebra,  go  :  tail  to  end  of 
hairs,  103. 

b.—melanurus.  {Tamias),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  I^yo.  p.  22. 

Type  loeality.      Blackfoot  Idaho. 

(ieogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  t\  pe  locality. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  T.  in.  eonsohrinus  ;  tail  beneath  black. 

Color.  Like  T.  in.  consobrintis,  but  tail  beneath  black  bordered 
with  pale  \ellowish. 

Afeasiirenients.      Tail  vertebra',  84  ;  hind  foot,  J9. 

c.  pictus.  {Tamias),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Xat.  Hist.,  iSyo.  p.  115. 

Type  loeality.      Kelton,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  border  of  Great  Salt  Lake  westward,  and 
from  southern  Utah  and  southern  Nevada  to  the  Snake  Plains  of 
eastern  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  T.  minimus;  colors  pallid. 

Colors.  Post-breeding  Pelage.  Above  slate  gray  :  Ifanks  pale  yel- 
lowish buff  ;  shoulders  and  hips  pale  slate  gray.  Median  dark  dorsal 
streaks  black  ;  others  seal  brown  edged  with  rufous  :  median  light 
stripes  slate  gray,  outer  pair  white.  Tail  above  black  and  yellowish 
gray  ;  below  dark  yellowish  buff,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed 
with  yellowish  gray. 

.Measurements.      Total  length,  219;  tail  vertebra-.  .S9;  hind  foot,  29. 

d.  iih'inus.   (Tamias),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1893,  p.  137. 

Type  loeality.  Big  Cottonwood  Meadows,  high  Sierras,  Califor- 
nia, south  of  Mt.  Whitney. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Alpine  summit  of  high  Sierras,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  m.  pictus,  but  paler;  tail  broaiier  and 
more  hoary  above,  black  tipped  above  and  below. 

Color,      .luti/mn  Pelage.      Above   hoary   gray  :    flanks    buff\     ocli- 


raceous  ;  central  dorsal  stripe  dusky;  lateral  one  pale  ferruginous; 
inner  pair  of  light  stripes  hoary  gray,  outer  white  ;  post-auricular 
patches  illy  defined  ;  fascial  stripes  pale  ;  feet  and  legs  gray.  Tail 
above  hoary,  black  towards  the  tip  ;  beneath  pale  buffy  fulvous  ;  bor- 
dered with  black  and  fringed  broadly  with  pale  buff. 

Summer  Pelat^e.  Dorsal  stripes  bright  ferruginous  ;  fascial  stripes 
dull  rusty;  flanks,  shoulders  and  neck  bright  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  189  ;  tail  vertebrae,  82  ;  hind 
foot,  29  ;  ear  from  notch,  13. 

97.  oreocetes.  {Eutamias),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  207. 

Type  locality.  Timber  line  near  Summit,  Teton  Mountains, 
Montana. 

Geogr.   Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Ge7il.  Char.  Similar  in  spring  to  T.  minimus  and  T.  in.  alpinus; 
-dorsal  stripes  long. 

Color.  Upper  parts  gray  tinged  with  yellowish  on  flanks  and 
sides  of  neck  ;  crown  grizzled  gray  ;  lateral  dark  stripes  tinged  with 
rusty  ;  pale  stripes  whitish  ;  outer  ones  white.  Tail  above  grizzled 
yellowish  ;  beneath  pale  fulvous  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with 
ochraceous. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  193;  tail  vertebrae,  90;  hind  foot,  31. 

98.  striatus.    (Sciurus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  64  (nee.  Pall). 
americanus,  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  1788,  i,  p.  150. 

Type  locality.      Virginia? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  New  York  through  Atlantic  States  to 
Georgia. 

Genl.  Char.  Premolars  i^  ;  tail  about  three-fifths  length  of  body; 
body  stout. 

Color.  Spring  Pelage.  Above  dark  chestnut  brown  ;  flanks  and 
limbs  pale  yellowish  brown  ;  under  parts  pure  white.  Dark  dorsal 
stripes  black  bordered  with  chestnut  brown  ;  light  stripes  whitish  ; 
post-auricular  patch  white.  Tail,  above  grayish  white  and  black  ;  be- 
neath yellowish  brown,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  grayish 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  219-241;  tail  vertebra-,  80-86;  hind 
foot,  32-34- 

a. — lysteri.    [Sciurus),  Rich.,  Faun.  Bor.  Am.,  1829,  i,  p.  181,  pi.  15. 

Type  locality.  "  Penetanguishene,"  Georgian  Bay,  Ontario, 
Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  latitude  50°  in  eastern  North  America 
south  to  northern  New  York,  west  to  Michigan,  and  Ontario,  Canada. 


TAMIAS  SPERMOFHILUS.  81 

Gciil.  Char.    Similar  to  7'.  s/riatiis,  but  rump  and  tliighs  bright  red. 

Color.  Top  of  head  j'ellosvish  brown;  shoulders  and  upper  parts 
of  back  yellowish  gray,  grading  into  reddish  on  lower  back;  rump 
and  thighs  bright  red;  flanks  and  sides  of  thighs  pale  yellowish; 
under  parts  white.  Two  black  dorsal  stripes,  two  yellowish  white. 
Tail,  above  red  at  base,  then  black  and  graj'  mixed  fringed  with  yel- 
lowish white;  beneath  reddish  brown  bordered  with  black  and  fringed 
with  yellowisli  white. 

.\ftijsureiiu-iits.      Total  length,  254;  tail  \'ertebra-,  7();  hind  foot,  35. 

b —^riseus.  {7',i»i/ti.f).  Mearns,  Bull.  .\n\.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  iMcji. 
p.  231. 

'/y/>f  locality.      Fort  Snelling,  Minnesota. 

Gfogr.  Dislr.      Upper  Mississippi  Valley,  west  of  Great  Lakes. 

Genl.  Char.  Large,  stout;  black  markings  pronounced;  other 
colors  subdued. 

Color.  Spring  Pelage.  Above  gray  and  black;  forehead  chest- 
nut; lower  back  and  rump  ferruginous.  Cheeks,  flanks,  and  thighs 
pale  yellowish;  under  parts  white.  ,  Dorsal  stripes  black,  white  one 
on  either  side,  between  two  outer  black  ones.  Tail,  above  ferrugi- 
nous at  base,  rest  mixed  black  and  white:  beneath  fulvous  bordered 
with  black  and  fringed  with  white. 

.Measurements.  Average  total  length,  261;  tail  vertebr;e,  103; 
hind  foot,  36.3. 

c.—ucnustus.     {Tauiias),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1S96,  p.  137. 

Type  locality.      Stillwell,  Indian  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  equal  to  7".  .i,'-;-W(V/.f.- colors  bright:  dorsal  bands 
short. 

Color.  Upper  surface  dark  gray;  limbs  chestnut  rufous;  flanks 
yellowish  gray;  under  parts  yellowish  white.  Dorsal  stripes  black, 
light  ones  yellowish  white;  face  suffused  with  chestnut  rufous;  facial 
stripes  inconspicuous.  Tail,  above  mixed  black  and  white,  beneath 
cinnamon  rufous  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  whitish. 

.^feasiirements.  Total  length,  260;  tail  vertebr;e,  100;  hind 
foot,  37. 

88.    Sperinophiliis. 

I.     t^;    p.    IJJ;    M.     ^:^     =     22. 

3permophilus.      F.  C'uv.  Mem.  Mus.,  1822,  vi,  p.  293.      Type.      A/ns 
citilliis,  Linn. 
Spermatophiliis.      Wagl.  Syst.  Amph.,  1830,  p.  22. 
Citilliis.      Lichten.    Darst.  neuer   odcr  wenig  bekannt.  Siiugeth., 
1827-34,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  2. 


82  SPERMOPHILUS. 

Colohotis.      Brandt,  Bull.  Classe  Ph\s — math.  Acad.  Imp.  Scien. 

St.  Petersb.,  1844,  11,  p.  360. 
Otospermophilus.     Brandt,  Bull.    Classe   Phys-math.  Acad.    Imp. 

Scien.  St.  Petersb.,  1884,  11,  p.  379. 
Otocolobus.      Brandt,  Bull.  Classe  Phys-math.  Acad.  Imp.  Scien. 

St.  Petersb.,  1844,  11,  p.  382. 
Ictidomys.     Allen,  Mon.  Rod.,  1877,  p.  826. 

Avwiospermophilus.  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1892,  p.  27. 
Xerospcrmophilus.  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1892,  p.  27. 
Callospermophilus.      Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,    p.  189 

(note). 
Body  rather  slender;  tail  either  long,  moderate,  or  short,  vary- 
ing greatly  in  its  length  among  the  different  species;  ears  large  to 
rudimentary,  not  tufted;  cheek  pouches  large;  skull  variable,  short 
and  broad  like  Sc turns,  or  long  and  narrow;  postorbital  processes 
strong  with  a  downward  direction;  anteorbital  foramen  circular,  with 
a  well  developed  tubercle  on  outer  lower  border. 

A.  OallospermophiluB. 
Size  large.      Skull  broad;  interorbital  space  broad;  nasals  broad 
longer  than  premaxillaries;  first  premolar  small.      Tail  less  than  half 
the  length  of  head  and  body. 


Fig.  17.     Spermophilus  (Callospermophilus)  lateralis. 

No.  2585  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row.  Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  4  times.  Enlarged  4  times. 


SPERMOPHILUS.  83 

99.  lateralis.     (Sc/i/rus),  Say,   Long's  Exped.   Rocky  Mts.,    1S22,  11, 

p.  46. 

T)'/e  locality.      Arkansas  River,  Colorado,  near  Canon  City. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Colorado,  Utah  (Uintah  Mts.),  and  Arizona, 
(White  and  San  Francisco  Mts.). 

Genl.  Char.  Inner  black  stripe  smaller  than  outer;  back  griz- 
zled brown. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  yellowish  brown,  gray  and  black;  top  of 
head  chestnut;  rump  and  hind  part  of  thighs  chestnut  brown,  mottled 
with  black  and  yellow;  two  black  stripes  enclosing  a  white  one  on 
each  side  of  body;  under  parts  generally  pale  brownish  gray.  Tail 
below  bright  chestnut,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  yellow, 
above  blackish  edged  with  yellow. 

Mt-asiiremcnts.  Total  length,  300;  tail  vertebra',  93:  hind  part, 
43;  ear  29. 

a.—saturatus.  (laz/itas).  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1895,  p.  43. 

T)/>e  locality.     Lake  Kichelos,    Kittitas  county,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Central  Washington,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large;  tail  very  long,  colors  dark. 

Color.  Head,  sides  of  neck  and  fore  legs  chestnut  shaded  with 
black  ;  upper  parts,  flanks  and  hind  legs,  grizzled  rusty  black.  Dark 
stripes  on  back  black,  light  stripe  white  ;  throat,  breast,  sides  of  belly 
and  thighs  rusty  ;  chest  and  belly  grizzled  black  ;  feet  pale  rusty. 
Tail  above  like  back  on  basal  third,  rest  margined  with  a  black  band 
broadening  at  tip  ;  tips  of  hairs  rusty,  beneath  reddish  yellow  border- 
ed with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  317;  tail  vertebrje.  114:  hind 
foot,  46. 

100.  cinerascens.     {Tamias).  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  i8go,  p.  20. 
Type  locality.      Helena,  Montana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Montana,  Idaho  and  northward  into  Alberta, 
British  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Inner  black  stripe  smaller  than  outer  :  general  color 
grizzled  ash  gray. 

Color.  Above  clear  ash  gray  grizzled  with  black  ;  head  and  neck 
to  shoulders  chestnut  ;  black  and  white  stripes  both  broad  and  long  ; 
outside  of  thighs  reddish  brown  ;  under  parts  yellowish  white,  dusky 
bases  of  hairs  perceptible.  Tail  above  mixed  black  and  gray  fringed 
with  yellowish ;  below  grayish  yellow  bordered  with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  322  :  tail  vertebra-,  108  ;  hind 
foot,  44. 


St  SPERMOPHILU3. 

loi.  castanurus.      (Tamias),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  iSgo,  p.  ig. 

Type  loialily.      Park  City,  Wahaatch  Mountains,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Washsatch  Mountains,  Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Inner  black  stripe  large  as  outer  ;  mantle  ferruginous 
chestnut. 

Color.  Head  and  shoulders  ferruginous  chestnut,  sides  of  neck 
lighter  ;  rump  and  outer  side  of  leg  suffused  with  reddish  brown  ;  two 
black  and  one  light  stripe  on  sides;  under  parts  dusky  yellowish;  feet 
above  whitish.  Tail  above  yellow,  black  and  reddish  brown  mixed 
and  edged  with  fulvous  ;  beneath  deep  chestnut  bordered  with  black. 

.\[c'asjireinents.      Total  length,  284;  tail  vertebra:,  92;  hind  foot,  43. 

102.  chrysodeirus.    [Tainias),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  ig. 
Type  locality.      Fort  Klamath,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Oregon,  northern  California  and  western  Nevada. 

Gcnl.   Char.      Inner  stripe  large  as  outer  ;  mantle  ochraceous. 

Color.  Top  pf  head  rusty  chestnut ;  sides  of  face,  neck  and 
shoulders  ochraceous  ;  this  color  more  extensive  in  some  specimens 
than  in  others  ;  back  grizzled  gray  ;  rump  brownish  gray  ;  two  black 
and  one  yellowish  stripe  along  top  of  sides  ;  flanks  pale  }'ellow  och- 
raceous ;  under  parts  j'ellowish  white,  the  plumbeous  at  base  of  hairs 
showing  through.  Tail  above  black  and  yellow  mixed,  fringe  yellow- 
ish ;  beneath  ferruginous  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  pale 
ferruginous.      Color  of  tail  beneath  varies  greatly  among  individuals. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280  ;  tail  vertebra,  95  ;  hind  foot, 
41  ;  ear,  23. 

a^ber'nardinu,'!.    [Spermophilus),  Nelson,  Science,  1898,  Dec,  p.  782. 

brevicaudus.      Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1893,  p.  134. 

Type  locality.      San  Bernardino,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  chrysodeirus,  but  tail  and  hind  foot 
shorter. 

Color.  Head  and  neck  to  shoulders  dull  fulvous  ;  white  stripe 
and  two  black  ones  on  sides  of  back  ;  back  and  rump  grizzled  gray 
with  a  brown  tinge.  Tail  above,  basal  half  grizzled  gray  ;  remainder 
black  edged  with  fulvous  ;  beneath  chestnut  bordered  with  black  and 
fringed  with  fulvous.      Hind  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  242  ;  tail  vertebrae,  77  ;  hind  foot, 
34  ;  ear,  16. 

103.  wortmani.     [Tamias),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895, 

P-  335- 
Type  locality.      Kinnev  Ranch,  Bitter  Creek,  Wyoming. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Wyoming,  limits  of  range  unknown. 


SPERMOPHILUS. 


Genl.   Char.      Inner  black  lateral  band  obsolete. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  gray  mixed  with  black  and  tinged  with 
vinaceous;  a  broad  yellowish  white  line  and  one  of  black  on  each 
side  ;  top  of  head  vinaceous  :  sides  of  neck  and  shoulders  deep  och- 
raceous  ;  sides  straw  yellow  ;  beneath  bufly  white,  dusky  base  of 
hairs  showing  through.  Tail  above  dusky  edged  with  fulvous  ;  below 
pale  fulvous  bordered  with  black. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  280;  tail  vertebra',  95;  hind- 
foot,  42. 

B.  Ammospermophilus. 

Size  small.  Skull  very  broad  for  its  length  ;  interorbital  con- 
striction very  slight  ;  nasals  short,  rather  broad  and  equal  in  length  to 
the  premaxillaries.  First  premolar  less  than  half  the  second  in  size. 
Tail  one-third  the  length  of  head  and  body. 


Fig.  18.     Spermophilus  (Ammospermophilus)  leucurus. 
.No.  21;;  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  si/e. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Upper  tooth  rov 
Knlarged  4  tinu'S. 


104.  harrisii.  {Spermophilus),  .\ud.  >.V  Bach.  Oiiadr. ,  1854.  Ill,  p.  267, 
pi.  144.  fig.  I. 

Type  locality.      Not  determined. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  I'tah  and  Nevada  into  California,  and 
south  into  Arizona  and  northwestern  New  Mexico. 


86  SPERMOPHILUS. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  small;  tail  short,  black  dorsal  stripe  wanting  ; 
angle  of  mandibular  ramus  much  developed. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown  tinged  with  vinaceous  pos- 
teriorly ;  narrow  white  stripes  on  sides  ;  Banks  tinged  with  pale  chest- 
nut ;  orbital  ring  and  lower  part  of  body  yellowish  white.  Tail  flat, 
above  black  and  white  edged  with  white  ;  beneath  white  bordered 
with  black  and  edged  with  white.  Some  specimens  exhibit  little  or 
no  differences  between  the  upper  and  lower  sides  of  the  tail. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  260;  tail  vertebra;,  88;  hind  foot,  41. 

a.—saxicolus.  {Spermopkiliis),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 
1895,  p.  444. 

Type  locality.  Tinajas  Altas,  Gila  Mountains,  Yuma  county, 
Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Gila  Mountains  in  southwestern  Arizona,  into 
Sonora. 

Gejil.   Char.      Colors  pallid;   tail  rather  long. 

Color.      Like  5.  harrisii,  but  all  hues  much  paler,  and  tail  longer. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  245;  tail  vertebra^  93;  hind  foot,  40. 

105.  leucurus.    {Tamias),  Merr. ,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  1889,  p.  20. 
Type  locality.      San  Gorgonio  Pass,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      California  and  Utah  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

Genl.   Char.      Smaller  than  T.  harrisii,  tail  shorter,   below  white. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  gray,  vinaceous  on  head  and  rump;  out- 
side of  legs  salmon;  white  stripe  on  side  of  back;  under  parts  white. 
Tail,  above  iron  gray  with  indistinct  white  border;  beneath  white, 
bordered  with  black. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  209;  tail  vertebrae,  69;  hind  foot,  38. 

a. — cinnamomeus.  (Taimas),  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  1890,  pp. 
51  and  52. 

Type  locality.      Echo  Cliffs,  Painted  Desert,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Desert  Region,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.      Ears,  tail,  and  hind  feet  larger  than  in  T.  leucurus. 

Color.  Upper  parts  uniform  pale  cinnamon,  lined  with  black; 
paler  on  shoulders,  legs  and  rump;  rest  of  coat  similar  to  T.  leucurus. 

Measuretnents.     Total  length,  220;   tail  vertebra:-,  76;  hind  foot,  40. 

106.  interpres.    (Tamias),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  21. 
Type  locality.      El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northwestern  Te.xas,  limits  of  range  undeter- 
mined. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  grizzled  gray  tinged  with  vinace- 
ous; shoulder,  hips  and  outer  surface  of  legs  ochraceous   buff;  white 


SPERMOPHILUS.  87 

Stripe  on  eyelids  and  on  each  side  of  back;  under  parts  white.      Tail, 

above  grizzled  gray  tinged  with  fulvous;  edge  whitish;  beneath  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  226;  tail  vertebrse,  80;  hind  foot,  37. 

107.   nelsoni.  {Spermophilus),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.Wash.,  1893,  p.  129. 

Type  locality.      Tipton,  San  Joaquin  Valley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Central  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .V.  Icucurus,  but  larger;  above  j^ellowish 
brown. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown;  under  parts  whitish.  Tail, 
above  basal  third  like  back,  rest  black  and  white  with  white  border, 
beneath  buffy  white  bordered  with  black,  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  228.6;  tail  vertebr;e,  68.4; 
hind  foot,  40.4. 

C.  Otosperraophilus. 

"  Skull  broad,  molars  small;  edge  of  outer  wall  of  anteorbital 
foramen  not  thickened;  coronoid  processes  of  lower  jaw  long  and 
slender;  ears  very  large,  tail  long,  full,  bushy." 


Fig.  19.     Spermophilus  (Otospermophilus)  grammurus. 
No.  2132  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


88  SPERMOPHILUS. 

108.  grammurus.  (.SV/V//7/.f ),  Saj-,  in  Long's  Exped.  Rock\'  Mts.,  1823, 
II,  p.  72. 

couchii.    Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  311,  pi.  81. 

Type  locality.  Purgatory  Creek,  Colorado,  Lat.  37^  32';  Long. 
103°  30'. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Parks  of  central  Colorado,  south  to  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  long,  full,  bushy;  earslarge,  body  large,  stout; 
soles  of  feet  smooth. 

Color.  Above  gray  mottled  with  brownish  white  and  black; 
washed  posteriorly  with  brown;  sides  of  neck  and  flanks  pure  gray; 
inside  of  limbs  brownish  white;  under  parts  pale  yellowish  white, 
feet  gray.     Tail  grayish  white  with  three  black  bands. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  530  ;  tail  vertebrae,  200  ;  hind 
foot,  60. 

a — beecheyi.  (Arctomys),  Richard,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  1829,  i,  p.  170. 

californiciis.   Less.  Mamm.  and  Ois.  Nouv. ,  1847,  p.  143. 

Type  locality.  California.  Vicinity  of  San  Francisco  or  Mon- 
terey. ? 

Geogr.  Distr.      West  of  Sierra  Nevada,  northern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  ears  large,  prominent.  Tail  more  than 
two-thirds  length  of  body. 

Color.  Above  mixed  black  and  pale  yellowish  brown;  top  of 
head  dark  brown;  sides  of  head  and  neck  and  patch  behind  the  ear 
yellowish  gray,  in  some  lights  nearly  white;  these  patches  extend  in 
a  more  or  less  slender  line  on  either  side  above  shoulders  nearly  to 
middle  of  body;  back  indistinctly  spotted  in  buff,  arranged  in  some- 
what irregular  transverse  lines.  Under  parts  pale  yellowish  white, 
or  pale  buff.  Tail  above  black  sprinkled  with  yellowish  white  tipped 
hairs,  and  edged  with  pale  yellowish  brown,  with  three  black  mar- 
ginal lines,  outermost  broadest  and  most  distinct,  and  fringed  with 
yellowish  white  and  tipped  with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  402;  tail  vertebra,  140;  hind  foot, 
60;  ear  34. 

b.—fisheri.  (Spermophilus),  Merr.,Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1893,  p.  133. 

Type  locality.      Kern  Valley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  border  of  Nevada,  central  and  southern 
California. 

Genl.  Char.      Like  5.  beecheyi,  but  paler. 

Color.  Similar  to  .S.  beecheyi,  but  sides  of  neck  and  shoulder 
stripes  silvery  white  ;  body  spotted  on  sides  with  whitish  bordered 
with  dusky  ;  lower  part  of  face  whitish  ;  under  parts  and  feet  buffy. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  415;  tail  vertebrae,  175;  hind  foot,  58. 


SPERMOPHILUS.  89 

C.—douglasi.  {Aritomys),  Richardson.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  1^29,  i, 
p.  172. 

Type  locality.      Plains  of  the  Columbia  River,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northern  California,  Oregon,  (Fort  Klamath). 

Genl.  Char.      Size  intermediate  :  shoulder  patches  black. 

Color.  Similar  to  5.  beecheyi.  except  that  the  patch  on  neck  and 
shoulders  is  black  instead  of  brown.  Tail  hoary  above  and  beneath, 
and  three  dark  bands  visible. 

Affasiirements .  Total  length,  450;  tail  vertebra',  210:  hind  foot,  66. 

d.—buckleyi.  {Spermophilus),  Slack.  Proc.  .\cad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1S61,  p.  314. 

Txpe  locality.     Pack-saddle  Mountain,  Llano  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Central  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large  :  head  and  shoulders  black  :  ears  small  ; 
soles  naked. 

Color.  Head,  neck  and  shoulders  above  black  :  the  extent  of 
this  color  varies  greatly  among  individuals  ;  rest  of  pelage  grizzled 
white  and  black.  Throat,  sides  of  neck  and  belly  dark  ochre  :  mid- 
dle of  bellv  gravish  white.  Tail  grizzled  brown  and  black  with  irregu- 
lar, ill  defined,  black  bands. 

.Measurements.   Total  length.  513-.  tail  vertebra%  192;  hind  foot.  55. 

D.  Oolobotis. 
Skull  abruptly  narrowed  between  orbits:  zygomata  heavy,  spread- 
ing, flattened  transversely  ;  first  premolar  large  ;   tail  short,  narrow  ; 
ears  small,  almost  hidden  by  fur. 

109.  empetra.  (Mns),  Pall.  Nov.  Spec.  Glir.,  177S,  p.  74,  (Part). 

.anaJeiisis,  Erxleb.  Syst.  Anim.,  1777,  p.  363,  (Part). 

parryi,  Richard.  App.  Parrys  Sec.  Voy. ,  1S25,  p.  316. 

kennicotii,  Ross.  Canad.  Nat.  ct  Geol.,  1861,  p.  434. 

phceognathus,  Richard.  Faun.  Bor.  .Am.,  1S29,  p.  161. 

Txpe  locality.      Mackenzie  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Arctic  America  from  Melville  Peninsula  to  Icy 
Cape,  Bering  Sea  :  southwest  along  the  Yukon  River  for  a  considera- 
ble distance,  and  in  the  east  to  the  verge  of  the  Barren  Grounds, 
Lat.  65  . 

Genl.  Char.  Body  stout  and  thick  ;  tail  short  and  bushy  :  ears 
low,  broad. 

Color.  Above  mixed  white,  black  and  yellowish  brown,  with 
numerous  blotches  formed  by  the  white  :  rest  of  pelage  brownish  yel- 
low, except  top  of  head,  which  is  cinnamon  mixed  with  black.    Orbi- 


SPERMOPHILUS. 


tal  ring  pale.  Tail  above  gra)',  brown  and  black  intermingled,  bor- 
dered with  black  and  edged  with  jellowish  white  ;  beneath  brownish 
red  bordered  with  black. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  433  ;  tail  vertebra;,  75. 


Fig.    20.      SPERMOPHILUS    (COLOBOTIS)    KADIACENSIS. 
No.  u  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

a.—kadiacensis.  (Spermophilus'),  Allen,  Proc.  Bost.  See,  1874,  p.  292. 

Typt  locality.      Island  of  Kadiak,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Kadiak  Island  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Equal  in  size  to  5.  empetra,  but  more  gray,  white 
blotches  more  numerous.      Tail  shorter. 

Color.  Above  mixed  gray,  brown  and  black  profusely  spotted 
with  white  ;  top  of  head  chestnut  ;  orbital  ring  yellowish  white  ;  flanks 
gray  faintly  spotted  with  white  ;  rest  of  pelage  fulvous  or  buff  ;  dark 
colored  bases  of  hairs  on  under  parts  showing  through.  Tail  above 
at  base  like  back,  grading  into  black  and  edged  with  fulvous  ;  beneath 
reddish,  with  black  subterminal  bar,  and  fringed  with  yellowish. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  398;  tail  vertebrae,  108;  hind  foot,  59. 


SPERMOPHILUS.  91 

iio.  beringensis.  {S/>ermop>ii/us),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 
lyoo,  p.  20. 

Type  locality.     Cape  Lisbourne,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .V.  empetra:  dorsal  vermiculations  broken 
into  spots  ;  tail  longer,  color  deeper. 

Color.  Summer  PcUii^e.  General  color  fulvous  ;  ferruginous  on 
nose  and  underside  of  tail  ;  back  spotted  with  buff)'  white  ;  tail  bor- 
dered with  black. 

Winter  Fehn^e.  Nose  patch  bright  rusty  ;  sides  of  face  and  neck 
buffy  gray  ;  back  deep  fulvous  with  few  white  spots  ;  sides  and  under 
parts  buffy  fulvous. 

No  Measurements  given  ! 

111.  osgoodi.    (Spermoptiihis),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900, 

p.  18. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Yukon,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large  ;  tail  very  long  ;  premaxilla'  longer  than 
nasals. 

Color.  Summer  relai;e.  Top  of  head  deep  ferruginous  ;  neck, 
shoulders  and  sides  grayish  ;  flanks  deep  fulvous  ;  back  fulvous  spot- 
ted with  whitish;  sides  of  face,  legs,  feet  and  under  parts  ferruginous. 

Winter  Pela<;e.  Similar,  but  clearer  gray  on  neck  and  shoulders, 
thighs  and  flanks  deep  ferruginous  ;  vermiculations  on  back  less 
broken  into  spots  ;  under  parts  with  grayish  and  fulvous  areas. 

Measurements.      None  given  ! 

112.  barrowensis.    [Spermophilus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 

1900,  p.  19. 

Type  locality.      Point  Barrow,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Largest  species  known  ;  premaxilla-  not  so  long  as 
nasals. 

Color.  Top  and  back  of  head  buffy  fulvous  ;  neck  and  sides  buffy 
and  black  ;  back  buffy  fulvous  speckled  with  whitish  ;  beneath,  with 
legs  and  feet  buff)',  darkest  on  breast  and  belly.  Tail  above  grizzled 
buffy  and  black  :  beneath  buffy  fulvous  bordered  with  black  and 
fringed  with  buff. 

Measurements.      Hind  foot,  62.      None  other  given  ! 

113.  columbianus.  {Arctomus),Ord,G\iih.  Geog.  1815,  n,  p-  292. 
erythroglutieus,  Richard.  Faun.  Bor.  Am.,  1829,  p.  161. 

Type  locality.     Sources  of  Elk  River,  Rocky  Mountains,  lat.  57°. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  Montana  to  Washington  and  north 
through  British  Columbia  and  Alaska  to  Plover  Bay  in  Siberia. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  S.  empetra,  ears  and  tail  longer.  Color 
darker. 


Oa  SPERMOPHILUS. 

Color.  Similar  to  .S'.  cmpetra,  but  there  is  an  obscure  brownish 
streak  on  back  ;  upper  part  of  neck  blackish  ;  side  of  face  mixed 
black  and  white  ;  hind  parts  of  hips  and  thighs  brownish  red,  as  are 
also  the  feet.      Light  markings  fulvous. 

Measuremfitls.      Total  length,  370;  tail  vertebrae,  88;  hind  foot,  44. 

114.  richardsoni.    i^Arctomys),  Sabine,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  1822,  p.  389, 

pi.  28. 

guttatus.  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Am.,  1829,  p.  162.  (nee  Tenim). 

Type  locality.      Carlton   House,  Arctic  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Aberdeen,  South  Dakota,  to  North  Dakota 
and  Montana,  west  to  Rocky  Mountains  and  north  to  the  Saskatche- 
wan River  to  latitude  55°. 

Genl.  Char.  Small,  tail  one-third  length  head  and  body  ;  ear 
short. 

Color.  Above  grayish  buff  mixed  with  black  and  dotted  with 
buff  ;  neck,  shoulders  and  under  parts  light  buff,  shading  gradually 
into  the  color  of  upper  parts.  Tail  above  rusty  brown  and  black, 
edged  with  yellowish  white  ;  beneath  buff. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  311;  tail  vertebrae,  82; 
hind  foot,  46. 

115.  townsendii.     (Sperinophilus),  Bachm.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1839,    p.  61. 

Type  locality.  Plains  of  Columbia  near  mouth  of  Walla  Walla 
River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Nebraska  westward  to  Plains  of  Columbia  River, 
and  from  Wyoming  and  Utah  to  Montana,  Idaho  and  Oregon. 

Genl.   Char.      Small  ;  ears  very  small  ;  tail  short  ;  colors  dark. 

Color.  Above  gray  and  black  mixed,  with  a  wash  of  dark  reddish 
brown  along  back,  and  all  indistinctly  mottled.  Rump  and  outside 
of  legs  reddish  brown  ;  under  parts  grayish  white  tinged  with  brown- 
ish yellow.  Tail  above  black,  edged  with  yellowish  white  ;  beneath 
reddish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  305;  tail  vertebrae,  go;  hind  foot,  37. 

116.  mollis.     {Spermophilus),  Kennicott,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1863,  p.  158. 

Type  locality.      Camp  Floyd,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Utah  and  Nevada,  exact  range  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Form  stout  ;  muzzle  short,  compressed,  ears  rudi- 
mentary ;  feet  large,  claws  weak,  compressed. 

Color.  Above  variegated  silvery  gray,  yellowish  brown  and  black; 
under  parts  silvery  gray   washed   with   creamy  yellow.      Tail   above 


SPERMOPHILUS.  03 

yellowish  brown,  mixed  with  black,  bordered  and  tippetl  wiili  white  ; 
below  reddish  brown  fringed  with  white. 

Mt-asuremcnts.      Total  length,  208  :   tail  vertebra',  45. 

a.  —  stephensi.  {.S/c-rmo/'/it/us),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol,  Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 
p.  69. 

Type  locality.      Queen  Station,  Owens  \'alley,  Nevada,  6,000  feet. 

Gcogr.  Distr.      Nevada. 

(/'('///.  Char.  Similar  to  5'.  mollis,  but  head  and  shoulders  pinkish 
buff. 

Color.  Summer  Pclagi'.  Head  and  neck  to  shoulders  pinkish 
buff  ;  below  yellowish  buff  ;  rest  of  upper  parts  vinaceous  buff  mixed 
with  brown  ;  under  parts  buffy.  Tail  above  and  below  grizzled  buff, 
fringed  with  buff. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  209;  tail  \  ertebrjc.  49;  hind  foot,  32. 

I),  -yakimensis.  {Spcrmophilus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 
p.  70. 

Type  locality.      Mabton,  Yakima  Countv,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Eastern  Washington. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Like  S.  tiiollis,  but  grayer  anti  tail  shorter.  Nasals 
long. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  buffy  gray  ;  cheeks  and  sides  of  neck 
grayish  tinged  with  yellowish  :  under  parts  pale  buff.  Tail  grizzled 
fulvous,  like  S.  mollis. 

.Measurements.  Total  length,  215;  tail  vertebra:,  41S  ;  hind  foot, 
34.2. 

c.^canus.  (Spermophilus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  i8g8,  p.  70. 

Type  locality.     Antelope,  Wasco  County,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northern  Oregon,  range  not  determined. 

Geitl.  Char.  Similar  to  .*>■.  mollis,  but  smaller  ;  shorter  hind  feet 
and  tail. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  graj- and  dusky  :  cheeks  and  sides  of  neck 
grayish  ;  thighs  dark,  suffused  with  fulvous  :  under  parts  grizzled 
buffy  gray.      Tail  grayer  than  in  »S".  mollis. 

.\feasuremcnls.  Total  length,  igS  :  tail  vertebra',  40  :  hind  foot, 
30.3. 

117.  armatus.  (.Spcrmophilus),  Kennicott.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 
Phil.,  1863,  p.  15S. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Bridger,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Utah,  Wyoming,  Idaho  and  Montana,  precise 
range  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Stout:  ears  large;  feet  large;  tail  short,  bushy; 
pelage  soft. 


SPERMOPHILUS. 


Color.  Above  dark  gray  and  black,  washed  with  dark  brown  on 
middle  of  the  back;  shoulders,  rump  and  thighs  ochraceous  brown. 
Under  parts  silvery  gray  tinged  with  yellowish,  dark  bases  of  hairs 
showing  through.  Tail,  above  and  below  mixed  gray  and  black,  sub- 
terminal  black  border,  and  black  tip  edged  with  gray. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  254;   tail  vertebrae,  50. 

118.  elegans.     (Speniiophilus),    Kennicott,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien. 

Phil.,  1863,  p.  158. 

richardsoni  var.  townsendi,  Allen,  Mon.  Roden.,  1877,  p.  848 
(nee.  Bach.). 

Type  locality.      Fort  Bridger,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Wyoming  and  Utah.      Range  undetermined. 

Genl.  Char.  Slender;  head  narrow,  tapering;  ears  rounded,  dis- 
tinct;  tail  flat,  short;  feet  moderately  large. 

Color.  Above  pale  dusky  gray  mottled  indistinctly  with  dark 
brown  and  washed  with  brownish;  under  parts  grayish  white  tinged 
with  pale  yellowish  brown;  rump  and  thighs  yellowish  brown;  chin, 
throat,  and  inside  of  limbs  white.  Tail,  above  like  back,  but  tinged 
with  yellowish  brown,  and  with  a  subterminal  border  and  bar  of 
black  edged  with  whitish;  beneath  yellowish  brown  with  an  indis- 
tinct border  and  bar  of  black,  edged  with  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  177-255;  tail  to  end  of  hairs, 
88-114. 

119.  beldingi.     [Spermophilus),   Merr. ,   Ann.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  1888, 

P-  317.  fig- 

Type  locality.      Donner,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  equal  to  5.  townsendi;  claws  long,  strong, 
nearly  straight;  hind  feet  with  posterior  third  of  sole,  hairy;  tail  not 
bushy;  ears  large. 

Color.  Dorsal  band  bright  rufous;  sides  and  under  parts  grizzled 
yellowish  gray;  tail  chestnut  beneath,  subterminal  band  black,  better 
shown  beneath  than  above;  upper  part  rufous  bordered  with  black 
and  yellowish.  Top  of  head  rufous,  chin  and  throat  whitish.  Feet 
light  yellowish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  275-300;  tail  vertebrae,  76-89;  hind 
foot,  45;  ear  6. 

120.  oregonus.     {Spermophilus).  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 

p.  69. 
Type  locality.      Swan  Lake  Valley,  Klamath,  Oregon. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Known  from  type  locality. 


SPERMOPHILUS.  05 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  A',  beldingi,  but  gray  and  without  red  dor- 
sal area  and  head  patch. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  buffy  gray,  inclining  to  fulvous  on  back; 
under  parts  buff,  feet  whitish  buff.  Tail  like  back  at  base;  remainder 
black  and  fulvous,  edged  with  hoary  and  tip  black;  below  chestnut 
bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  hoary. 

MinsHremeiils.  Total  length,  265;  tail  vertebra-,  57;  hind 
foot,  42. 

E.  Xerospennophilus 

Size  small.  Skull  short,  broad,  interorbital  space  broad,  con- 
striction one-third  less  the  widest  part;  nasals  broad,  not  so  long  as 
prema.\illaries.  First  premolar  one-third  the  second  in  size.  Tail 
one-thirtl  the  length  of  head  and  bodv. 


Fig.   21.     SPERMOPHILUS  (Xerospermophilus)  microspilotus. 
No.  703  Field  Columbian  .Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


121.  obsoletus.  (Spermophilus),  Kennicott,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien., 
Phil.,  1863,  p.  157. 

Type  locality.      Nebraska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota,  into  Nebraska,  and 
westward  to  Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  narrow,  nose  long,  pointed;  tail  short,  ears 
small. 

Color.  Above  sandy  gray  grizzled  with  white,  spotted  indis- 
tinctly posteriorly  with  whitish;  stripe  under   eye,  nose,  and  edge  of 


90  SPERMOPHILUS. 

ears  light  reddish  brown;  under  parts  wliitish  tinged  with  sandy 
brown.  Tail,  above  like  back,  mixed  with  black,  bordered  and 
tipped  with  whitish;  beneath  light  reddish  brown,  indistinct  subter- 
minal  black  border  and  tipped  with  whitish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  205;   tail  vertebra;,  50. 

122.  spilosoma.    (^Spennophilus),  Bennett,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. ,  1833,  p.  40. 

mexicaniis,  And.  &  Bach.  Quad.  N.  Am.,  1853,  iii,  p.  42,  pi.  cix. 

Type  locality.      California,  near  Mexican  boundary. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  California  to  New  Mexico  (Fort  Stan- 
ton) and  El  Paso,  Texas,  south  into  Mexico. 

Gent.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  verv  short,  tail  about  half  the 
length  of  body. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown  spotted  with  white,  bordered  with 
black  posteriori}'  in  the  young;  under  parts  yellowish  white.  Tail, 
above  like  back,  with  subterminal  black  bar,  tip  yellowish  brown; 
beneath  brownish  yellow,  bordered  with  black  and  fringed  with  yel- 
lowish. 

McasKreiiu-nts.      Total  length,  255;  tail  vertebrae,  75;  hind  foot,  32. 

a.~-inicrr)<tpilofii<i.  [Sperinopliiliis),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4, 
1890,  p.  38. 

Type  locality.      Oracle,  Pinal  county,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  Arizona. 

Color.  Above  russet  brown:  dorsal  spots  white  bordered  pos- 
teriorly with  dusky;  under  parts  whitish.  Tail,  above  basal  half  like 
back,  remainder  mixed  buff  and  black,  bordered  with  buff;  beneath 
pale  ochraceous  buff,   with  indistinct  submarginal  black  band. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  74;  hind  foot,  30. 

b. — major.     {Spermophilus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  i8go.  p.  39. 

Type  locality.      Albuquerque,  New  IMexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,  colors  intermediate. 

Color.  Above  broccoli  brown;  dorsal  spots  indistinct,  bordered 
posteriori)'  with  dusky;  under  parts  white.  Tail,  above  pale  reddish 
brown  on  basal  half,  buff  brown  bordered  with  black  and  edged  with 
pale  buff  on  remainder;  beneath  buff,  bordered  b\'  indistinct  black 
band. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  234;  tail  vertebrae,  80;  hind  foot,  35. 

c. — pratensis.     [Spermophilus],    Merr.,  N.    Am.    Faun.,    No.    3,    1890, 

P-  55- 
Type  locality.      San  Francisco  Mountain,  Arizona. 
Geogr.  Distr.      San  Francisco   Mountain,  northwestern  Arizona. 
Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  S.  spilosotna,   but  larger,  darker. 


SPERMOPHILUS.  U7 

Color.  Above  russet  hazel,  spotted  with  white,  bordered  posteri- 
orly with  blackish;  under  parts  whitish.  Basal  half  of  tail  above 
like  back,  remainder  black  bordered  with  yellowish  brown;  beneath 
\ellowish,  basal  band  of  rufous,  and  subterminal  black  border. 

.\[easuremciils.      Total  length,  197;  tail  vertebra",  60;  hind  foot,  28. 

(1.    obsidianus.     (S/'i'/m<'/>/ii///s),  Merr. ,  N.  Am.  Faun.,   No.    3,    i8go, 

P-  55- 

Tj/c'  locality.      San  Francisco    Mountain,    northwestern    Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Cedar  Belt,  northeast  of  San  Francisco  Moun- 
tain, Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Dark  form  of  Spotted  Spermophile.  Similar  to  .V. 
s.  pratensis,  longer  hind  feet  and  tail,  and  colors  darker. 

Color.      Above  dull  sepia  brown;  dorsal  spots  whitish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  igo;  tail  vertebr;e,  65;  hind  foot,  33. 

e.—annectans.  (.S/>frmop/n7i(s),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1893, 
p.  132. 

Type  locality.      Padre  Island,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mustang  and  Padre  Islands,  Texas;  the  former 
island  probably  the  northern  limit  of  the  subspecies. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  .S".  .f.  major,  but  graj'er. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown  spotted  with  buff}',  margined  pos- 
teriorlv  with  dusky;  under  parts  whitish.  Tail  like  back,  apical  two- 
thirds  bordered  with  black,  tips  of  hairs  buffy  ochraceous. 

.Measiirrmcnts.      Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebras  60;  hind  foot,  36. 

123.  cryptospilotus.     {Spcniiophilus).    Merr.,    N.   Am.    Faun.,  No.    3, 

1890.  p.  57. 

Type  locality.  Tenebito  Wash,  25  miles  east  of  the  Little  Colo- 
rado, Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Painted  Desert,  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.      Color  pale,  dorsal  spots  absent  in  worn  pelago. 

Color.  Above  buffy  clay  color,  sometimes  tinged  with  vinaceous 
cinnamon.  Tail  like  back  above,  yellowish  below  with  indistinct 
subterminal  black  band. 

.\feasurements.      Total  length,  190;  tail  vertebra',  60;  hind  foot,  32. 

124.  canescens.     {.Spcrmophilt/s),   Merr.,    N.   Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890, 

p.  38. 

Type  locality.      Wilcox,  Cochise  county,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southeastern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .S".  spilosoma,  ground  color  drab  gray,  no 
fulvous;  dorsal  spots  inclining  to  coalesce  laterally. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray  and  hoary;  head  and  face  hoary;  back 
covered    with   elongate  whitish    markings   forming    transverse   bars. 


98  SPERMOPHILUS. 

Eyelids  and  under  parts  white.  Tail,  above  grizzled  grayish  drab, 
terminal  third  blackish,  bordered  with  buff:  beneath  buff  with  sub- 
terminal  black  band. 

Measuremerits.     Total  length,  156;  tail  vertebrae,  60;  hind  foot,  28. 

125.  mohavensis.     {Spermopliihis),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  1889, 

P-   15- 

Type  locality.      Mojave  River,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Mojave  Desert,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  equal  to  S.  tereticaudus:  tail  about  half  the 
length  of  body;  feet  large;  ears  rudimentary. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown;  beneath  whitish;  tail 
above  like  back  mixed  with  black,  bordered  with  white;  below  white, 
bordered  by  black. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  230;  tail  vertebrae,  68;  hind  foot.  38. 

126.  tereticaudus.      {Sper/no/'liilus),    Baird,    N.    Am.    Mamm.,    1857, 

P-  315- 

Type  locality.      Fort  Yuma,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Central  California  to  Southern  Arizona  on  Tucson 
Plain. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  as  long  as  four  fifths  head  and  body;  no  spots 
on  body,  feet  broad,  soles  hairy. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown;  beneath  brownish  white. 
Tail  like  back,  brown  at  end,  tip  yellowish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  248;  tail  vertebrae,  112;  hind 
foot,  35. 

127.  neglectus.     (Spermophilus),   Merr.,   N.   Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  1889, 

p.  17. 

Type  locality.      Dolan's  Springs,   Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .V.  /<'/r/;Vtf«</«i'/ tail  and  hind  feet  shorter; 
soles  densely  haired;  tail  half  as  long  as  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown;  beneath  yellowish  white. 
Tail,  above  and  below  like  back  with  a  subterminal  black  border. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  278;  tail  vertebrae,  74;  hind  foot,  32. 

128.  mexicanus.     [Citillns),    Licht.    Darst.    Neu.  Saug.,  1830,  pi.  31, 

fig-  2. 

Type  locality.      Toluca,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  In  United  States,  vicinity  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
Texas  and  southern  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  about  half  as  long  as  body;  ears  short,  size 
medium. 

Color.      Above   dark   yellowish   to   reddish   brown,    with  nine  or 


SPERMOPHILUS.  99 

eleven  lines  of  white  spots:  beneath  yellowish  white.  Head  above 
mixed  white,  black  and  yellowish;  orbital  ring  and  lower  side  of 
cheek,  white;  tail,  above  black  and  yellowish  white,  bordered  with 
black  and  edged  with  yellowish  white;  beneath  brownish  white, 
bordered  with  black,  and  fringed  with  brownish  white. 

Measiiremenls.  Total  length,  305:  tail  vertebra^,  100;  hind 
foot,   42. 

a.    parvidens.      {Spernwphilus),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.S.Nat.  Mus..  xviii 
1S96,  p.  443. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Clark,  Kinney  countj'.  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southwestern  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  ^S'.  mexicanus,  but  smaller,  colors  paler, 
teeth  weak. 

Color.  Pattern  like  S.  nte.xicaniis,  colors  paler,  under  parts  white; 
hairs  of  tail  with  two  black  rings  instead  of  three,  and  tips  grayish 
instead  of  yellowish;  back  yellowish  broccoli  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  325;  tail  vertebrae,  130;  hind 
foot,   44. 

F.  Ictidomys. 

Skull  long,  narrow;  nasals  long,  broad:  zj'gomata  not  spreading, 
weak;  tail  long,  more  than  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body  and 
head:  ears  small. 


Fig.  22.     SPERMOPHILUS  (Ictidomys)  13-lineatus. 

No.  17  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     Nat.  size. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  5  times. 


loo  SPERMOPHILUS. 

139.  tridecemlineatus.   (Sa't/rus),  Mitch.  Med.  Rep.,  1821,  p.  248. 

hocdi,   Sabine,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  1823,  p.  590,  pi.  29. 

Type  locality.      Upper  Mississippi;  central  Minnesota? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Central  North  America; eastern  Michigan  to  Mon- 
tana and  Colorado,  and  central  Texas  north  to  Saskatchewan  Plains 
in  Canada,  and  in  prairie  region  of  the  Mississippi  from  Ohio  to  Min- 
nesota. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Slender;  ears  small,  auricle  merely  a  projecting 
rim:  tail  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  body  and  head. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown,  ranging  from  chestnut  to  nearly 
black;  along  back  are  seven  yellowish  white  lines,  alternating  with 
six  rows  of  yellowish  spots;  rest  of  body  pelage  buff  or  ash  buff. 
Tail  black  above,  and  beneath  varied  with  chestnut  and  fringed  with 
white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  252;  tail  vertebra,  88;  hind  foot,  33. 

a.—pallidus.  {.S/>ermop/nlus),  Allen,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
1874,  p.  291. 

Type  locality.      Plains  of  lower  Yellowstone  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Wyoming  south  to  Texas  and  east  to  Missouri, 
on  the  plains  and  desert  regions. 

Genl.   Char.      Small;  colors  pale;  light  stripes  white  and  wide. 

Color.  Very  similar  to  ^.  /.  olivaceus,  possibly  slightly  paler; 
tail,  above  black  and  white  mixed,  narrowly  bordered  and  tipped 
with  whitish;  below  chestnut;  subterminal  indistinct  black  bar,  sides 
fringed  with  whitish;  tip  same  hue. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  75;hiDd  foot,  32. 

h.—olivaceus.  (Spermophilus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
1895,  p.  337- 

Type  locality.      Custer,  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 

Geogr.  Distr.      South  Dakota. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  S.  t.  pallidus,  but  darker. 

Color.  Above  dusky  or  blackish  brown;  flanks,  stripes  and  spots 
pale  buff,  tinged  with  olive;  beneath  buff.  Basal  half  of  tail  above 
black  and  white  mixed,  narrowly  bordered  and  tipped  with  whitish; 
below  dark  buff,  subterminal  black  bar;  sides  fringed  with  whitish, 
tip  same  hue. 

Measurements.      Average  total  length,  252;  tail  vertebras,  89;  hind 

foot,    34.5. 

c— parvus.      {Spermophilns),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895, 

P-  337- 
Type  loealitv.      Uncompahgre    Indian    Reservation,    northeastern 

Utah. 


SPERMOPHILUS.  101 

iieogr.  Distr.      Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Gen/.   Char.      Smaller  than  S.  ij-lineatm,  or  .V.  /.  olivaccus. 

Color.  Brc-cding  Pelage.  Above  deep  russet  and  blackish:  spots 
and  stripes  grajish  white  tinged  with  cream  color;  feet  anil  under 
parts  white  with  dark  bases  of  hairs  perceptible. 

Measuremfnts.  Average  total  length,  204:  tail  vertebra',  80:  hind 
foot,  30.6. 

d.  fil/eni      {.Sfiermophi/iis),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    See.    Wash.,    1S95, 

p.    71. 

7ype  loeality.      Bighorn  Mountains,  Wyoming. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Wyoming,  range  not  determined. 

lifnl.  Char.  Small;  colors  dark,  stripes  and  spots  less  reddish 
than  in  .V.  ij-ltneatiis. 

Color.  Similar  to  .S".  ij-lincatus,  but  nearly  as  small  as  .V.  /.  par- 
vus. Above  as  in  species  compared;  light  spots  and  dorsal  rows 
longer  than  in  .S".  rj-lineaius,  and  tail  darker  and  less  reddish. 

Measvrements.     Total  length,  211;  tail  vertebra,  74;  hind  foot,  32. 

e.  texensh.     {Spermophiliis),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc,  i8g8,  p.  71. 

Type  locality.      Gainsville,  Cook  County,  Te.xas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Texas  and  Oklahoma  Territor)  .  range 
unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  .V.  jj-lineatiis,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  deep  ferruginous,  grizzled  with 
black;  sides  of  neck,  feet  and  under  parts  buffy;  dorsal  stripes  and 
spots  buffy  white.  Tail  beneath  rusty,  mixed  and  edged  with  buff, 
subterminal  black  bar,  tip  buff.  Above  dark  buff  bordered  with 
black  and  fringed  with  buff. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  270;  tail  vertebra',  92;  hind  foot.  33. 

f.  -hariius.     (.Spermophiliis).  Bangs,  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1899,  p.  i. 

Type  loeality.      Statesbury,  Missouri. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Missouri,  range  undetermined. 

Genl.  Char.      Larger  than  5.  /.  texensis,  colors  darker. 

Color.  Winter  J'elage.  Above  chestnut;  stripes  and  spots  buff: 
rest  of  pelage  buff,  hairs  of  under  parts  plumbeous  at  base.  Tail 
above  chestnut,  below  ferruginous  bordered  with  black  and  edged 
with  buff. 

M,asiire>iients.  Total  length,  276:  tail  vertebra",  98.4:  hind 
foot,  35. 

130.   franklini.     (Arctomys),  Sabine,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  1822,  p.  587, 
pi.  27. 
Type  locality.      Carlton  House,  Saskatchewan  River,  Manitoba. 


102  SPERMOPHILUS.  CYNOMYS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Valley  of  Saskatchewan,  and  through  those  of  the 
Red  River  and  Mississippi,  to  the  Dakotas  and  central  Kansas. 
Eastern  limit  western  Indiana. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  rather  large;  tail  more  than  half  the  length  of 
head  and  body;  ear  very  small. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  spotted  obscurely  with  black; 
top  and  sides  of  head  and  neck,  rump  and  thighs  gray;  beneath 
whitish.  Tail  grayish  white,  with  three  black  lines,  outermost  broad 
and  fringed  with  white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  378;  tail  vertebra^,  139;  hind  foot,  52. 

39.    Cyiioniys. 

I.  Iizl;    P.  izl-^  M.  2=i  =  22. 

Cynomys.  Rafin.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  ii,  p.  45.  Type  .irctomys 
ludovUianus.     Ord. 

.Anisony.x,  Rafin.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  II,  p.  45. 

Cheek  pouches  shallow;  ears  rudimentary;  tail  very  short,  flat; 
feet  with  claws  on  all  five  toes;  pollex  large,  nail  well  developed: 
pelage  short;  dentition  very  heavy;  molars  large  with  three  trans- 
verse grooves  on  their  crowns;  first  and  second  premolars  nearly 
equal  in  size;  outline  of  molar  series  curved,  divergent  anteriorly, 
approximating  posteriorly;  postorbital  processes  strong,  well  devel- 
oped, decurved;  anteorbital  foramen  large  subtriangular,  the  tubercle 
at  end  large  and  visible  when  viewed  from  above,  and  projecting  be- 
yond the  superior  outline  of  skull;  palate  greatly  contracted  pos- 
teriorly; occipital  and  saggital  crests  present. 

131.  ludovicianus.     {Arctomys),  Ord.,  Guth.  Geog.,  1817,  p.  292. 

socialis,  Rafin.  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  II,  p.  45. 

grisea,  Rafin.  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  II,  p.  45. 

missouriensis,V^3.iden,  Descrip.  Etats-Unis,  v.  1820,  p.  627. 

latrans,  Harlan,  Faun.  Am.,  1825,  p.  306. 

Type  locality.      Plains  of  the  Upper  Missouri. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  Texas  to  49th  parallel,  and  western  Kan- 
sas to  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genl.   Char.      Body  stout;  tail  short;  ears  very  small;  claws  long. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  reddish  brown,  varied  with  gray 
and  black  hairs;  beneath  yellowish  white.  Tail  like  the  back  with 
the  apical  third  black. 

Winter  Pelage.  Above  pale  vinaceous  buff,  grizzled  and  mixed 
with  black;  below  pale  buff. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  393;  tail  vertebrae,  88;  hind  foot,  57. 


Fig.  .''3.     Cynomys  ludovicianus. 
No.  3745  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat. 


132.   gunnisoni.     {Cynomys),    Baird,    Proc.    .Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1-^55.  P-  334- 
Ty/>e  locality.      Cooachetope  Pass.  Rocky  Mountains. 
Geogr.  Distr.      New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Gen/.   Char.      Smaller  than    C.  ludovicianusy  tail  one-sixth   length 
of  body. 

Color.      Summer  Pelage.      Above  tawny  fulvous,  mixed  with  black; 


104  CYNOMYS.  ARCTOMYS. 

under  parts  pale  fulvous;  tail  like  back  on  basal  half,  rest  mixed  black 
and  white  bordered  and  tipped  with  white. 

Winter  Pelage.  Above  pale  buff,  mixed  with  black;  under  parts 
pale  yellow  to  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  360;  tail  vertebrae,  69;  hind 
foot,  60. 

133.  lewisil.     {Arctomys),  Aud.  &  Bach.,  Quad.  N.  .\m..  Ill,  i«53,  p. 

32,  pi.  cvii. 

leucurus,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  33. 

Type  locality.     Wyoming. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Wyoming,  Utah  in  llncompahgre  Indian  Reser- 
vation. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  C'.  gunnisoni,  but  two-thirds  of  tail  white. 

Color.  Above  grizzled;  grayish  buff  mixed  with  black  on  rump; 
black  patch  over  eye  and  a  black  and  buff  one  below  the  eye;  thighs 
buff;  under  parts  buffy  white.  Tail,  basal  half  like  back;  terminal 
half  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  335;  tail  vertebrae,  53;  hind  foot,  58. 

134.  arizonensis.  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  i8go,  p.  305. 
Ty/ie  locality.  Point  of  Mountain,  near  Wilcox,  southern  Arizona. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  nearly  twice  as  long  as  E.  giinni- 
soni. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  vinaceous-cinnanion;  below  whit- 
ish;  tail  with  a  narrow  subterminal  bar  of  broccoli  brown. 

Winter  Pelage.  Above  pale  sandy  buff;  below  white  tinged  with 
buff. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  376;  tail  vertebras,  84; 
hind  foot,  61. 

40.    Arctoniys. 

I.  iz:!;    p.  ^JZl-   M.  ^^  -  22. 

Arctomys.   Schreb.  Saugeth.,  1792,  p.  770.     Type.-/,  marmotta,  Linn. 

Mus.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  i,  p.  601  (Part). 

Glis.  Erxleb.  Syst.  Regn.  Anim.,  1777,   p.  358  (Part). 

Form  stout,  heavy,  legs  short;  tail  short,  stout,  hairy;  cheek 
pouches  small;  fore  feet  with  a  rudimentary  poUex  having  a  flat  nail. 
Skull  heavy;  superior  outline  nearly  straight  to  posterior  portion  of 
nasals  when  it  curves  downward;  interorbital  region  depressed;  post- 
orbital  processes  broad  at  base,  stout,  decurved,  and  at  right  angles 
to  axis  of  skull;  zygomata  expanded;  molar  series  with  two  trans- 
verse grooves  across  their  crowns,  nearly  parallel,  barely  converging 


I 


ARCTOMYS. 


posteriorly.  First  premolar  slightly  smaller  than  the  second;  palate 
broad,  of  nearly  equal  width  throughout  its  length:  bulla'  inflated, 
moderately  large. 


Fig.  24.    Arctomys  wonax. 
No.  .445  Field  Columbiao  Museum  Coll.     ■;  nat.  size. 

135.  monax.     {.Vus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  i,  p.  60. 

/j/f'  locality.      Maryland. 

Geof^r.  Distr.  From  New  York  to  Georgia,  west  to  the  Dakotas, 
intergrading  in  the  Alleghanian  and  Canadian  fauna-  with  next  three 
species. 

Gt-nl.  Char.  Bod>'  robust,  heavy;  ears  large  ami  rounded;  tail 
less  than  half  the  length  of  body,  bushy.  Color  verging  from  almost 
black  to  yellowish  or  whitish  gray. 

Color.  Crown  and  upper  parts  usually  brownish  black;  nose 
and  chin  gray;  cheeks  and  throat  yellowish  white;  under  parts  brown- 
ish chestnut;  feet  black  or  dark  brown.     Tail  black. 

.\fciuureni(nts.  Total  length,  484;  tail  vertebra,-.  114;  hind 
foot,  80. 

<i.—ifnnvit,s.   {.4rctomys),  Bangs,  Proc.  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1899,  p.  13. 
Type  locality.      Black  Bay,  Labrador. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Labrador,   range  unknown. 
Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  A.  mona.x,  but  colors  darker. 


10(5  ARCTOMYS. 

Color.  Upper  parts,  burnt  umber  and  light  yellowish  brown. 
Top  of  head  dark  Mars  brown;  nose  whitish;  sides  of  head  grizzled 
pale  yellowish.  Under  parts  dull  ferruginous;  feet  black.  Tail 
brownish  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  569;  tail  vertebrae,  136;  hind 
foot,  85. 

b.— canadensis.     (G/is),  Erxleben,  Syst.  Anim.,  1777,  p.  363. 

melanopus,   Kuhl.  Beitr.,  1820,  p.  64. 

Type  locality.      Quebec,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Newfoundland  to  Bering  Sea;  and  from  57°  N. 
latitude  to  central  New  England;  west  to  northeastern' Minnesota. 

Color.  Face  blackish,  cheeks  gray,  nose  black.  Hairs  on  the 
back  gray  at  base,  black  in  the  center,  whitish  or  hoary  at  tip. 
Beneath  golden  buff.      Feet  black.      Tail  short,  blackish. 

136.  pruinosus.     {Arctomys),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  1788,  p.  144. 
ealigatus,   Eschsch.,  Zool.  Atlas,  1829,  11,  pi.  6. 

Type  locality.      Hudson  Bay? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Columbia  River  northward  to  the  Barren  Grounds, 
east  to  Hudson  Bay. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  nasals  not  extending  beyond  maxillaries; 
anterior  suture  of  frontals  nearly  straight. 

Color.  Above  anteriorly  grayish  white,  varied  with  black;  pos- 
teriorly grayish  fulvous  and  black;  under  parts  grayish  white;  nose, 
muzzle  and  chin  grayish  white;  feet  black.  Tail,  hairs  reddish 
brown  or  black  basally,  then  yellowish  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  750:   tail  vertebra?,  180. 

137.  flaviventer.     {Arctomys),  .\ud.  &  Bach.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 

Phil.,  1841,  p.  99. 

Type  locality.      "  Mountains  between  Texas  and  California!  " 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  Texas,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  north 
to  49th  parallel. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  moderate;  ears  small;  tail  bushy,  about  half 
as  long  as  body.  General  color  mixed  yellowish  brown  and  gray  to 
brownish  black. 

Color.  Above  fulvous,  yellowish  brown  and  gray,  mixed;  below 
golden  to  reddish  chestnut.  Nose  and  chin  whitish  gray.  Tail  rusty 
yellow;  feet  blackish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  635;   tail,  178;  hind  foot,  65. 

138.  dacota.     {Arctomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  1889,  p.  8. 
Type  locality.      Custer,  Black  Hills. 

Geogr.  Distr.      South  Dakota;  range  not  determined. 


ARCTOMYS  SCIUROPTERUS.  107 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large.  Tail  long  and  bushy.  Hairs  on  shoul- 
ders elongated  forming  a  mantle. 

Color.  Above  pale  j-ellowish  brown  mixed  with  black  posteriorlw 
Head  black,  face  and  sides  of  neck  grizzled  with  white  and  reddish 
brown:  muzzle  white,  lender  parts  rusty  chestnut;  feet  and  hind  legs 
mixed  with  yellowish  and  rusty  chestnut.  Tail,  above  rusty  chestnut; 
below  with  a  median  black  band. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  670:  tail,  18.S;  hind  foot,  86;  ear,  13. 

139.  olympus.     yArctomys),    Merr. ,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

iSgS,  p.  352. 

Type  locality.  Solduc  Trail,  Timber  line,  Olympic  Mountains, 
Washington. 

Geoi^r.  Distr.      High  Mountains,  western  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  equal  to  A.  pruinost4S ;   color  very  different. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts  yellow  ochraceous;  legs 
and  feet  dark  brown  to  almost  pure  black;  chin  and  nose  white;  dark 
bar  across  face  between  nose  and  eyes. 

Winter  Pelage.      General  color  bluish  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  750;  tail  vertebra?,  210;  hind  foot, 
1 10. 

11.     Sub.  Fani.     Pteromyinae. 

41.    Sciuropterus. 

I.  ^^;  P.  '^  M.  ^'=  22. 
i-j-         1— i'         3-3 

Sciuropterus.  F.  Cuv.  Ann.  du  Mus.,  1825,  x,  p.  126,  pi.  x.  Type 
Sciurus  volans.  Linn. 
Limbs  connected  by  a  furred  membrane  extending  outwardl)- 
from  the  sides,  and  supported  by  a  process  from  the  olecranon. 
Tail  depressed,  flattened,  thick;  ears  large;  pelage  of  velvet  soft- 
ness. 

140.  sabrinus.  {Sciurus),  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  i,  iSoi,  p.  157. 
hudsonius,  Gmel.  (nee.  Pall),  Syst.  Nat.,  1788,  i,  p.  153. 
acrobates,   Schreb.  Saugth.,  1792,  Iv,  pi.  ccxxU,  B. 

Type  locality.      Severn  River,  James  Bay,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Boreal  North  America,  south  to  northern  New 
York  and  southern  New  Hampshire. 

Genl.  Char.  Largest  of  eastern  flying  squirrels;  hind  foot  large; 
tail  broad;  summer  and  winter  pelage  different;  soles  of  feet  furred, 
pads  naked. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts  sooty  drab;  beneath  dirty 
white;  base  of  hairs  plumbeous;  tail,  beneath  yellowish  white  tinged 
with  sooty  drab. 


SCIUROPTERUS 


^^B^w^^^^l 

^^f^r  '  ^^^^M^M 

^^^^^^1 

^^^^V^^*!* -ij  ^^^^^^^H 

Fig.   25.      SCIUROPTERUS  volans. 
No.  y2S  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  siz 


Lower  tooth  ro\i 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  4  times. 


Winter  Pehigc.  Upper  parts  wood  brown,  or  cinnamon,  tinged 
with  yellow:  tip  of  tail  sooty ;  feet  and  hands  above  sooty  gray;  cheeks 
gray;  black  orbital  ring;  ears  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  278.6;  tail  vertebra^,  130.4;  hind 
foot,  37.6. 

a.—macrotis.  (Sciuroptenis),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 
1899.  P-  353.  figs-  I,  2,  3. 

Type  locality.      Hunter  Mountain,  Green  county,  New  York. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  border  of  United  States,  east  of  the 
Great  Lakes. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Smaller  than  typical  .V.  sabrinus:  ears  longer,  fur 
more  reddish. 

Color.      Similar  to  5.  sabrinus,  but  more  reddish  in  general  hue. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebra;,  125;  hind  foot, 
38;  ear,  20;  from  notch,  23.5;  skull  37.5,  by  22. 

b.silus.  (Sciuropterus),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896, 
p.  163. 

Type  locality.  Katis  Mountain,  White  Sulphur  Springs,  West 
Virginia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Probably  the  higher  southern  Alleghanies. 

Genl.  Char.  Smallest  of  flying  squirrels,  similar  to  S.  sabrinus, 
but  darker. 


SCIUROPTERUS.  109 

Color.  Upper  parts  hair  brown,  grading  to  isabella;  ears,  feet  and 
hands  above,  and  upper  surface  of  tail  sooty;  black  orbital  ring; 
under  parts  grayish  white;  under  surface  of  tail  drab  shading  to  sooty. 

Mfasiiifiinnts.  Type.  Total  length,  214;  tail  vertebra',  92;  hind 
foot,   iS. 

141.  volans.  [MiiS],  Linn.  S>st.  Xat.,  1776,  i,  p.  ,S5,  (Mus,  nee  Sciu- 
rus,  p.  JSS). 

7<oliicella  Pall.,  Nov.  Spec.  Glir.,  17X8,  p.  351. 

Type  locality.      I  'irginia . 

Gfoj:;r.  Distr.  Northern  New  York  and  southern  New  Hamp- 
shire to  Florida,  west  to  the  plains. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  winter  and  summer  pelage  alike  in 
color;  hairs  of  under  parts  white  to  base. 

Color.  Upper  parts  drab  shaded  with  russet,  tail  slightly  darker 
above,  beneath  buffy  gray;  hands  above  grayish  white,  feet  drab; 
black  orbital  ring,  and  broad  black  band  at  edge  of  wing  membrane; 
under  parts  pure  white,  washed  in  some  specimens  with  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  234.5:  tail  vertebra',  99.6;  hind 
foot,  31-4. 

<i  .^qicrceti .  [.Seiuro/>lera),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash..  i8g6, 
p.  166. 

Type  locality.      Citronelle,  Citrus  count)-,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Peninsular  Florida  to  southern  Georgia;  west  to 
Louisiana? 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .S.  volans,  more  uniform  russet,  under 
parts  and  tail  beneath  washed  with  same  color. 

Color.  Upper  parts  russet,  grading  to  yellowish  drab,  feet  and 
hands  above  sooty  gray;  edge  of  wing  membrane  black;  under  parts 
white  tinged  with  pinkish  russet.  Tail,  above  smoky  gray  tinged 
with  rusty,  beneath  pinkish  buff. 

.\feasurements.  Total  length,  237.66:  tail  vertebra,  102.66;  hind 
foot,  31.33. 

b.—aliiinus.    {Fteromys),  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.,  1S29,  p.  195,  pi.  18. 

Type  locality.      Head  waters  of  Elk  River,  N.  W.  Alberta. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  the  Mackenzie  River  along  east  side  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  United  States  border. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  and  feet  larger  than  .V.  sahrinus:  tail  longer, 
elliptical;  membrane  less  full,  border  straight. 

Color.  Upper  parts  yellowish  brown,  tail  blackish  brown:  under 
parts  grayish  white,  tail  beneath  pale  brown. 

Measurements.      Total  length.  280;  tail  vertebra',  108. 


110  SCIUROPTERUS. 

c.    calif ornic US.     {Siii/rop/erus),    Rhoads,     Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien. 
Phila.,  1897,  p.  323. 

Type  locality.  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  San  Bernardino 
county,  California. 

Geogr.   Distr.      Mountain  range,  southeastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than  .S'.  v.  alpinus,  color  pale. 

Color.  Upper  parts  between  drab  gray  and  wood  brown.  Basal 
third  of  tail  like  back,  remainder  dark  smoke  gray.  Sides  of  face  and 
neck  pale  ash  gray,  orbital  ring  mouse  gray.  Under  parts  yellowish 
grav,  except  throat,  inner  fore  legs  and  inner  margin  of  thighs,  which 
are  white.     Tail  beneath  pale  drab. 

Measurements.     Type.      Total    length,    286;    tail    vertebrae,    127; 
hind  foot,  38;  ear  from  crown,  16;  length  of  carpal  fascia,  24. 
d. — nre^onensis.    [J^teromys),  Bachm.]ourn.  Ac.  Phil.,  1S39,  viii,  p.  loi. 

Type  locality.      "  Pine  woods  of  the  Columbia  near  the  sea." 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Alaska  to  northern  California,  at  lower 
elevations  of  the  Pacific  slope. 

Genl.  Char.  Intermediate  in  size  between  .S".  v.  alpinus  and  5. 
volans;  tail  long,  slender;  colors  dark. 

Color.  Above  Mars  brown  with  a  russet  shade,  tinged  with  clay 
color,  hairs  black  tipped;  upper  parts  of  feet,  shoulders,  membrane, 
ears  and  tail,  seal  brown  to  slate  black;  under  parts  isabella  color 
tinged  with  rusty.  Fore  legs  beneath,  spot  on  chin,  and  median  line 
from  breast  to  vent,  whitish.      About  mouth  and  eyes  blackish. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  302;  tail  vertebra>,  132;  hind 
foot,  39;  ear  from  crown,  15;  carpal  fascia,  23.5. 

e.—olympicus.    (Sciuropterus),   Elliot,   Field  Columb.    Mus.,  1899,  i, 
p.  250,  Zoology. 

Type  locality.  Happy  Lake,  Clallam  County,  Olympic  Moun- 
tains, Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northwest  Washington,  higher  parts  of  the 
Olympic  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  r.  fuliginosus  Rhoads,  but  larger  and 
darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  blackish  slate,  hairs  tipped  with  rust  color; 
membranes  jet  black  on  outer  half  edged  with  white,  inner  half  like 
back;  tail  above  grayish  fawn,  dark  smoky  gray  at  tip,  beneath  buff; 
under  parts  bright  buff;  legs  and  feet  dark  reddish  brown;  ears  dark 
brown;  nose,  stripe  to  e3'e  and  orbital  ring,  black. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  346;  tail,  164;  hind  foot,  38; 
membrane  across  shoulder,  200. 

Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  41;  greatest  width,  19;  nasals,  12; 
tooth  row,  9. 


SCIUROPTERUS. 


f.  —fuliginosus.  {SL-iurofiicrus),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1897,  p.  314. 

Type  locality.  Martin  Station,  Kittitass  county.  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, Washington. 

Gtogr.  Distr.  Cascade,  Coast,  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  at 
high  elevations. 

Genl.  Char.      Like  S.  i'.  alpiniis  in  size,  but  color  darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  with  under  fur  slaty  drab,  hairs  tipped  with 
broccoli  brown,  giving  a  mottled  slaty  drab  appearance.  Upper  half 
of  tail  like  back,  rest  slaty  gray,  end  blackish  slate.  Upper  surface 
of  membrane  slaty  drab.  Tail  beneath  smoke  gray,  bordered  with 
blackish.  Under  parts  light  drab  gray,  tinged  with  brown  on  throat 
at  base  and  lower  margin  of  membrane;  orbital  ring  black.  Lower 
margin  of  membrane  white. 

Mtasurcmcnts.  Tj'pe.  Total  length,  317;  tail,  153:  hind  foot, 
40;  ear  from  crown,  18;  length  of  carpal  fascia,  25. 

g.—klaniafhenxis.  i^Sciuro/'tfrus),  Merr. .  Proc.  Biol.  See.  Wash., 
1897,  p.  225. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Klamath,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Oregon,  range  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  v.  fuliginosiis,  but  smaller;  tail  paler 
above. 

Color.  Upper  parts  drab  brown;  tinged  with  fulvous  brown; 
under  parts  yellowish  buff.  Tail  above  like  back,  beneath  deep  buff; 
cheeks  pale  yellowish  gray.      Top  of  head  grayish  fulvous,  ears  pale. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  329;  tail  vertebra;,  138; 
liind  foot,  38. 

142.  Stephens!.     Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1900,  p.  151. 

T\pe  locality.      Sherwood,  Mendocino  county,  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  5.  klamathcnsis,  but  smaller  and  darker. 

Color.  "In  coloraHdn' this  subspecies  resembles  klamathensis 
much  more  closely  than  oregoncnsis,  but  it  is  slightly  darker  than 
klamathensis  and  has  much  smaller  ears  and  audital  bullae.  Under 
parts  and  under  side  of  tail  without  trace  of  fulvous  suffusion." 
(Merr.  1.  c.) 

Measurements.     Total  length,  277:  tail  vertebrif,  131 ;  hind  foot,  37. 

Fam.  II.     Haplodoiitidae. 

Form  stout,  heavy;  limbs  short:  head  broad,  Hat,  triangular:  no 
neck  apparent;  tail  short,  terete,  hairj';  ears  moderate;  eyes  minute; 
feet  plantigrade,  five-toed,  upper  surface  hairy,  palms  and  soles 
naked,  claws  long,  thumb  short.      Skull  massive,  depressed,  triangu- 


11-2  SCIUROPTERUS.  HAPLODONTIA. 

lar,  broad  posteriorly,  no  postorbital  processes;  zygomata  widest  pos- 
teriori}'; anteorbital  foramen  oval,  obliquely  placed;  nasals  broad; 
mandible  heavy,  strong,  descending  ramus  twisted  into  the  hori- 
zontal plane;  coronoid  falcate. 

42.     *Hai)lodoiitia. 

I  ~i;  P-  T~'  M-  i=^;  =  22. 

Aplodontia!      Rich.  Zool.  Jour.,  iv,  1829,  p.  334.      Type  A.  leporina. 
Rich.  =  Anisonyx  nifa.      Rafin. 
Anisonyx,  Rafin.  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  p.  45.      (Part.) 
Molars    rootless,    prismatic,   pattern    unique,   with   a  prominent 
salient  angle  having  a  cavity  on  either  side,  this  angle  being  external 
on  upper  molars,  internal  on  the  lower.      Molar  series  nearly  parallel; 
first  upper  premolar  very  small;  incisors  rounded  anteriorly;  palate 
broad,  of  about  equal  width  throughout  its  length.      Auditory  bulla; 
small,  with  tubular  meatus  projecting  beyond  posterior  angle  of  the 
zygoma.      Superior  outline  of  skull  flat;  base  horizontal. 

143.  rufa.     {Anisonyx),  Rafin.  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  u,  p.  45. 

leporina.  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer. ,  1829,  p.  211,  pi.  18C.  Skull 
and  feet. 

Type  locality.     Cascades  of  Columbia  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  Washington  and  Oregon. 

Color.  Above  chestnut  or  reddish  brown;  beneath  plumbeous; 
feet  and  ears  whitish.      Tail  like  back. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  305;  tail  vertebras,  25;  hind  foot,  54. 

a.^californica.  {Haplodontia),  Peters,  Monstab.  K.  P.  Akad.  Wis- 
sench.  zu  Berlin,  1864,  p.   179. 

major.      Merr.,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Scien.,  1886,  iii,  p.  316. 

Type  locality.      California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      California,  range  not  defined. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown;  under  fur  plumbeous; 
rump  and  belly  grizzled  mouse  gray;  patch  of  white  on  anal  region; 
sooty  brown  stripe  from  nose  to  between  eyes. 

Measurcmi-nts.  Length  of  head  and  body,  340;  hind  foot,  53; 
ear,  10. 

6. — raineri.    {Aplotlontia.'),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1899,  p.  21. 
Type  locality.      Paradise  Creek,  Mt.  Ranier,  Washington. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Washington.      Range  not  determined. 


♦The  specific  values  of  the  forms  of  this  genus  as  here  given  cannot  be  said  to  be  satisfac- 
torily determined.    More  specimens  and  a  better  knowledge  of  their  distribution  must  be  obtained. 


HAPLODONTIA. 


Fig.  26.      HAPLODONTIA  californica. 
\o.  515  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  s 


Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  H.  r.  californica,  but  paler  and  grayer. 
Skull:  incisive  foramena  shorter  and  slightly  more  open;  basi-occi- 
pital  notch  shallower;  jugal  narrower  and  more  slender. 

Color.      Like  H.  r.  californica,  but  of  a  pale  and  more  grayish  hue 


J 14  HAPLODONTIA. 

throughout,  especially  on   the  under  parts  and  region  around  mouth; 
whiskers  mainly  white,  instead  of  black.      (Vide  Merriam,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.     Total  length,  375;  tail  vertebrae,  33;  hind  foot,  62. 

144.  pacifica.     {Aplodontia!),   Merr.    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1899, 

p.  19. 

Type  locality.      Newport,  Yaquina  Bay,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Oregon,  limits  of  range  undetermined. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  small;  ear  long;  colors  dark. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  fulvous  brown  mixed  with  black; 
head  and  rump  bister;  cheeks  suffused  with  fulvous;  under  parts 
plumbeous,  washed  with  fulvous;  legs,  feet  and  tail  grizzled  grayish 
dusky. 

Afeasiireiiients.     Total  length,  304;  tail  vertebrte,  22;  hind  foot,  48. 

145.  phaea.     {Aplodontia.'),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1899,  p.  20. 
Type  locality.      Point  Reyes,  Marin  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small;  ears  short. 

Color.      General  hue  uniform  bister  brown. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  330;  tail  vertebrae,  30;  hind  foot,  55. 

146.  olympica.     {Aplodontia.'^,    Merr.    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.  Wash.,  1899, 

p.  20. 

Type  locality.      Queniult  Lake,  Olympic  Mountains,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Olympic  Mountains,  Washington,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  ff.  rufa  but  larger  and  darker. 

Color.  Above  rufous  mixed  with  black  hairs;  rump  grayish; 
under  parts  gray  tinged  with  rufous.  Lips  white,  and  some  speci- 
mens have  white  spots  on  the  chest  and  behind  ears,  but  in  others 
these  are  absent.  Base  of  ear  blackish.  Skull:  "  Jugal  not  obliquely 
expanded  but  developing  a  postorbital  ridge  or  process  which  forms 
the  only  upward  projection  from  the  arch — the  posterior  projection 
in  rufa,  formed  by  the  thickened  anterior  end  of  the  squamosal,  being 
absent."  (Merr.)  This  process  in  a  modified  form  is  present  in  H. 
r.  californica,  and  is  of  varying  dimensions  in  a  series  of  IT.  olympica: 
in  some  being  almost  obsolete. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  350;  tail  vertebrae,  35;  hind  foot,  35. 

Fam.  III.     Castoridae. 

Skull  massive,  no  postorbital  processes,  superior  outline  nearly 
straight;  molars  single  rooted  with  re-entering  of  enamel  folds,  and 
decrease  in  size  posteriorly;  the  molar  series  is  not  parallel  but  con- 
verges  anteriorly   and   the   palate  is    arched,    contracted    anteriorly. 


HAPLODONTIA. 


Lower  jaw  massive;  angle  of  niandiblo  rounded.  Incisors  large, 
powerful,  the  lower  much  longer  than  the  \ipper,  with  chisel-like 
edges,  and  deep  orange-red  color  exteriorly. 

■lli.     Castor. 


Castor,   Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  78.      Type.      C.  fiber,  Linn. 

Feet  four-toed,  hind  feet  large,  webbed;  upper  molars  subequal, 
with  one  inner  and  two  outer  enamel  folds;  tail  broad,  flat,  scaly. 
Molars  with  dentinal  pulp  persisting  to  quite  late  in  life. 


Fig.  27.    Castor  canadensis. 

No.  88  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     ■<  Nat. 


147-  canadensis.  {Castor),  Kuhl.  Beit.  Zool.,  1820,  p.  64. 

anieruaniis^  Penn.,  Arctic  Zool.,  1784,  i,  p.  98.  F.  Cuv.  Mam., 
pi.  274,  1825. 

Type  locality.      Hudson  Bay. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northeastern  North  America  from  northern  tree 
limit  to  United  States,  and  west  to  Cascade  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  smallest  of  American  species:  scaly  portion  of 
tail  twice  as  long  as  wide. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  General  color  blackish  brown,  hairs 
tipped  with  chestnut;  top  and  sides  of  head  and  neck,  rump  and 
thighs  chestnut.  Ears  black.  Feet,  legs  and  under  parts  seal 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1130;  tail  vertebra-,  410:  hind 
foot,  176;  length  of  skull,  132,  breadth,  93;' length  of  nasals,  46, 
breadth.  21.4. 

a.—caroUnensis.  (Castor),  Rhoads,  Proc.  .\m.  Philos.  Soc,  i8g8, 
p.   420. 

Ty/e  locality.  Dan  River,  near  Danbury,  Stokes  count)',  North 
Carolina. 

Geogr.  Distr.      North  Carolina  west  to  Louisiaaa. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  larger  than  C.  canadensis;  tail  broader. 

Color.  Above  hazel;  under  fur  seal  brown;  lower  part  of  back 
and  rump  cinnamon  rufous;  ears  blackish;  sides  of  head  hair  brown. 
Under  parts,  throat  to  vent  broccoli  brown;  vent  burnt  umber;  feet 
bister. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1130;  scaly  part  of  tail,  279  x  158; 
hind  foot,  184.  Length  of  skull,  148,  breadth,  107;  length  of  nasals, 
43.5,  breadth,  29. 

h.~fondatnr.      (Castor),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.    Mus.,    1897,  p.  5. 

Ty/e  locality.  San  Pedro  River,  Sonora,  Mexico.  Near  Mexi- 
can boundary  monument  No.  98. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  Montana,  inter- 
grading  into  the  other  forms  wherever  the  limits  of  their  dispersions 
meet. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  scaly  portion  of  tail  less  than  twice  as 
long  as  wide.      Skull  massive;  rostrum  short  and  wide;  nasals  tumid. 

Color.  Above  russet,  chocolate  at  root  of  tail;  grayish  cinna- 
mon to  ferruginous  beneath  tail;  sides  wood  brown  varied  with 
tawny  olive;  feet  burnt  sienna. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1070;  tail  vertebrae,  360:  scaly 
portion  of  tail,  290x125;  hind  foot,  185.  Length  of  skull,  133: 
breadth,  99. 


c.    pacificus.     {Castor),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc,  1898,  p.  422. 

Typi-  locality.      Lake  Kichelos,  Kittitass  county,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Pacific  slope;  California  to  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  largest  of  species;  tail  long;  scaly  portion 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide.  Skull  with  narrow  long  rostrum; 
nasal  extending  beyond  premaxillaries. 

Color.  Above  reddish  chestnut;  under  fur  seal  brown;  sides  of 
body  and  legs  and  top  of  head  walnut  brown;  under  parts  broccoli 
brown,  under  fur  drab  gray;  hind  feet  seal  brown;  fore  feet  dark 
wood  brown.     Ears  black. 

.\feasitrements.  Total  length,  1143;  tail  Vfrtebra'.  330;  scaly  por- 
tion of  tail,  295x122;  hind  foot,  185.  Skull:  length,  142:  breadth, 
loi;  length  of  nasals,  53.6,   breadth,  24. 

F'am.    IV.     ^Iiiridae. 

Lower  incisors  compressed:  premolars  none;  molars  with  or 
without  roots,  tuberculate,  or  with  enameled  folds;  frontals  con- 
tracted; jugal  splint-like  between  zygomatic  processes  of  the  maxilla 
and  squamosal;  infraorbital  vacuity  wider  above  than  below. 

Sub.  Fam.  L     Muriiiae. 

Molars  rooted,  tubercular;  root  of  under  incisor  creating  a  swell- 
ing on  outer  side  of  mandible  between  processes  of  the  condyle  and 
coronoid;  descending  process  of  mandible  below  the  plane  of  the 
molars.     Palate  nearly  Hat. 

44.     Mus. 

L  '"';  M.  2=-'  =  16. 
!-■  3-;- 

Mus.   Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  79.      Type.      Mus  rattus. 

Ears  large,  prominent;  tail  long,  scaly;  nose  acute;  molars  with 

transverse  series  of  tubercles,  three  in  a  series,  longitudinal. 

148.  rattus.     {Mus\  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  i,  p.  S3. 
Type  locality.      Sweden. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cosmopolitan. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  little  longer  than  head  antl  body. 

Color.      .Above  sooty  black;  beneath  plumbeous:  feet  brown. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  368;  tail  vertebra-,  190. 

149.  decumanus.     {.Mus),  Pall.  Glir..  1778,  p.  gi. 
Type  locality.      Kussia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cosmopolitan. 


A.  Epimys.  Trouess.  1881. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Fig.  28.     Mus  RATTus. 
No.  4670  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Genl.  Char,  Tail  little  shorter  than  head  and  body:  sparsely 
haired;  annuli  about  two  hundred. 

Color.  Above  rusty  grayish  brown;  sides  grayer;  beneath  ashy 
white.      Tail  above  dusky,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  310;  tail  vertebra",  146;  hind  foot,  38. 

150.  alexandrinus.     (Mus),  Is.  Geoff.  Descr.  Egypt,  ii,  p.  733,1812, 

Atlas,  pi.  V,  fig.  I. 

tectorum,  Savi.  Nov.  Giorn.  di  Lett.,  1825. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Cosmopolitan. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  M.  decitmanus;  tail  considerably  longer 
than  head  and  body;  annuli  about  240. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  tinged  with  reddish;  flanks  grayish. 
Under  parts  and  upper  surface  of  feet,  yellowish  white.     Tail  dusky. 

Measiirenieiits.      Total  length,  356;  tail  vertebra-,  198;  hind  foot,  35. 

151.  musculus.     [Mus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  p.  83. 
Type  locality.      Sweden. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cosmopolitan. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  longer  than  body;  soles  naked.      Size  small. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown  lined  with  blackish;  beneath  ashy 
plumbeous  tinged  with  reddish.      Tail  dusky;  feet  ashy  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebra,  83;  hind  foot,  18; 
ear,   13.5. 


ONYCHOMYS. 


Sub.  Fain.  11.     Cricetinae. 
45.    Oiiychoiiiys. 

I.    '—'  :   M.  ^^  =  i6. 

i-i  3-3 

Onychomys.  Baini,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  458.  Type  //.  Uiko- 
gasier.  Max. 

HypudiBiis,  Max.  Reise,  N.  Am.,  1841,  11,  p.  99.    (nee  Auct). 

"Form  arvicoline;  tail  less  than  half  the  body  in  length;  claws 
\ery  large,  fossorial,  the  anterior  longest.  Soles  with  only  four 
tubercles,  the  two  posterior  of  the  other  groups  wanting:  the  pos- 
terior two-thirds  of  the  soles  densely  furred.  Skull  without  orbital 
crest;  the  upper  margin  of  orbit  sharp." 


^gyf        ,mm 

i      '^1^^^ 

*^ 

n}?s 

^.x^ 

1 

Fig.  29.    Onychomys  leucogaster. 

No.  1632  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


152.  leucogaster.  {.Hypudiens),  Wied.,  Reis.  N.  Am.,  1841.V0I.  11, 
p.  99. 

missouriensis,  Aud.  &  Bach.  Quad.,  11,  1851,  p.  327,  pi.  100. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Clark,  Dakota. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Dakota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Oklahoma, 
Indian  Territory  and  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Fore  feet  very  strong,  hind  ones  smaller;  tail  short, 
thick  at  base,  tapering  rapidly  to  a  point,  and  covered  with  short 
hairs. 


120  ONYCHOMYS. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown  lined  with  black,  passing  on  the 
sides  into  a  yellowish  red  and  graduating  into  a  line  of  fulvous. 
Under  parts,  feet  and  outside  of  fore  leg  white.  Tail  blackish  brown 
for  seven-eighths  the  length;  tip  and  under  side  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  160,  tail,  44;  hind  foot,  22.5. 

ri .—brevir.nuda .    {Onyehomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  i8gi,  p.  52. 

Type  locality.      Blackfoot,  Idaho. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Idaho,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  northwestern  New 
Mexico? 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  leucogaster,  but  smaller  with  shorter 
tail  and  longer  ears. 

Color.  Upper  parts  drab  gray  washed  with  pale  cinnamon 
tawny,  especially  over  rump  and  flanks.  Under  parts  and  fore  legs 
pure  white,  the  white  reaching  well  up  on  the  sides.  Tail  whitish 
with  an  ill-defined  dark  stripe  on  proximal  two-thirds  of  upper  sur- 
face. 

Measurements.  -'Total  length,  139;  tail  vertebrae,  38;  hind  foot. 
19.5;  ear  from  crown,  12."     (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

b.—lnn^ipes.    (Onyeliomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1889,  No.  2,  p.  i. 

Type  locality.      Concho  county,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      West  central  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  larger  than  that  of  the  other  known  repre- 
sentatives of  the  genus,  with  larger  and  broader  ears,  and  much 
longer  hind  feet.  Ears  less  hairy  than  in  O.  leucogaster,  with  the 
lanuginous  tuft  at  base  less  apparent;  tail  longer  and  more  slender. 

Color.  Above  mouse  gray,  sparingly  mixed  with  black  tipped 
hairs,  and  with  a  narrow  fulvous  stripe  along  each  side,  between  the 
gray  of  the  black  and  white  of  the  belly,  extending  from  the  forelegs 
to  the  root  of  the  tail;  under  parts  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190;  tail,  48;  hind  foot,  25;  ear  from 
crown,  13.      (Dry  skin.)     (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

C.  ^  melanophrys.  {Onvchomvs),  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  1889, 
p.   2. 

Type  locality.      Kanab,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Utah,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  O.  leucogaster.  Ear  a  little  smaller.  Hind 
feet  furred  to  base  of  toes. 

Color.  Above  rich  tawny  cinnamon,  well  mixed  with  black  tipped 
hairs  on  the  back,  and  brightest  on  the  sides;  a  distinct  black  ring 
round  the  eye,  broadest  above.  This  ring  is  considerably  broader 
and  more  conspicuous  than  the  very  narrow  ring  of  O.  leucogaster. 


ONYCHOMYS  121 

Miasurements.  Total  length,  154;  tail,  41:  hind  foot,  2t.  Ear 
from  crown,  10.    (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

d.  —  pallescens.     {Onycfiomys),  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  i8go,  p.  61. 

Type  locality.      Moki  Pueblos,  Apache  county.  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northeastern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  exceeded  only  by  O.  longi/>i\<  of  Concho 
county,  Texas:  ears,  feet  and  tail  much  as  in  O.  melanophrys ;  fur  full, 
long  and  soft;  orbital  ring  absent  or  inconspicuous:  lanuginous  tuft 
at  base  of  ear  well  developed. 

Color.  Above  pale  tawny  cinnamon,  palest  anteriorly,  and 
brightest  on  the  flanks  and  rump,  not  noticeably  mixed  with  black 
tipped  hairs.      Below,  white  to  the  roots  of  hairs. 

Measurenifnts.  Total  length,  168;  head  and  body.  125;  tail,  45: 
hind  foot,  22;  ear  from  crown,  12:  from  anterior  root,  16.5.  (Mer- 
riam, 1.  c. ) 

'53'  arcticeps.  {Onychomys)^  Rhoads,  Proc.  .Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.. 
1898,  p.  194. 

Type  locality.      Clapham.  Union  county^  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northeastern  New  Mexico. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  of  O.  leucogaster:  tail  longer;  cranium  narrow: 
rostrum,  long,  slender.  Supraorbital  bead  wanting.  Palate  with 
convex  edge  posteriorly. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  butt,  lined  with  black;  darkest  on  top 
of  head  and  about  eyes.  Black  spot  on  outer  margin  of  ears.  Sides, 
rump  and  thighs  ochraceous  buff;  beneath  tawny  white.  Tail  white, 
on  upper  proximal  third  a  narrow  stripe  of  blackish  buff. 

.Measurements.  Total  length,  150:  tail  vertebras  45:  hind  foot, 
21:  ear  from  crown,  11. 

154.  longicaudus.     (Onychomys),  Merr.    N.    .\m.   Faun.,   No.  2,    1899, 

p.   2. 

Type  locality.     St.  George,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Utah,  range  undetermined. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  leucogaster,  but  smaller,  with  longer 
and  slenderer  tail.      Pelage  longer  but  not  so  dense. 

Color.     Cinnamon  fawn,  well  mixed  with  black  tipped  hairs. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  145:  tail.  55;  hind  foot,  20;  ear 
from  crown,  10. 

155.  ramona.     {Onychomys),  Rhoads,  Am.  Natur.,  1893.  p.  ^33. 
Type  locality.     San  Bernardino  Valley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southeastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Larger  than  O.  lorridus,  with  larger  ears. 


122  ONYCHOMYS. 

Ci>/or.  Similar  to  O.  hmgicaiufiis.  Above  grayish  vinaceous  buff; 
dorsal  part  darker;  beneath  white.  Tail  bicolor,  dark  above,  lighter 
below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  147:  tail  vertebra?,  48;  hind  foot, 
iS:  ear.  12. 

156.  torridus.  [Onychomys).  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1874,  p.  1S3. 

Type  locality.      Camp  Grant,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Between  Mississippi  River  and  Rocky  Mountains. 
Upper  Missouri.  Red  River  of  the  North,  Wyoming,  Kansas,  Ari- 
zona. 

Geni.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  leucogaster,  tail  longer;  ears  longer; 
colors  more  yellowish. 

Color.  General  color  more  yellowish  than  O.  leucogaster,  no 
dorsal  stripe,  feet  and  under  parts  tawny  white.  Tail  above  dusky, 
beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  143;  tail  vertebra?,  50;  hind  foot, 
20;  ear,  18. 

a  —arenieolo.  [Onyc/wmys),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  xix, 
1897,  p.  139. 

Type  locality.      Rio  Grande,  near  El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  torridus,  but  slightly  smaller,  with 
relatively  smaller  ears  and  a  very  much  paler  coloration. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray,  inclining  to  fawn  color  on  sides;  dor- 
sals area  with  very  little  admixture  of  black-edged  or  black-tipped 
hairs,  with  a  conspicuous  tuft  of  white  hairs  at  anterior  base  of  ears: 
dark  spot  on  anterior  band  of  ear,  drab  (not  black);  whiskers  more 
white  than  black;  under  parts,  feet  and  end  of  tail  white;  basal  two- 
thirds  of  upper  side  of  tail  drab,  some  of  the  hairs  with  hoary  tips. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  137;  tail  vertebrae,  53  (to  end  of 
pencil.  57);  hind  foot,  21.      Skull,  25.5  by  13.5.  (Mearns,  1.  c.) 

b.—  prepallidus.  {Onyehomys),  Mearns,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  xix,  1897, 
p.    140. 

Type  locality.  Colorado  River  at  Monument  No.  204,  Mexican 
boundary  line. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Gila  City,  across  Yuma  and  Colorado  Deserts  to 
Coast  Range  of  mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  O.  torridus,  with  relatively  larger  ears, 
longer  tail  and  a  much  paler  coloration. 

Color.  Above  drab-gray,  becoming  more  cinereous  anteriorly; 
sides  and   rump  barely  tinged  with   fawn  color;  dusky  line   on    basal 


ONYCHOMYS.  PEROMYSCUS.  123 

three-fourths  of  tail  much  obscured  by  whitish  hairs,  nearly  obsolete: 
ears  less  densely  clothed  than  in  the  remaining  forms  of  O.  torridus, 
and  without  a  well  defined  dusky  spot;  whiskers  mostly  white  or 
colorless:  under  parts,  feet  and  end  of  tail,  white. 

Afcasurfrnenls.  Total  length,  157:  tail  vertebra',  57:  ear  from 
crown,  16:  hind  foot,  22;  skull,  26  by  13.7.      (Mearns,  1.  c.) 

157.  fuiiginosus.  {Onvc/wmys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  1890, 
p.  60. 

Type  locality.  Tank  lava  beds,  northeast  of  San  Francisco  Moun- 
tain, Arizona. 

Cifogr.  Dis/r.  Painted  Desert  and  high  mesas,  northeastern 
Arizona. 

(jtnl.  Char.  Size  rather  large:  tail  and  liintl  feet  short;  ears 
rather  large  with  lanuginous  tufts  at  base  scantily  developed;  pelage 
coarser  than  in  the  O.  mt-lanophrxs  group. 

Color.  Above  blackish  slate,  darkest  along  the  middle  of  the 
back,  faintly  tinged  with  fulvous  on  the  sides:  under  parts  white,  the 
hairs  of  the  belly  plumbeous  at  base.  Tail  dusky  above,  except  the 
terminal  fourth  which  is  whitish  like  the  under  side;  a  ring  of  dusky 
surrounds  the  base  of  the  tail.  The  color  of  the  upper  parts  is  more 
extended  than  in  any  of  the  known  forms.  It  completely  covers  the 
sides,  coming  down  to  the  belly,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  very 
sharp  line  of  demarcation;  it  also  completely  covers  the  posterior 
and  outer  aspects  of  the  hind  legs  to  the  ankles,  where  it  ends  ab- 
ruptly. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  160:  tail  vertebra-,  47;  hind  foot, 
21.5.    Ear  from  crown,  12.5:  ear  to  anterior  root,  16.   (Merriam,  1.  c. ) 

46.     *Peroniyscus. 

I.  Illi;   M.  -^-3    =    16. 
I— 1  .'—.1 

Peromyscus.  Gloger,  Handb.  und   Hilfsb.  Naturgeschichte,  1842,  p. 

95-      Type.     Cricetus  myoides,  Gapper;  =  /'.  americanus,  Kerr. 
Calomys.     Aud.  &  Bach.,  Quad.  N.  Am.,    1851,    11,    p.    303  (nee. 

Waterh.  P.  Z.  S.,  1837,  p.  21.). 
Vespcrimys.      Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1874,  p.  178. 
Baiomys.     True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,    1894,  16,  p.  758. 
Trinodontomys.      Rhoads,  Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil.,    1894, 

P-  257- 
Size  moderate,    eyes  rather  prominent:  face   ratiier   long,    nose 
pointed.      Ears  thin,   rather  rounded,    in    some    species    very    large. 


'  The  members  o(  this  genus  require  a  very  careful  and  strict  revision,  for  many  of  them 
probablv  should  more  properly  grace  the  list  of  synonyms  than  hold  a  specific  or  sub-specific  rank. 


124  PEROMYSCUS. 

Feet  small,  digits  slender,  palms  naked.  Hind  feet  long,  soles  with 
six  tubercles.  Tail  terete,  tapering,  slender,  hairy,  sometimes  longer 
than  head  and  bodj'  and  occasionally  tufted.  Pelage  soft,  frequently 
glossy.  Skull  thin,  papery;  brain  case  broad,  rather  flat;  superior 
outline  curving  both  ways  from  highest  point  just  behind  orbits. 
Zygomata  slender,  thread-like  and  dip  midway  to  level  of  the  palate 
Arch  composed  mainly  of  processes  of  the  maxillary  and  squamosal; 
orbital  foramena  just  above  the  level  of  the  alveolus.  Interorbital 
constriction  considerable,  but  wider  than  nostrum.  Nasals  and  imer- 
maxillaries  project  beyond  the  incisors.  Auditory  bullae  small,  thin, 
and  obliquely  situated.  Lower  jaw  straight,  coronoid  very  short. 
Molar  series  short,  narrow,  the  teeth  decreasing  in  size  from  front  to 
rear.  Upper  molars  with  three  roots  each,  lower  with  two;  the 
unworn  teeth  have  a  double  series  of  conical  tubercles,  which  grad- 
ually are  reduced  by  abrasion  and  the  pattern  varies  constantly. 


Fig.  30.     Peromysi-us 

No.  3644  Field  Columbian  Musci 


Lower  tooth  row 
Enlarged  6  times. 


iMERICANUS. 

m  Coll.     Nat.  size. 

Upper  tooth 
Enlar^-ed  6  tin 


158.  americanus.   {AJiis  agraiius),  Kerr.,  Anim.  King.,  i,  1792,  p.  231. 

leucopus.      Rafin.  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1818,  vol.  iii,  p.  446. 

Type  locality.     Tennessee,  or  Kentucky? 

Geogr.  Distr.  New  Jersey  to  South  Carolina,  east  to  Missis- 
sippi, north  to  Minnesota. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  domestic  mouse.  Tail  nearly  as  long 
as  body;  soles  hairy. 

Color.  Above  and  sides  pale  yellowish  brown:  dorsal  area  darker, 
sometimes  nearly  black,  outer  surface  of  hind  legs  like   back;  rest  of 


PEROMYSCUS.  125 

pelage  white.      Tail,    above    like   dorsal   stripe,    below    white.      Feet 
white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  i68;  tail  vertebr;i',  74:  hind  leg,  21. 

a.—noveboracensis.     {Mus),  Fischer,  Syn.  Mamm.,  1829,   p.  318. 

myoides.   {Cricetus),  Gapper,  Zool.  Journ.,  1830,  5,  p.  204. 

mvodes.'  {Peroiiiyscus  /eueo/<i/s),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 
Phil.,  1897,  p.  27. 

Ty/>e  locality.      "  In  Novo  Eboraco." 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Lake  Simcoe,  Ontario,  and  Digb\',  Nova 
Scotia,  south  through  New  York,  except  in  the  boreal  area  of  that 
State. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  /'.  americanus,  dorsal  stripe  darker,  and 
narrower;  and  tail  more  hairy. 

Color.  Like  P.  americanus,  but  the  colors  are  brighter  and  the 
dorsal  stripe  is  usually  narrower  and  darker,  being  occasionally 
quite  black.      Tail  bicolor,  above  black,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  178;  tail  vertebra-,  76:  hind  foot, 
20.      Specimen  from  Hastings,  New  York. 

b. — deserticolus.  {Hesperomys),  Mearns,  Bull.  Aiu.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
II,  1890,  p.  285. 

Type  locality.      Mojave  Desert,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Desert  region  of  Arizona  and  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Ears  medium;  tail  long;  pelage  short. 

Color.  Above  pale  cinereous  drab,  slightly  darker  on  median 
line,  light  fulvous  on  sides  and  rump;  tail  narrowly  striped  above 
with  dark  brown. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  16S;  tail  78.7;  hind  foot,  20.8. 

c.sonoriensis.  (Hesperc>mys),  Le  Conte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 
Phil.,  1853,  p.  413. 

Type  locality.  Santa  Cruz,  Sonora;  near  boundary  line  of  Mexico 
and  United  States. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Arctic  regions  to  Mexico  west  of  Rocks  Moun- 
tains. 

Genl.  Char.      Medium,  tail  short,  colors  pale. 

Color.  Above  dark  cinereous,  mixed  with  brownish  gray ;  under 
parts  whitish;  feet  brownish  white.  Tail,  above  dark  brown,  beneath 
paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  166;  tail  vertebra,  69:  hind  foot, 
21.5;  ear,  20. 

d.—ari zonae.     (Sitomys),  Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1894. 
p.  321. 
Type  locality.      Fairbank,  .Arizona. 


128  PEROMYSCUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  of  Arizona,  White,  Chiricahua  and 
Graham  Ranges. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  gain/'eli,  but  smaller,  longer  ears  and 
shorter  tail. 

Color.  Above  dark  plumbeous  slate;  below  whitish.  Tail  bi- 
color. 

Measurements.      Totallength,  158;  tail  vertebra;,  67;  hind  foot,  24. 

e.—artemesiae.      {Si/omys).    Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Scien.    Phil., 

1894,  p.  260. 

Type  locality.      Ashcroft,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Idaho,  Western  Washington  and  Ore- 
gon to  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large.  Tail  short,  hardly  equaling  body 
without  head.     Ears  medium. 

Color,  .\bove  tawny  ash,  darkest  on  median  line  and  inclining 
to  fulvous  on  sides  and  rump.  Under  parts  white;  tail,  above  sooty, 
beneath  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebrae,  70;  hind  foot,  20. 

159.  tornillo.  {Peromysius),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.    S.    Nat.    Mus.    Wash., 

1895,  p.  445. 

Type  locality.      Rio  Grande  si.x  miles  above  El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northern  Texas,  range  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  "  Similar  to  P.  a.  arizome,  but  paler,  ears  smaller, 
body  stouter. "     (Mearns,  1.  c.) 

Color.  Above  light  broccoli  brown;  feet  and  under  parts  pure 
white;  tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  192;  tail  vertebra;,  90;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear,  12. 

160.  rufinus.     [Hesperomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No. 3,  1890,  p.  65, 

pl-  3- 

Type  locality.      San  Francisco  Mountain,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northwestern  Arizona  to  New  Mexico,  Utah  and 
Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  amcricanus,  but  with  larger  ears  and 
shorter  tail. 

Color.  Above  tawny  brown,  darkest  on  dorsal  region;  flanks 
brighter  brown;  remaining  parts  white.  Tail  dusky  above,  whitish 
below. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  168;  tail  vertebra?,  69;  hind  foot,  19. 

161.  gossypinus.      {Hesperomys),  Le  Conte,  Proc.    .\cad.    Nat.    Scien. 

Phil.,  1853,  p.  411. 


PEROMYSCUS.  1-j 

iognalt4S,  Le  Conte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  ib55,  p.  442 

megacephalus,  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1894,  p.  254 

Type  locality.      Riceboro,  Libertj'  county,  Georgia. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  North  Florida  to  Bertie  county,  North  Carolina 
west  to  Alabama  and   Mississippi. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  shorter  than  head  and  body:  size  of  body  large 
hind  foot  large. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown;  much  darker  on  median  line;  orbital 
ring  black.  Beneath  smoke  gray;  feet  grayish  white.  Tail  dusky 
above,  grayish  white  below. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length.  177.66;  tail  vertebra-,  70.25; 
hind  foot,  22.35. 

a.-  mississippiensis.  {Peromysci/s),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 
Phil.,  1896,  p.  189. 

Type  locality.      Samburg,  Redfoot  Lake,  Tennessee. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mississippi  bottoms  in  Tennessee:  range  un- 
known. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  size  to  /'.  i^ossypinus:  tail  longer;  hind 
foot  larger;  colors  paler:  dorsal  band  less  marked. 

Color.  Above  from  cinnamon  brown  to  russet;  middle  of  back 
darker;  under  parts  grayish  white;  tail  dusky  above,  white  below;  feet 
grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  1S3;  tail  vertebra-,  79. 5; 
hind  foot,  24.45. 

b.—palnuirius.  {Peromyscus),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896, 
p.  124. 

Type  locality.     Oak  Lodge,  Brevard  county,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Peninsular  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  gossypinus :  hind  foot  shorter;  colors 
paler;  no  defined  dorsal  band. 

Color.  Above  bright  russet  to  wood  brown;  orbital  ring  black: 
under  parts  grayish  white.  Tail  dusky  above;  white  below.  Feet 
grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  181;  tail  vertebra-,  71.88; 
hind  foot,  21.55. 

c.—ni^riculus.  (Peromyscus).  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896, 
p.    124. 

Type  locality.      Burbridge,  Plaquemines  Parish,  Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Bayou  region,  Louisiana  coast. 

Genl  Char.      Small:  colors  very  dark. 

Color.  Above  vandyke  brown  to  sepia;  dorsal  band  almost  black: 
a  black  orbital  ring;  under  parts  grayish  white,  base  of  hairs  plumbe- 


12S  PEROMYSCUS. 

ous:  ears  black.      Tail  black  above,  grayish  white  below;  feet  grayish 
white. 

Mfiisur  ements.  Average  total  length,  168.33;  tail  vertebrae,  76.66; 
hind  foot.  22. 

162.  anastasiae.     {Peromyscus),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc,  i8g8,  p.  195. 
Typt  loiality.      Point  Romo,  Anastasia  Island,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Anastasia  Island,  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  small,  colors  pale. 

Color.  Above  brown  mixed  with  buffy;  cheeks  and  lower  sides 
buff;  beneath  grayish  white;  tail  above  at  base  buff;  rest  dusky; 
beneath  white;  feet  white;  ears  dusk}'. 

Measurements.  Total  length.  165;  tail  vertebrae,  69.5;  hind  foot. 
21 ;  ear.  16.5. 

163.  insulanus.     (Peroiiiysius),   Bangs.    Proc.   Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

1898.  p.  196. 

Type  locality.      Cumberland  Island.  Georgia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Cumberland,   and  Ossabaw(?)  Islands.   Georgia. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  small:  tail  short;  hind  foot  large. 

Color.  Above  drab,  or  yellowish  drab,  darkest  on  dorsal  region; 
beneath  white;  tail  dull  gray  above,  white  below.  Feet  white;  ears 
dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  168:  tail  vertebra;,  68;  hind  foot, 
22:  ear  from  notch,  17. 

164.  canadensis.     (Pitomys),   Miller.   Proc.   Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,    1893, 

P-  55- 

gracilis/  Le  Conte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien,  1855,  p.  442. 

myoides,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  472. 

Type  locality.      Peterboro,  Madison  county,  New  York. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Spruce  forest  of  New  Brunswick,  south  to  central 
New  York  and  western  Massachusetts. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  P.  americanus :  longer,  more  hairy  tail, 
and  less  russet  coloration. 

Color.  Above  wood  brown,  tinged  with  yellow;  under  parts 
whitish;  tail  Vandyke  brown  above;  whitish  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  200;  tail  vertebra^,  100;  hind 
foot.  21.4. 

a. —  abietorum.     (Peromvscus).   Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896, 
p.  49. 
Type  locality.     James  River,  Nova  Scotia. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Nova  Scotia,  range  not  defined. 
Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  P.  canadensis,  but  color  uniform. 


PEROMYSCUS  120 

Color.      Uniform    dark    smoke   gray  above,  darker  along  median 
line:  under  parts  and  feet  white;  tail  black  above,  white  below. 
.\ftasutfments.      Total  length,  200;  tail,  103;  hind  foot,  20. 

b.  umbrinui.  [Feromysciis),  Miller,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1897, 
p.  23. 

'jypf  locality.  Peninsula  Harbbr,  northwestern  extremity  of 
Lake  Superior,  Ontario. 

Gcogr.  Dislr.      Not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  P.  caiiadi-nsis,  but  the  proportions 
similar;  skull  more  slender,  rostrum  lighter  and  longer,  and  thezj'go- 
mata  less  flaring. 

Color.  Back  and  sides  light  yellowish  brown,  suffused  with 
black,  darkest  on  median  line  of  back;  orbital  ring  and  patch  at  base 
of  whiskers  black;  ears  nearly  black;  tail  well  haired,  black  above, 
white  beneath;  under  parts  and  feet  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  175;  tail  vertebr;p,  88.2; 
hind  foot,  19.2;  ear,  17.6. 

c. — rmbiterrne.  [Peromyscus),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1896,  p.   187. 

Type  locality.     Roan  Mountain,  MitchellCounty,  North  Carolina. 

Gcogr.  Distr.      Summits  of  Southern  AUeghanies? 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  P.  americanus :  tail  longer,  color 
darker. 

Color.  Aliove  cinnamon,  with  median  black  stripe  from  crown 
to  root  of  tail.  Beneath  white,  base  of  hairs  soot}-.  Ears  dusky. 
Space  around  eyes  sooty.     Tail  above  sooty  brown,  below  white. 

.\feasiiremcnls.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebrae',  87;  hind 
foot,  20.5. 

165.  akeleyi.  {^Peromyscus),  ^XWoK,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1899, 
I,  p.  253.      Zoology. 

Type  locality.  Johnson's  Ranch,  Elwah  River,  Clallath  County, 
Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Region  of  Olympic  Mountains,  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Boylii  group,  but  of  smaller  size:  ears  smaller;  tail 
shorter. 

Color.  Above  brownish  fulvous;  brightest  on  llanks;  dorsal  area 
darker;  legs,  feet  and  under  parts  pure  white.  Ears  nearly  naked, 
purplish  brown;  indistinct  black  orbital  ring.  Tail  above  dark  brown, 
below  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  185;  tail  vertebra,  99;  hind  foot, 
21  :  car,   15. 


130  PEROMYSCUS. 

i66.  texensis.  (/e.xanus.'.  Hesperomys),  Woodh.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Scien.  Phil.,  1853,  p.  242. 

Type  locality.      Rio  Grande  near  El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Oklahoma  and  Indian  Ter- 
ritories. 

Genl.  Char.      Small,  tail  equal  to  head  and  body;  ears  small. 

Color.  Above  cinereous  mixed  with  pale  brown;  lower  sides, 
feet  and  under  parts  white.      Tail  above  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  117;  tail  vertebrae,  53;  hind  foot, 
44;  ear,  9. 

a.—Jnedius.  {Peromyscus),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1895, 
p.  446. 

Type  locality.      Nachoguero  Valley,  Lower  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  and  Lower  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Paler  than  P.  gambeli  and  smaller;  ear  larger;  tail 
shorter. 

Color.  Above  wood  brown,  darker  on  dorsal  tract,  mixed  with 
black,  shading  to  russet  on  flanks;  feet  and  under  parts  pure  white; 
tail  above  white  on  sides  and  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  160;  tail  vertebrae,  70:  hind  foot, 
21 ;  ear,  17. 

h.— dementis.  {Peromyscus),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 
1895,  p.  446. 

Type  locality.      San  Clemente  Island,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      From  type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Much  blacker  than  P.  t.  medius,  and  of  a  more  red- 
dish coloration,  save  on  the  head. 

Color.  Top  of  head  drab  gray;  upper  parts  drab  tinged  with 
burnt  umber;  ears  black;  feet  and  under  surface  white;  tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  177;  tail  vertebra?,  77;  hind  foot. 
21;  ear  17. 

c. — (Sanibeli.    {Hesperomys),  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857.  p.  464. 

Type  locality.      Monterey,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     California,  Nevada.  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Genl,  Char.      Ears  large;  tail  shorter  than  body. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown;  flanks  paler;  under  parts  and 
feet  white;  tail  bicolor;  dusky  above,  white  below. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  163;  tail  vertebrae,  77;  hind  foot,  iS. 

d .—nebracensis.    {Hesperomys),  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.   Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 
1890,  p.  287. 
T\pe  locality.     Custer  County,  Montana. 


PEROMYSCUS.  131 

Geogr.  Distr.  The  Dakotas,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Nebraska  and 
Kansas. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  rather  largo;  tail  short,  pelage  long. 

Color.  Above  grayish  fulvous,  lined  with  black;  white  patcli  in 
front  of  ear;  under  parts  white.      Tail  above  black,  rest  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  159;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  56;  hind 
foot,  20. 

e.^saturatus.     {Peroinyseus),  Bangs,  Am.  Nat.,  1897,  p.  75. 

Ty/'t  locality.      Saturna  Island,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Saturna  Island,  British  Columbia.  Range  not 
determined. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  as  in  P.  t.  gambeli :   color  darker. 

Color.  Above  sepia  brown,  mixed  with  sooty  black,  paler  on 
sides:  indistinct  lateral  cinnamon  band;  under  parts  grayish  white; 
orbital  ring  black,  ears  black.  Tail  black  above,  white  below;  feet 
white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  180.95;  tail  vertebrae, 
76.20;  hind  foot,  21.25. 

f.—arcticus.  (Hesperomys),  Mearns,  Bull.  .\m.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  i88g, 
p.   285. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Simpson,  Hudson  Bay. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Hudson  Bay  to  Rocky  Mountains,  Arctic 
America. 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  long,  ears  medium;   pelage  long  and  dense. 

Color.  Above  dark  grayish  brown,  mixed  with  black  on  median 
line;  feet  and  under  parts  white;  no  white  spot  at  base  of  ear.  Tail, 
bicolor,  black  on  top,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  160;  tail  vertebra-,  73.5; 
hind  foot,  20.3. 

^.—subarcticus.  {Feromyscus),  Allen,  Bull.  .\m.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
1899,  p.  15. 

Type  locality.      Deerlodge  County,  Montana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Utah  and  Colorado,  through  Wyoming, 
the  Dakotas  and  Montana  to  the  Saskatchewan  \'ailey.  Alberta. 

Color.  Above  dusky  brown,  tinged  with  pale  fulvous,  blackish 
on  median  line;  fulvous  on  flanks;  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail, 
above  blackish  brown,  sides  and  beneath  white. 

.Measurements.      Total  length,  165;  tail  vertebra-,  66;  hind  foot,  ig. 

167.  maniculatus.  {Hesperomys)  Wagn.    Archiv.  Naturg.,  xi,  1845,  p. 
148.     Bangs,  Am.  Nat.,  1898,  p.  496. 
Type  locality.     Moravian  Settlements  in  Labrador. 


132  PEROMYSCUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Labrador,  limits  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.      Skull  large,  broad,  brain  case  flat;   rostrum   heavy. 

Color.  "  Supra  fulignoso-bruneus,  subtus  abrupte  albus;  auri- 
culis  elongatis;  pedibus  albentibus;  cauda  supra  nigra,  infra  abrupte 
albida." 

Jfc-tisiiremc/i/s.  "  Korper  3"  2'";  Schwanz  2"  5"'."  "Total 
length,  166;  tail  vertebrae,  74;  pencil,  5;  hind  foot,  19. 5."     (Bangs.) 

168.  austerus.   [Hes/>t'romys),   Baird,  Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil.,    1855, 

P-  336- 

Type  localily.  Spokane  Plain,  Washington.  E.xact  locality  not 
named. 

Geogr.  Dislr.      Pacific  Coast,  California  to  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than  P.  americaniis,  feet  smaller. 

Color.  Sooty  brown,  tinged  with  yellowish  brown  on  cheeks 
and  sides;  feet  and  under  parts  white:  tail  above  blackish,  beneath 
white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  151:  tail  vertebrae,  70;  hind  foot,  19. 

169.  mearnsi.  (Vesperiinus),   Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 

p.  300. 

Type  locality.      Brownsville,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Texas  to  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  large,  naked.  Fawn  spot  on  breast;  tail  less 
than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  dusky  grayish  brown  tinged  with  fawn;  flanks 
fawn;  beneath  pure  white.  A  pale  fawn  spot  on  the  center  of  the 
breast.  Ears  dusky,  edged  with  white.  Tail,  dusky  gray  above, 
lighter  beneath.      Feet  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  178.6;  tail  vertebrae,  80; 
ear,  13;  hind  foot,  20.8. 

170.  canus.  [Peromysciis),    Mearns,    Proc.    U.    S.    Nat.    Mus.    Wash., 

1895,  p.  445. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Clark,  Kinney  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Texas  and  Oklahoma  Territorj-. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  F.  mearnsi,  but  smaller,  tail  shorter. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray,  median  line  blackish;  feet  and  under 
parts  pure  white.      Tail,  blackish  above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  175;  tail  vertebrae,  75;  hind  foot, 
21 ;  ear,  1 1.5. 

171.  boyiii.  {Hesperomys),  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855, 

P-  355- 
gilherti,   Allen,  .\m.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893,  p.  188. 


PEROMYSCUS.  133 

Type  locality.      American  River,  Eldorado  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Central  and  eastern  California. 

Gt-nl.  Char.  Body  stout;  ears  very  large;  tail  longer  than  the 
bod}'. 

Color.  Above  mixed  glossy  brown  and  pale  yellowish  brown; 
feet  and  lower  parts  white;  white  on  sides  bordered  by  a  line  of  red- 
dish buff,  which  grades  into  the  color  of  the  upper  parts.  Tail,  above 
dusky,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  22S;  tail  vertebra-,  97;  hind  foot,  22. 

a .  penicillatu?.  (Ferotnyscus),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
Wash.,  1896,  p.  139. 

Ty/e  locality.      Franklin  Mountains,  near  El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  Texas. 

Ge»l.  Char.  Nasal  bones  of  skull  truncate  posteriorly,  and  end- 
ing in  front  of  the  posterior  ends  of  premaxillaries. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray  tinged  with  ochraceous  buff  on  rump 
and  sides.  Feet  and  under  parts  pure  white.  Tail,  dusky  drab 
above,  white  below. 

Measiirements.  Total  length,  202;  tail  vertebr;r,  115;  hind  foot, 
22;  ear,  14. 

172.  keeni.   (Sitoi/iys),  Rhoads,   Proc.    .\cad.    Scicn.    Phil.,    1S94,    p. 

258. 

TY/ie  locality.      Queen  Charlotte  Island,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Type  locality  only,  so  far  as  known. 

Genl  Char.  Size  larger  than  J',  aiistcnis;  ears  smaller;  tail 
more  than  head  and  body  in  length.  Skull:  brain  case  inflated  above 
plane  of  orbits. 

Color.  Above  uniform  grizzled  blackish  brown;  feet  and  lower 
parts  ashy  white;  orbital  ring  and  ears,  sooty  black.  Tail,  above 
sooty  black;  below  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebra',  HS;  hind  foot, 
24;  ear,   10.5. 

173.  macrorhinus.     {Sitomys),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1894,  p.  259. 

Type  locality.      Skeena  River,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  British  Columbia,  south,  possibly  into  northern 
Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  feet  large;  ears 
medium;  rostrum  relatively  very  long,  longer  than  post-orbital  region, 
/.  e.,  from  greatest  constriction  to  frontals. 

Color.  Resembles  P.  keeni,  but  grayer  and  lighter  above.  Tail 
more  coarsely  haired,  and  with  a  pencil. 


13-t  PEROMYSCUS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  112;  hind  foot, 
20:  ear,  15. 

174.  sitkensis.     {Peromysciis),   Merr.,   Proc.    Biol.   Soc,  Wash.,  1897, 

p.   223.. 
Type  locality.     Sitka,  Alaska. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Baranof  Island,  Alaska. 
Genl.  Char.      Size  large;  tail  long;  ears  small;  colors  dark. 
Color.     Above  brown,  russet  on  rump;  orbital  ring  dusky;  feet 
and  under  parts  white.      Tail  blackish  above,  white  below. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  222;  tail  vertebra,  112;  hind  foot, 26. 

175.  oreas.      {Pennnysais),  Bangs,  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1S9S,  p.  84. 
Type  laeality.      Mt.  Baker  Range,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Higher  mountains  of  northern  Washington  and 
southern  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium:  tail  long;  skull  with  brain  case  broad 
and  flat,  and  rostrum  long  and  slender. 

Color.  Above  varying  from  Prout's  brown  to  russet,  median  line 
darkest;  orbital  ring  black;  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail  black 
above,  white  below;  pencil  long. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  200;  tail  vertebra;,  loi ;  hind  foot,  24. 

176.  auripectus.     (Sitomys),   Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893, 

P-  75- 

Type  locality.      Bluff  City,  Southeastern  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Utah,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  P.  sonoriensis,  ears  larger;  tail  longer, 
thickly  clothed  with  hairs;  general  color  paler.  Cheek  pouches  rather 
large. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown,  varied  with  blackish  on 
median  line;  flanks  golden  brown;  under  parts  white.  Tail  pale 
brown  above,  white  beneath  with  a  3'ellowish  brown  pectoral  spot. 
Ears  pale  brown,  edged  with  white.      Indistinct  orbital  ring. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  172;  tail  vertebrae,  93;  hind  foot, 
22;  ear,  16. 

177.  rowleyi.     {Sitomys),    Allen,    Bull.    .Vm.    IMus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1893, 

P-  77- 

Type  locality.      Nolan's  Ranch,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Utah  to  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  auripectus.  but  larger.  No  pectoral 
spot;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  pale  grayish  cinnamon  brown,  varied  with  black, 
and  passing  into  yellowish  cinnamon  on  flanks;  beneath  white.  Tail 
pale  brown  above,  whitish  below.      Ears  large,  naked. 


PEROMYSCUS.  135 

Measurements.  Total  lengtli,  201:  tail  vertebra^  106;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear,  15-18. 

o.—pinnlis.    (Si/omys),    Miller,    Bull.    Am.    Mas.    Nat.    Hist.,    1893, 

P-  331- 

Type  locality.      Granite  Gap,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      New  Me.xico  and  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  P.  roivleyi :  more  j-ellowish  in  color. 

Color.  Above  olive  buff,  darker  on  sides  and  grayer  on  head  and 
face,  hairs  sepia  tipped;  indistinct  orbital  ring;  feet  and  under  parts 
pure  white.     Tail  brown  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  196;  tail,  104;  hind  foot,  23;  ear,  20. 

178.  attwateri.     (Peromyscus).    .\llen,    Bull.    Am.    Mas.    Nat.    Hist., 

''"'QS,  P-  330. 

Type  locality.     Turtle  Creek,  Kerr  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Indian  Territory,  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.     Ears  large;  tail  longer  than  body  and  head. 

Color.  Above  tawnj'  brown,  mixed  with  black  on  the  median 
line;  flanks  golden  with  a  pronounced  lateral  line.  Beneath  pure 
white.  Feet  white.  Tail  dusky  above,  grayish  below,  haired,  and 
tip  tufted.      Ears  naked,  dusky,  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  216;  tail  vertebra?,  iio;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear,  17. 

179.  bellus.     {Pcromyscus),  Bangs,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1896, 

P-   '37- 

J'ype  locality.      Stilwell,  Indian  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  as  P.  attwateri,  but  with  ilarker  and  browner 
colors.     Tail  hairy  and  tufted. 

Color.  Above  broccoli  brown,  mixed  with  black  on  median  line; 
fawn  color  on  lower  sides;  feet  and  under  parts  white,  base  of  hairs 
plumbeous.  Across  neck  beneath  is  a  fawn-colorod  band.  Tail 
black  above,  white  below.      Ears  large,  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190;  tail  vertebra-,  190;  hind  foot, 
24;  ear,  17. 

180.  insolatus.     ySitomys),   Rhoads,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Scien.    Phil., 

1S94,  p.  256. 

Type  locality.  Oro  Grande,  Mojave  Desert,  Kern  County,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mojave  Destrt,  California,  limit  of  range  not 
determined. 

Genl.  Char.     \'ery  small;   tail  shorter   than    bod\-   without   head; 


138  PEROMYSCUS. 

feet  very  short;  nasals  wide  and  bluntly  edged  between  the  nasal 
premaxillary  processes. 

Color.  Above  uniform  grayish  ochre;  under  parts  and  feet 
white.      Tail  dusky  above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  158;  tail  vertebra',  76;  hind  foot, 
19.3;  ear,  12. 

181.  fraterculu.c.  {Vesperimus),  Miller,  Amer.  Nat.,  1892,  p.  261. 
Type  locality.      Dulzura,  San  Diego,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  California,  range  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body, 
thinly  haired;  soles  naked;  ears  large. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  wood  brown  mixed  with  black,  darkest 
on  median  line;  flanks  fulvous  with  distinct  lateral  stripe;  feet  white; 
under  parts  yellowish  white  with  fulvous  pectoral  spot.  Tail,  above 
brownish,  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  185;  tail  vertebrae,  113;  hind  foot, 
20;  ear,  18. 

182.  eremicus.     {Besperomys),  Baird,  Mamm.,  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  479. 
Type  locality.      Colorado  Desert. 

Geogr.  Distr.      New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  very  large;  tail  longer  than  the  head  and 
body;  palms  and  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  gray,  mixed  with  black;  pale  ful- 
vous band  on  cheeks  and  sides.  Tail,  obscurely  bicolor,  above  little 
darker  than  dorsal  region.      Feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190;  tail  vertebra;,  96.5;  hind  foot, 
22;  ear,  19. 

o. — arenariuK.  [Feromyscus),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.S.Nat.  Mus.  Wash, 
1896,  p.  138. 

Type  locality.      Rio  Grande,  near  El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northern  Texas,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  P.  eremicus,  without  dark,  dorsai  line. 

Color.  Above  and  sides  pale  ochraceous  drab  mixed  with  black; 
tail  above  dusky  drab  and  hoary,  below  pure  white.  Head  grayish; 
orbital  ring  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  198;  tail  vertebra?,  106;  hind  foot, 
21.5;  ear,  15. 

183.  Stephens!.  {Peromyscus),    Mearns,    Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1897, 

p.  72. 
Type  locality.      San     Diego    County,     California,     near    Mexican 
boundary. 


PEROMYSCUS.  137 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  /'.  (reiiiiciis.  but  smaller,  tail  longer,  and 
colors  paler. 

Color.  Above  grayish  cream  buff,  sides  and  rump  pale  ochrace- 
ous  buff,  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail,  above  dusky,  below 
white. 

.\[tasuiemcnts.  Total  length,  193;  tail  vertebra',  loS;  liind  foot, 
19;  ear,  18.5. 

184.  major.  (.St/owys),  Rhoads,  Amer.  Natur.,  1893,  p.  831. 

Tr/>e  locality.      Squirrel  Inn,  San  Bernardino  County,   California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  California,  range  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  ecjual  in  length  to  head  and  body; 
hind  feet  small;  ears  large. 

Color.  Above  pale  gra\'ish  buff,  brosvnish  on  rump;  sides  buffy; 
beneath  graj-ish  white,  no  lateral  stripe.      Orbital  ring  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  193.5;  '^''  vertebrae,  98.5:  hind 
foot,  22.5. 

185.  herroni.     (Sitomys),  Rhoads,  Amer.  Natur.,  1893,   p.  832. 
yV/(-  /in-ality.      San  Bernardino  Valley,  California. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  short,  stout ;  tail  long,  slender;  longer  than 
head  and  body;  rather  naked. 

Colt'r.  Above  uniform  buffy  gray;  cheeks  and  flanks  ochraceous 
buff;  feet  and  lower  parts,  white.     Face  gray. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  200;   tail  vertebra',  155;  hind  foot, 

21.  Skull:  total  length,  24.5;  basilar  length,  18.5;  zygomatic  breadth, 
12.3;  nasals,  9.2;  interorbital  constriction,  3.5. 

a.—nigellii,".  (.Sitomys),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scicn.  Phi).,  1894. 
p.   257. 

Ty/e  locality.     Cajou  Pass,  San  Bernardino  Range,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  California  in  high  mountains. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  P.  herroni,  but  colors  darker. 

Color.  Like  P.  herroni,  but  the  buffy  gray  is  deeply  lined  with 
black,  darkest  on  posterior  portion  of  body,  cheeks  and  sides  deep 
fawn;  under  parts  pure  white.  Ears  and  tail  much  darker  than  in 
the  allied  species. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  197;  tail  vertebra',  114;  hind  foot, 

22.  Skull:   basilar   length,    19;    zygomatic    width.     12.7:     length    of 
nasals,  (^.i;  of  mandible,  13.  i. 

186.  californicus.    (.Ifus),  Gambel,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1848,  p.  78. 
Ty/>e  locality.      Monterey,  California. 


138  PEROMYSCUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Coast  region  of  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,  tail  long;  ears  large,  sparsely  haired. 

Color.  Above  dark  gray  mixed  with  light  brown;  sides  fulvous; 
under  parts  grayish  buff.      Tail,  blackish  brown  above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  265:  tail  vertebr;p,  142;  hind  foot, 
28;  ear,  26. 

187.  insignis.     {Feroiiiyseus),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1895,  P-  33- 

Type  locality.      Dulzura,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southeastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large;  tail  very  long,  exceeding  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  light  brownish  gray,  mingled  with  black,  darkest 
on  back;  brownest  on  rump  and  thighs;  flanks  ochraceous;  feet  and 
under  surface  grayish  white.      Tail  above  sooty,  below  grayish  white. 

Afeasurenients.  Total  length,  233;  tail  vertebrae,  132;  hind  foot, 
26;  ear,  23. 

188.  dyselius.     {Peromyscus),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  i8g8, 

I,  p.  207,  Zoology. 

Type  locality.      Partola,  San  Mateo  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Coast  region  of  California  south  of  San  Francisco. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  californicus,  but  smaller;  skull  with 
frontals  considerably  restricted  at  orbits  and  palate  narrow. 

Color.  Above  black  interspersed  with  buff;  head  and  neck  gray- 
ish buff;  flanks  pale  buff  with  a  lateral  line  of  bright  buff;  orbital  ring 
black.  Under  parts  white,  with  a  fulvous  spot  on  breast  of  the 
majority  of  specimens.  Tail  long  as  head  and  body,  hairy  and 
tufted,  dark  brown  above,  yellowish  white  beneath.  Ears  large, 
black.      Feet  and  legs  grayish  white  sometimes  tinged  with  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  193;  tail  vertebra?,  loi :  hind  foot, 
26;  ear,  23.5. 

189.  robustus.     (Sitoniys),   Allen,  Bull.    Am.  Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1893, 

P-  335- 

Type  locality.     Mus.    Stanford  University,   Palo  Alto,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  color  to  P.  t.  gan/fieli,  but  very  much 
larger.      Ears  moderate;  tail  shorter  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  dull  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black,  darkest 
on  median  line;  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail  dusky  brown 
above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  174;  tail,  73;  hind  foot,  21;  ear,  ig. 

190.  floridanus.     {Hesperomys'),    Chapman,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat. 

Hist.,  1889,  p.  117. 


PEROMYSCUS.  139 

tnaciopus,  Merr. ,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  53. 

Type  locality.     Gainesville,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Florida  Peninsula. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  large:  tail  half  as  long  as  head  and 
body. 

Color.  Above  buffy  ochraceous,  dorsal  area  darker;  flanks  ful- 
vous; under  parts  and  feet  white;  tail  bicolor;  dusky  above,  white 
beneath,  sparsely  haired. 

Mcasiiremen/s.  Total  length,  161-210:  tail,  S4-96;  hind  foot,  24- 
29;  ear.  i8-2r. 

191.  megalotis.     [Hc-speromys),   Merr.,   N.   Am.   Faun.,    No.  3,    1890, 

p.  64,  pis.  3,  4. 

Type  locality.      Black  Tank,  Desert  of  the  Little  Colorado,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Desert  of  the  Little  Colorado,  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,  ears  large,  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  j'ellowish  brown,  suffused  with  reddish  brown; 
sides  washed  with  tawny  salmon;  ears,  orbital  ring  and  tail  above 
dusky;  under  parts  of  feet  white.      Salmon  suffusion  on  breast. 

.\feasuremcnts.  Total  length,  200;  tail  vertebra-.  loS;  hind  foot, 
24:  ear  21. 

192.  truei.     {Hesperomys),   Shufeldt,    Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 

1885,  p.  407,  pi.  21. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Wingatc,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Nevada,  Utah  and  New  Mexico. 

Genl  Char.      Form  robust,  ears  very  large;  tail  thicklj-  haired. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black,  darkest  on 
median  line:  sides  fulvous;  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail  above 
blackish  brown,  below  white. 

.\feasiireinents.  Total  length,  169;  tail  vertebra-,  82;  hind  foot, 
20:  ear,  25. 

a.  nasiitus.  (Vesperimus),  Allen,  Bull.  Anier.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 
p.  299. 

Type  locality.      Estes  Park,  Larimer  County,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  large,  nearly  naked;  soles  naked:  tail  much 
shorter  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  dusky  suffused  with  pale  grayish  buff;  sides  yel- 
lowish buff,  forming  a  distinct  lateral  band;  under  parts  and  feet 
white.      Orbital  ring  blackish.      Tail  blackish  above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190;  tail  vertebr;c,  104.7;  hind  foot, 
22.4;  ear,  69. 


140  PEROMYSCUS. 

b.—crinitw.    {Hesperomvs),  Merr. .  N.    Amer.    Faun.,  No.    5,    1891,  p. 

53.  fig-  3- 

Type  locality.      Shoshone  Falls,  Snake  River,  Idaho. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Idaho. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  F.  eremiciis,  but  darker;  tail  longer  than 
head  and  body,  densely  haired;  soles  haired;  ears  large. 

Color.  Above  olive  brown,  lined  with  black  and  suffused  with 
ochraceous  buff  on  the  sides.  Patch  between  fore  legs  and  anal 
region  ochraceous  buff.  Under  parts  white.  Tail  dusky  above, 
whitish  below. 

Measurements.      Total  length.  1S4;  tail  vertebrae,  97;  hind  foot,  21. 

193.  nuttalli.   {Arvicohi),  Harl.,  Am.  Month.  Journ.,  1832,  p.  446. 
aureolus.      Aud.  &  Bach.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.   Phil.,  1842,  p. 

302. 

Type  locality.      Norfolk,  Virginia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina, 
Georgia. 

Ge?il.  Char.  Tail  less  than  head  and  body;  first  molar  with  three 
indentations  on  either  side;  last  molar  with  but  one.   (Aud.  &  Bach.) 

Color.  Above  bright  orange,  base  of  fur  plumbeous;  beneath 
white,  except  belly  which  is  light  buff.  Tail,  dark  brown  above  and 
below. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  185;  tail  vertebrae,  78;  hind  foot,  21. 

194.  michiganensis.     {Mas'),    Aud.    &    Bachm.,    Jour.     Acad.    Nat. 

Scien.  Phil.,  1842,  p.  304. 

Type  locality.     Erie  County,  Michigan. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Indiana  north  to  Dakota  and  Minnesota,  west  and 
south  to  Kansas. 

Genl.  Char.  Stout;  tail  more  than  half  as  long  as  head  and 
body;  ears  naked;  color  dark. 

Color.  Above  mixed  light  brown  and  black,  darkest  on  median 
line,  a  line  of  yellowish  fawn  from  cheeks  along  the  sides  of  the 
neck;  tail  light  brown,  as  are  also  the  feet  and  ears. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  165;  tail  vertebra?,  67;  hind  foot, 
ifii.5;  ear,  18.5. 

a.—pnllesneno.     {Feromyseus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.    Mus.    Nat.   Hist.    N. 

Y.,  1896,  p.  238. 
texanusl  Allen,   Bull.   Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    iSg6,    p.    64  (nee 

Waterhouse). 
Type  locality.      San  Antonio,  Texas. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Texas. 


PEROMYSCUS.  141 

Geiil.  Char.  Similar  in  color  to  /'.  caniis,  but  smaller;  tail  shorter, 
hind  foot  smaller. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown  washed  with  yellowish,  strongest 
on  the  sides;  dorsal  band  blackisli;  under  parts  grayish  white;  feet 
white.      Tail,  blackish  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measnremints.     Total  length,  127;  tail  vertebras,  51;  hind  foot,  ^c^.   /6 

195.  anthonyi.     {Hespcromys),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,    1887, 

P-  5- 

Type  locality.      Camp  Apache,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Small:  tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  ears  large; 
soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  ash  gray,  lined  with  black;  sides  buffy  fulvous; 
under  parts  white.      Tail,  above  dark  brown;  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  144;  tail  vertebra:,  80;  hind  foot, 
18.5:  ear,    12. 

i(>6.  taylori.  {Hesperomys),  Thos.,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1887, 
p.  66. 

Type  locality.     San  Diego,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  inichigancnsis,  but  much  smaller; 
tail  indistinctly  bicolor;  soles  naked;  dorsal  area  not  darker  than 
"flanks. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  thickly  lined  with  black;  ilanks 
same,  grading  into  the  grayish  white  of  the  under  parts.  Tail  brown, 
slightly  paler  beneath. 

.\fcasurcments.  Total  length,  85;  tail  vertebra,  32:  hind  foot,  13; 
ear,  5.  Skull:  basal  length,  15;  greatest  breadth,  9.5;  nasal  length, 
6.5:   interorbital  constriction,  34;  interparietal  length,  2;   breadth,    5. 

197.  niveiventris.  [Hesperomys),  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  18S9,  p.  117. 

Type  locality.      Micco,  Brevard  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Florida  Peninsula,  eastern  part. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  about  half  the  length  of  the  body  and  head. 
Size  of  body  moderate:  ears  small. 

Color.  Above  pale  tawny  gray,  darker  on  median  line;  face  and 
base  of  tail  tawny;  feet  and  legs,  nose,  lower  half  of  cheeks  and 
under  parts,  pure  white,  the  hairs  white  to  the  base.  Tail,  brown 
above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  155;  tail  vertebrae,  60;  hind  foot, 
19;  ear,  13.5. 


142  PEROMYSCUS. 

198.  phasma.     {Peroinyscus),    Bangs,    Proc.    Bost.    Soc.    Nat.    Hist.^ 

1898,  p.  199. 

Type  locality.      Ponto  Romo,  Anastasia  Island,  Florida, 

Geogr.  Distr.      Anastasia  Island,  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  P.  niveivcntris,  colors  paler;  nose  and  face 
white  to  eyes. 

Color.  Above  pale  drab;  sides  of  rump  pinkish  buff;  between 
ears  drab  gray;  between  eye  and  ear  pinkish  buff;  line  over  eye,  spot 
at  base  of  ear  and  nose,  white;  beneath  white  to  base  of  hairs,  white 
encroaching  high  on  sides;  tail  white,  nearly  hairless,  legs  and  feet 
white,  ears  drab  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  141;  tail  vertebrae,  54;  hind  foot, 
19;  ear  from  notch,  13.5. 

199.  subgriseus.     (Sitof/iys),  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1893,  p.  340. 

Type  locality.     Gainesville,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Central  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  tail  short,  hind  foot  long;  color  similar  to 
P.  niveiventris,  but  dark,  soles  naked  beneath. 

Color.  Above  wood  brown  and  cinnamon,  mixed  with  black  on 
back,  forming  indistinct  dorsal  area;  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail 
bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  122;  tail  vertebrae,  45;  hind  foot, 
10.5;  ear,  13. 

a.~rho(ulsi.    (Peromyscus),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 
p.  201. 

Type  locality.      Anclote  River,  Hillsboro  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Dist.      Southwestern  portion  of  Florida  Peninsula. 

Genl.  Char.  Yellower  than  P.  subgriseus;  hairs  of  under  parts 
white  to  the  base;  tail  unicolor. 

Color.  Above  fawn  color  mixed  with  black  on  dorsal  region  j 
cheeks,  rump  and  lower  sides  orange  buff;  under  parts  pure  white. 
Tail  white,  feet  white,  ears  yellowish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  124.46;  tail   vertebra?,  45. 72;  hind 
foot,  16.51. 
b.—baliolus.  (Peromyscus),  Bangs,  Science,  1898,  p.  214. 

arenarius,    Bangs    (nee   Mearns),    Proc.    Bost.    Soc.    Nat.    Hist., 
1898,  p.  202. 

Type  locality.  Hursman's  Lake,  near  Bascom,  Scriven  County, 
Georgia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Probably  sand  hill  region  of  northern  Georgia  and 
southern  South  Carolina,  limits  not  ascertained. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  of  P.  subgriseus ;  color  darker. 


PEROMYSCUS. 


SIGMODON. 


Color.  Above  varying  from  hair  to  Prout's  brown,  mixed  with 
black;  dorsal  region  darkest:  lower  sides  washed  with  fawn;  orbital 
ring  black;  under  parts  white:  tail  above  black,  beneath  white;  feet 
white:  ears  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  125;  tail  vertebrae,  48;  hind  foot, 
16;  ear,  18. 

47.     Siginodon. 

I.    -':    M.   33:=  16. 

Sigmodon.  Say  &  Ord,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1825,  p.  352. 
Skull  short  and  wide:  length  less  than  twice  the  zygomatic 
width:  rostrum  short,  swollen  ;  superior  outline  of  skull  arched  ; 
pointed  process  of  lamellar  plate  of  maxillary  nearly  dividing  the 
lower  part  of  the  anteorbital  foramen  from  the  upper;  an  azygos 
median  process  on  palatal  arch:  prominent  bead  on  the  supraorbital 
border  extending  obliquely  backwards  to  occiput  ;  audital  bullae 
small.  Upper  molars  three  rooted  ;  front  lower  molar  four  rooted  \ 
second  and  third  lower  molars  three  rooted.  Sometimes  minute 
accessory  fangs  are  present.  Upper  molars  with  two  exterior  re- 
entrant folds;  the  front  one  has  two  similar  interior  folds,  the  others 
only  one  each.  Front  lower  molar  has  two  exterior  and  three  inte- 
rior reentrant  folds;  the  last  two  lower  molars  have  generally  but  one 
reentrant  lobe  on  each  exterior  and  interior  side.  Pelage  coarse, 
bristly  ;  form  stout  ;  tail  generally  shorter  than  the  body.  Ears 
large;  front  feet  small:  hind  feet  very  long:  soles  naked. 


Fig.  31.    Sigmodon  hispious. 

.No.  300  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coil.    Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row.  Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  4  times.  Enlarged  4  times. 


14+  SIGMODON. 

200.  hispidus.  {S!]i;iiio,/o>!),  Say  &  Ord,  Journ.  Acad.  Phil.,  1825, 
P-   352- 

ferniginei/s,  Harlan,  Am.  Journ.  Scien.,  1828,  p.  285. 

hortensis,  Harlan,  Med.  &  Phys.  Res.,  1835,  p.  49,  pi.,  fig.  5-8. 

Type  locality.     River  St.  John,  east  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  United  States,  Carolinas  to  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  stout;  ears  large;  hind  feet  large  and  strong; 
tail  nearly  as  long  as  head  and  body;  hair  coarse. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellow  ochre,  mixed  with  black;  lower  parts 
cinereous. 

Afeasiire/iwnts.  Total  length,  252;  tail  vertebrae,  102;  hind 
foot,  32. 

a.^aif oralis.  {Sigmodon).  Chapman,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
1889,  p.  118. 

Type  locality.      Micco,  Brevard  County,  Florida. 

Geogr  Distr.      Florida  Peninsula,  eastern  side. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  S.  hispidus,  but  darker. 

Color.  General  color  mixed  black  and  gray,  or  pale  brownish 
gray  heavily  lined  with  jellowish  brown;  under  parts  dusky  brownish 
gray.      Tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  274;  tail  vertebra',  105;  hind  foot, 
31 ;  ear,  12. 

h.—iexcnsis.  {texianiis!.  Arvicola),  Aud.  &  Bach.  N.  Amer.  Quad.,  iii, 
1853,  p.  229,  pi.  147,  fig.  2. 

berlandieri,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855,  p.  333. 

Type  locality.      Brazos  River,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Texas  and  Oklahoma  Territory. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  .S.  hispidus;  tail  shorter  than  head  and 
body;  hind  feet  rather  stout. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  yellowish  brown,  inclining  to 
reddish  on  the  rump,  and  lined  with  black,  darkest  on  top  of  head 
and  on  the  back;  under  parts  whitish  or  buffy  white,  the  plumbeous 
under  fur  showing  through;  feet  dusky;  tail  blackish  above,  dark 
gray  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  273;  tail  vertebras,  120;  hind 
foot,    32. 

Specimens  vary  greatly  in  color,  some  being  much  darker  than 
others. 

c. —  irizina.     Mearns,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  p.  287. 
Type  locality.      Fort  Verde,  Arizona. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Arizona. 


SIGMODON  145 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  S.  hispidiis;  ears  larger,  tail  longer, 
colors  paler. 

Color.  Above  light  yellowish  brown,  mixed  with  ashy  and  lined 
with  black;  under  parts  white.      Tail  dusky  above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.      Average  total  length,  320;  tail  vertebra;,  121. 

il.  pnlliihtn.  {.Signioiion),  Mearns,  Proc  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 
1897,  p.  504. 

Type  locality.      Rio  Grande,  above  El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  Desert  Tract,  Upper  Rio  Grande,  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  .V.  hispidus  texensis;  ears  larger;  color 
paler. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray  mixed  with  black;  under  parts  white; 
feet  grayish  white.  Tail  dusky  brownish  above,  grayish  white 
beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  242;  tail  vertebra,  103;  hind  foot, 
30;  ear,  14. 

r.—.Temicus.     (.Sigmodon),    Mearns,    Proc.    U.    S.    Nat.    Mus.   Wash., 

1897,  p.  504- 

Type  locality.      Cienega  Well,  Colorado  River,  Sonora. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Western  Desert  Tract,  Lower  Colorado  River. 

Genl.  Char.  Nasals  spatulate  at  extremity;  coloring  yellowish 
instead  of  grayish. 

Color.  Yellowish  gray,  the  sides  and  rump  tinged  with  ochra- 
ceous.  Under  surface  white.  Feet  grayish  white.  Tail  inclined  to 
blackish  above. 

.Measurements.  Total  length,  2.S0;  tail  vertebra',  12S;  hind  foot, 
34:  ear,  15. 

201.  *spadicipygus.     {Sigmodon),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

1898,  p.  192. 

Type  locality.      Cape  Sable,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Miami  on  the  east  and  Tampa  Bay  on  the 
west,  to  southern  point  of  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.     Smaller  than  S.  hispidus;  rump  more  rufous. 

Color.  Above  mixed  brown  and  black,  the  brown  more  apparent 
on  face  and  sides;  rump  cinnamon  rufous.  Under  parts  brownish 
white,  tinged  with  cinnamon;  tail  black  above,  dusky  gray  below; 
feet  dusky;  ears  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  263.5;  tail  vertebrae,  98.7;  hind 
foot,  30.4. 


•Very  doulitfuliy  separable  from  5.  h.  litloralis. 


SIGMODON. 


ORYZOMYS. 


202.  minimus.     {Sigmodon),   Mearns,   Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 
1894,  p.  130. 

Type  locality.  Upper  Corner  Monument,  Mexican  boundary  line. 
New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  New  Mexico  into  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Under  fur  darker  than  in  ^.  h.  texensis,  or  S.  h. 
arizona;  ears,  feet  and  tail  denseh'  haired:   tail  not  distinctly  bicolor. 

Color.  Above  grayish  mixed  with  blackish  and  light  yellowish 
brown;  under  parts  clay  buff;  feet  yellowish  gray.  Tail  brownish 
black,  paler  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  223;  tail  vertebrae,  94;  hind  foot, 
28;  ear,  12. 

48.    Oryzomys. 

I.     I=i;    M.    t^    =     16. 

I— i'  3-3 

Oryzomys.     Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm. ,  1857,  p.  458.     Type,  Mus  palus- 
tris,  Harlan. 

Form  rat-like.  Ears  nearly  buried  in  the  fur.  Hairs  of  body 
coarse.  Tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  the  hairs  longest  on  the 
under  surface.  Hind  feet  very  long.  Soles  naked,  with  six  tuber- 
cles, all  very  small  except  the  posterior,  which  is  very  long  and 
narrow.  Upper  margin  of  the  orbit  raised  into  a  compressed  crest, 
as  in  Sigmodon.      (Baird,  1.  c.) 


Fig.  32.     Oryzomys  aquaticus. 

No.  2683  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row.  Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  6  times.  Enlarged  6  times. 


ORYZOMYS.  147 

203.    palustris.    (Mus),  Harlan,  Amer.  Journ.  Scien.,  1837,  p.  385. 
oryzivora,   Aud.    &   Bachm.  N.  Am.  Quad.,  iii,  1853,  p.  214,  pi. 

144.  fig-  2. 

Type  locality.      "Fast  Land,"  Salem,  New  Jersey. 

Geogr.  Dislr.      New  Jersey  to  Georgia. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  long;  tail  long;  feet  small;  tail  as  long  as 
body  without  head. 

Color.  Above  brownish  red  heavily  lined  with  black  ;  sides 
grayish  mixed  with  brown;  beneath  ashy  white,  or  plumbeous  washed 
with  white.     Feet  white.    Tail  above  dusky  brown,  beneath  ash  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  251;  tail  vertebrae,  124;  hind  foot, 
30;  ear,  16. 

a.—nutator.  (Oryzomys),  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
1893,  p.  44. 

Type  locality.     Gainesville,    Florida. 

Gtogr.   Distr.      Florida,  west  to  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.      Larger  than  O.  palustris,  and  darker. 

Color.  Above  rufous,  heavily  lined  with  black,  darkest  on 
median  line;  sides  grayish  brown  tinged  with  pale  brown ;  under 
parts  grayish  white;  feet  brownish  white.      Tail  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  317;  tail  vertebra',  153;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear,  15. 

h. — texennis.  {Oryzomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1894, 
p.   177- 

Type  locality.      Rockport,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  Texas,  possibly  north  to  Kansas? 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  O.  palustris,  but  paler. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  gray  brown,  mixed  with  blackish 
on  back,  forming  a  dorsal  band;  sides  yellowish  gray,  varied  with 
black;  under  parts  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  264;  tail  vertebr;r,  132; 
hind   foot,  30. 

304.  aquaticus.  (Oryzomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 
p.   289. 

Type  locality.      Brownsville,  Texas. 

Geo.i^r.  Distr.  Southeastern  Texas,  limits  of  range  not  deter- 
mined. 

Genl.  Char.      Large;  feet  small;   molars  large,  heavy. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  darker  on  median  line;  sides 
paler;  under  parts  buffy.      Tail  above  grayish. 


148  ORYZOMYS.  REITHRODONTOMYS 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  284  ;  tail  vertebras  144; 
hind  foot,  31.7;  ear,  10. 

b.—coLoratics.  {Oryzomys),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i8g8, 
p.  189. 

Type  locality.      Cape  Sable,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Dhtr.      Southern  portion  of  Peninsula  of  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large;   color  reddish  brown. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown,  darkest  on  rump  and  paler  on 
sides,  with  a  mixture  of  black  on  head  and  back;  beneath  white, 
often  tinged  with  cinnamon;  hairs  at  base  plumbeous;  tail  dusky, 
whitish  beneath  towards  base;  feet  whitish;  ears  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  301.6;  tail  vertebra-,  150;  hind 
foot,  35. 

49.    Reitlirodontomys. 

I.    LZI;     M.    ^'    =    16. 
I— •  3—3 

J.  A.  Allen.      On  the  species  of  the  genus  Reithrodontomys.      Bull. 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1895,  vii.,  p.  107. 

Reithrodontomys.    Giglioli,  Richer,  intorn.  alia  Distrib.  Geog.  Gen. , 

Roma,  1873,  p.  160. 
Reithrodon.      Le  Conte   (nee  Waterh.),    Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 

Phil.,  1853,  p.  413. 
Reithrodon.      Baird  (nee  Waterh.),  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  447. 
Ochetodon.      Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,    1874,   p.  184. 

Body  slender;  size  very  small;  tail  as  long  as  body  without  the 
head;  anterior  face  of  upper  incisors  with  a  deep  longitudinal  groove, 
nearly  as  broad  as  the  face  of  the  tooth;  lower  incisors  simple;  ante- 
rior upper  molar  with  four  roots,  three  large,  one  very  small.  The 
lower  half  of  the  descending  ramus  is  abruptly  twisted  inwards  nearly 
at  a  right  angle  to  the  lower  border  of  the  process.  Anteorbital  for- 
amen is  situated  in  the  zygomatic  portion  of  the  maxillary,  and  is 
almost  circular  above,  contracting  to  a  slit  below.  Palate  terminates 
opposite  the  posterior  border  of  last  molars,  as  a  transverse  shelf; 
bullffi  large,  widely  separated,  but  approximating  anteriorly. 

205.    lecontei.    (Afus),  Aud.  &  Bachm.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1842,  p.  307. 
? humulis,  Aud.  &  Bachm.  Proc.  Acad.    Nat.   Scien.    Phil.,    1841, 

P-  97- 
?  carolinensis,  Aud.  &  Bach.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1842, 
p.   306. 


REITHRODONTOMYS. 


Fig.    3V       ReiTriRODONTOMvS    LECONTEI. 

No.  <}!(9  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Twice  nat.  f-\ze. 

Lower  tooth  row.  I'fper  tooth  roh 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 


Ty/>e  locality.      Georgia. 

Geog.  Dislr.  Coast  district  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
southward  into  Florida. 

Gcnl.  Char.      Tail  k'SS  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  fuscous  brown,  darker  on  median  line;  more  ful- 
vous on  sides,  with  indistinct  lateral  line;  under  parts  dingy  gray, 
tinged  with  fulvous  ;  feet  whitish;  ears  dusky;  tail  dusky  above, 
grayish  wliite  below. 

.\fiauirements.  Total  length,  120:  tail  vertebra,  56;  hind  foot, 
15.5;  ear,  9.5. 

n.^impi^er.  [Ri-illiro,lo>itom\s),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 
p.  167. 

Type  locality.      White  Sulphur  Springs,  West  Virginia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      West  Virginia. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  tlian  R.  lecontci;  tail  shorter;  ear  smaller; 
molar  teeth  larger. 

Color.  Above  dark  russet  brown,  darkest  on  back  and  rump; 
sides  ochraceous  buff;  beneath  grayish  white  tinged  with  fawn;  feet 
grayish  white;  tail  dusky  above,  grayish  white  beneath;  under  fur 
plumbeous  except  on  chin  and  under  side  of  head. 

.Measurements.  Total  length,  112;  tail  vertebrae,  51;  hind  foot, 
15;  ear,  9. 


150  REITHRODONTOMYS. 

h.—dichinsoni.  i^Reithrodontomys),  Rhoads,  Am.  Nat.  1895,  xxlx., 
P-  590- 

Type  locality.      Willow  Oak,  Pasco  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  portion  of  Florida  Peninsula. 

Color.  Above  sooty  gray,  darkest  along  back  and  rump;  sides 
tinged  with  brown;  under  parts  and  feet  grayish;  tail  above  same  as 
back,  beneath  grayish. 

Measurements.  Spec,  from  Enterprise,  Florida,  in  Field  Colum- 
bian Museum.     Total  length,  125;  tail  vertebrae,  61 ;  hind  foot,  16. 

206.  merriami.    {Reithrodontomys),    Allen,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat. 

Hist.,  1895,  p.  iig. 

Type  locality.      Austin  Bayou,  Alvin,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  district  of  southwestern  Louisiana  to  Bra- 
zoria County,  Te.xas. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  lecontfi,  but  smaller,  shorter  tail  and 
darker  color. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  gray  brown,  darker  on  median  line: 
sides  yellowish  gray,  faint  buffy  lateral  line.  Beneath  whitish  gray 
washed  with  buff;  tail  blackish  above,  dusky  gray  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  average  length,  112;  tail  vertebrae,  52; 
hind  foot,  16.2;  ear,  8.5. 

207.  dychei.    {Reithrodo>ilomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1895,  p.  120. 

humilis,  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1874,  p.  185  (nee 
Aud.  &  Bachm.). 

Type  locality.      Lawrence,  Kansas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Kansas  east  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  south  to 
western  Oklahoma  Territory;  north  to  Nebraska  and  southwestern 
Iowa. 

Genl.  Char.  Resembling  R.  megalotis,  but  darker,  smaller,  and 
with  more  spotted  ears. 

Color.  Above  mouse  gray  lined  with  black;  fulvous  on  side, 
with  indistinct  lateral  line  ;  underneath  whitish.  Dusky  spot  on 
outer  surface  of  ear  near  base,  and  one  at  base  internally.  Tuft  of 
yellowish  brown  hairs  in  front  of  anterior  base  of  ears.  Tail  dusky 
above,  grayish  white  beneath.      Feet  white. 

n .—nebracensis.  (ReithroJontomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1895,  p.  122. 

Type  locality.      Canon  City,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Fremont  County,  Colorado,  north  to  Custer, 
Montana,  east  to  central  and  northeastern   Nebraska. 


REITHRODONTOMYS.  151 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  A',  liychei,  ears  larger  ;  color  more 
fulvous. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black;  sides  and  rump 
more  fulvous.     Beneath  white. 

.\fc-a.'ii/rements.  Average  total  length,  141;  tail  vertebra;,  64;  hind 
foot,  16  3. 

208.  montanus.    {Rfithrodon),    Baird,  Proc.  Acatl.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1855.  P-  336. 

Type  locality.      Rocky  Mountains,  San  Luis  Valley,  Colorado  ? 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.   Char.     Tail  less  than  head  and  body,  ears  small. 

Color.  Above  brown  and  pale  yellowish  gray;  outside  of  ears 
and  flanks  pale  yellowish  brown;  beneath  whitish. 

Measurimftits.  Total  length,  101.8;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  50.8; 
hind  foot,   12.7;   ear,  7.4. 

209.  megalotis.   [Reilhroilon),  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  451. 
humtlii,  Coues   (under  megalotis),  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1874,  p.  185. 

aztecus,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893,  v,  p.  79. 

deserti,  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  p.   127. 

Type  locality.  Janos  and  San  Luis  Spring,  Sonora,  near  New 
Mexico  boundary. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sonora,  through  western  New  Mexico  and  eastern 
Arizona  to  Utah,  California  and  southern  Nevada. 

Genl.   Char.      Largest  of  species. 

Color.  "Above  mouse  gray  lined  with  darker  and  tinged  with 
rufous;  on  rump  and  sides  a  fulvous  wash.  Beneath  soiled  yellowish 
white."     (Baird,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  143;  tail  vertebra,  66;  hind 
foot,  18.5;  ear,  12.5. 

210.  longicaudus.  {Reithri.don).  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Amer.,  1857,  p.  451. 
Type  locality.      Petaluma,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  California,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  coast 
region  of  Monterey  County,  north  to  Mendocino  County,  and  in  the 
interior  from  San  Joaquin  Count}-  north  to  Tehama  County.  Prob- 
ably further  south  irregularly  in  the  coast  and  San  Bernardino  ranges 
of  mountains  (Allen). 

(.icnl.  Char.  Small,  colors  darkish;  tail  long,  more  than  half  the 
length  of  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black,  darkest  on  dorsal  line; 
sides  more  \ellowish  and  with  a  fulvous   lateral   line  from  cheeks  to 


152  REITHRODONTOMYS. 

rump;  beneath  grayish  white  tinged  often  with  j-ellow,  and  frequently 
with  a  fulvous  spot  on  the  breast.  Ears  dusky,  rusty  brown  tuft  at 
the  anterior  base.  Feet  whitish.  Tail  dusky  above,  grayish  white 
below. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  136.5;  tail  vertebrae,  72; 
hind  foot,  17:  ear,  11. 2. 

II. — pallidubP.    (Reithrodontomys),  Rhoads,  Amer.  Nat.   1893,  p.  835. 

Type  locality.      Santa  Isabel,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  California  and  northern  Lower  Califor- 
nia, from  Monterey  Count}'  and  Merced  County  southward. 

Genl.  Char.      Larger  than  R.  longicaudus  and  paler. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray,  darker  on  dorsal  line;  face  and  lateral 
line  ochraceous.  Under  parts  and  feet  white,  spot  between  fore  legs 
and  on  breast  buff.      Tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  137;  tail  vertebrae,  73;  hind  foot,  16. 

211.  chrysotis.  {Reithrodontomys"),   Elliot,  Pub.  Field   Columb.  Mus., 

1899,  p.  281,  Zoology. 

Type  locality.      Dougherty,  Indian  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  longicaudus,  but  larger;  tail  longer, 
feet  larger,  and  ears  conspicuously  colored  inside  with  orange. 

Color.  Above  blackish  brown  mixed  with  yellow;  sides  of  head 
and  body  and  upper  part  of  fore  legs  yellowish  brown,  almost  golden 
on  flanks.  Under  parts  white.  Feet  grayish  white.  Tail  brownish 
black  above,  white  beneath.      Inside  of  ears  orange. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  153;  tail  vertebrae,  79;  hind  foot, 
20;  ear,  15.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  21.5;  orbital  constriction, 
3;  length  of  nasals,  g;  width  at  base.  3;  mastoid  breadth,  10;  zygo- 
matic breadth,  12;  length  of  pterygoid,  4;  palate,  4:  of  Hensel,  16; 
greatest  breadth  of  molars  outside  anteriorly,  4.5. 

212.  klamathensis.   yRcitluodontomys),  Merr. ,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  16, 

1899,  p.  93. 

Type  locality.      Big  Spring,  Shasta  Valley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Shasta  Valley,  California,  and  Klamath  County, 
Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  ears  and  hind  feet  large;  tail  long; 
paler  in  color  than  R.  longicaudus.  Skull:  rostrum  broad;  audita! 
bullae  small. 

Color,  .'\bove  pale  grayish  brown,  washed  with  buffy  on  sides; 
beneath  white.      Tail  above  dusky,  below  whitish. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  149;  tail  vertebra;,  71 ;  hind  foot,  19. 


REITHRODONTOMYS.  1&3 

213.  arizonensis.  {Reithrodontomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1894,  p.  320. 

Type  locality.      Chiricahua   Mountains. 

Geogr.  Dislr.      Southeastern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  R.  longiiauilas,  but  redder  and  larger. 

Color.  Above  brown  lined  with  black  and  washed  with  reddish 
fulvous,  median  dorsal  tract  darker;  sides  golden,  forming  a  lateral 
line  from  cheeks  to  tail;  under  parts  and  feet  grayish  white.  Ears 
blackish.      Tail  dusky  above,  gray  below. 

Afeasurements.  Total  length,  152;  tail  vertebra',  78;  hind  foot, 
1 8;  ear,  13. 

a.—t.mejcic'inu'-)  intermediui'.  (Reilluodontomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  p.  136. 

Type  locality.      Brownsville,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Texas,  from  Corpus  Christi,  southward; 
Rio  Grande  Valley  to  mouth  of  Pecos,  and  east  to  Kerr,  Bexar  and 
Bee  counties,  Texas.     South  into  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than  R.  mexicanus,  and  paler. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown,  washed  with  pale  yellowish, 
mixed  with  dark  hairs  on  middle  of  back,  sides  lighter;  lateral  line 
yellowish.  Beneath  white.  Ears  brown,  apical  third  of  inner  sur- 
face rufous.      Feet  whitish.      Tail  dusky,  nearly  unicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  194;  tail  vertebra?,  108;  hind  foot, 
21 1  ear,  13. 

b.—'itcrnn.'ius.     {Reithrodontomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1895,  P-  137- 

mexicanus,  Coues,  Rod.,  1877,  p.  128. 

Type  locality.      Lafayette,  Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  Texas  from  Matagorda  County 
northward  and  eastward  to  Houma,  La.,  and  north  to  Beebe.  Ar- 
kansas. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  R.  mexicanus,  but  more  golden  in  hue. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  median  area  black;  sides  orange 
rufous:  beneath  white  washed  with  yellowish,  and  an  indistinct  ful- 
vous spot  on  the  breast. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  174;  tail  vertebrae,  95;  hind  foot, 
20;   ear,  12. 

214.   laceyi.      {Reithrodontomys),    Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1896,  p.  235. 

Type  locality.     Watson's  Ranch,  near  San  .Vntonio,  Texas. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Southeastern  Texas. 


154  REITHRODONTOMYS.  NBOTOMA, 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  R.  m.  intermedius,  but  more  fulvous,  col- 
ors stronger. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  mixed  with  blackish;  indistinct 
fulvous  lateral  line.  Beneath  grayish  white;  feet  soiled  white.  Tail 
long,  bicolor,  upper  third  brown,  rest  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  156;  tail  vertebrae,  8g;  hind  foot, 
19;  ear,  12. 

Sub.  Fam.  III.     Neotominae. 

50.    Neotoma. 

I.    l=i;  M.    t^^    =    16. 

C.  H.  Merriam.  The  Neotomina,  with  descriptions  of  a  new  genus 
and  species  and  a  Synopsis  of  the  known  forms.  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1894,  pp.  225-252. 

Neotoma.     Say  &  Ord,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1825,  p.  346. 
Type,  M.  fioridana,  Ord. 

Teonoma,  Gray,  List  Spec.  Mamm.  Brit.  Mus.,  1843,  p.  117. 

Skull  long;  zygomatic  width  equals  half  the  length  of  skull; 
edge  of  maxilla  bounding  anteorbital  foramen,  rounded;  the  foramen 
broad  and  open  above,  compressed  into  a  somewhat  narrow  slit 
below;  intermaxillaries  reaching  back  to  interorbital  region;  nasals 
much  shorter;  palate  terminating  with  a  concave  border  posteriorly 
between  last  two  molars;  audital  bulla;  small;  their  axis  oblique  to 
that  of  the  skull;  occipital  plane  of  skull  perpendicular,  at  right 
angles  to  the  superior  surface;  process  of  jugal  extends  downward 
and  backward,  that  of  squamosal  joining  it  at  almost  a  right  angle. 
Mandible  with  long,  acute,  coronoid  process,  higher  than  condyle. 
Roots  of  lower  incisor  causing  protuberances  on  either  side  of  the 
jaw;  upper  molar  teeth  with  usually  two  external  and  one  internal 
reentrant  loops;  first  and  second  lower  molars  with  two  external  and 
two  internal  loops,  last  molar  with  only  one  of  each.  Upper  molars 
three  rooted;  lower  with  but  two  roots.  The  two  sections  of  the 
genus  are  distinguished  by  those  with  round  somewhat  bare  tails,  and 
those  with  densely  haired,  bushy  tails;  the  latter  having  the  rostrum 
longer,  and  the  interorbital  constriction  greater. 

A.    Neotoma. 
Tail  long,  bare,  round. 

215.  cumulator.     {Neotoma),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 
1898,  p.  503. 
Type  locality.      Fort  Yuma,  San  Diego  County,  California. 


NF.OTOMA.  153 

Geogr.   Distr.      Southern  California.      Range  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large  ;  color  similar  to  N.  iniermc-tiiii,  but 
paler. 

Cohir.  Above  grayish  fulvous  lined  with  black;  gray  on  limbs 
and  ochraceous  buff  on  sides.  Feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail 
black  above,  white  beneath.      Ears  mixed  gray  and  black. 

Measurements .  Total  length,  406;  tail  vertebra-,  1H8;  hind  foot, 
37;  ear,  30.5. 


Fig.  34.     NEoroMA  floridana. 

No.  S9>  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  3  limes. 


Uppkk  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  3  times. 


216.    micropus.     (IVeoti'iiius),    Baird,    Proc.  Acad.    Nat.   Scien.    Phil., 

i«55.  P-  333- 

canescens,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891,  p.  285. 

Type  locality.      Charco  Escondido,  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Fernando,  Tamaulipas,  Mexico,  northward 
to  the  Pan  Handle  of  Oklahoma,  westward  to  the  Staked  Plains,  Kio 
Grande  Valley  west  to  El  Paso;   Pecos  Valley  to  Eddy,  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  short,  hardly  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  body; 
ears  large;  feet  small;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  grayish  lead  color,  lined  with  dark  brown;  sides 
paler;  shoulders  and  flanks  occasionally  tinged  with  yellowish  brown. 
Under  parts  and  feet  white.  Tail  above  dusky,  beneath  grayish 
white. 

.\feasurements.  Total  length,  359;  tail  vertebra?,  185;  hind  foot, 
36;  ears,  30. 


158  NEOTOMA. 

n.—siirberi.     {A'c(>/<>>/ia),    Elliot,   Pub.  Field    Columb.  Mus.,  1899,  i. 
p.  279,  Zoology. 

Ty/>e  locality.  Canon  three  miles  west  of  Alva,  Oklahoma  Ter- 
ritory. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  Oklahoma. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  micropus,  but  darker,  tail  longer  and 
almost  black  above. 

Color.  Upper  parts,  fore  legs  and  flanks  iron  gray;  hairs  tipped 
with  wliiie.  Beneath  white;  hairs  of  chin,  throat,  breast  and  space 
between  hind  legs  white  to  the  roots,  remainder  plumbeous  at  base. 
Feet  white.  Tail  long;  above  grayish  black  on  basal  third;  almost 
pure  black  for  remainder;  beneath  white. 

MeasKrewen/s.  Total  length,  430;  tail  vertebr.e,  197;  hind  foot, 
43- 

217.  campestris.    \Xeo/oma),   .Mien,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 
1894,  p.  322. 

Type  locality.      Pendennis.  Lane  County,  Kansas. 

Gfogr.  Distr.      Kansas  and  Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  size  and  in  skull  to  ^V.  micropus,  but 
colors  different,  .\bove  yellowish  gray  varying  to  buffy  ochraceous 
and  lined  with  black;  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail  pale  grayish 
brown  above,  pure  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  3S8;  tail  vertebra^,  155;  hind  foot, 
40.5;  car,  25. 

<i.—riibulii..     {Neotoma),  Bangs,  Proc.  Host.  Soc,  1898,  p.   185. 

Type  locality.      Gibson,  Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Lower  Mississippi  Valley,  east  to  western  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.      'L.d.r  get  \.ha.n  N.  fl or  Ida  na ;   color  more  red. 

Color.  .Vbove  dark  cinnamon  russet,  mixed  with  black  on  head 
and  back;  sides  paler;  under  parts  yellowish  white;  base  of  hairs 
plumbeous  only  along  lower  sides;  feet  white;  ears  dusky;  tail  red- 
dish dusky  above,  grayer  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  403;  tail  vertebr;i\  185;  hind 
foot,  42. 

h. — briilet^i.      (Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  123. 

Type  locality.      Valentine,  Nebraska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  Oklahoma  Territory. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  X.  floridana,  but  ears  smaller,  tail 
shorter,  molars  larger. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  gray;  face  clear  gray;  under  parts  white 
to  roots  of  hair  except  on  belly  where  the  basal  part  is  plumbeous. 
Feet  white.      Tail,  dusky  above,  white  below. 


NEOTOMA.  157 

Measurements.  Total  length,  371;  tail  vertebra-,  165;  hind 
foot,  39. 

218.  floridana.    (. !/««),  Ord,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  Phil.,  1818,  p.  181. 
Type  locality.      Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coasts,  and  lower  Mis- 
sissippi Valley. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  short:  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  head 
and  body;  ears  and  feet  large;   tubercles  on  soles  large. 

Color.  Above  plumbeous,  darkest  on  dorsal  region,  mixed  with 
dark  brown  and  pale  yellowish  brown,  the  latter  jiredominating  on 
flanks.  Feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail,  above  dusky,  below 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  388:  tail  vertebra;,  173;  hind  foot, 
40;  ear,  27. 

c.—iittwaferi  {.Vec'tc'rna),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 
1897,  p.  721. 

Type  locality.      Lacey's  Ranch,  Turtle  Creek,  Kerr  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  Texas;  limits  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  floridana,  but  tail  more  hairy;  colors 
paler. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  butf  mixed  with  grayish  and  lined 
with  black;  sides  clear  ochraceous  buff.  Outer  surface  of  limbs 
light  gray.  Feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail,  above  mouse  gray, 
beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  387;  tail  vertebrae,  178;  hind  foot, 
39- 4- 

219.  pennsylvanica.     {Neotoma),    Stone,     Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien. 

Phil.,  1893.  p.  16. 

Type  locality.  Lewis  Cave,  South  Mountain,  Cumberland  County, 
Pennsylvania. 

Geogr.  Distr.      New  York  to  Virginia  in  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  A',  floridana;  tail  less  than  head  and 
body;  ears  moderately  large. 

Color.  Above  grayish  buff  lined  with  black,  darkest  on  dorsal 
region;  sides  pale  ochraceous  lined  with  black;  outer  side  of  limbs 
pale  buff  grading  into  blue  gray  on  lower  parts;  sides  of  lower 
throat  deep  buff;  feet  and  under  parts  white:  hairs  of  chin  and 
upper  parts  of  throat  and  middle  of  belly  white  to  the  roots.  Whisk- 
ers black.  Tail,  above  black  mixed  with  brown,  beneath  grayish 
white.     Ear  blackish,  apical  half  naked. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  397;  tail  vertebrii\  175;  hind  foot,  45. 


158  NEOTOMA. 

220.  mexicana.    {A'eoipma),   Baird,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.   Scien.    Phil., 

1855.  P-  333- 

Type  locality.      Mountains  near  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountain  slopes  in  eastern  New  Mexico,  south- 
western Texas,  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  large;  feet  small;  tail  three  times  the  length 
of  head  and  body;  soles  naked.  Nasal  bones  end  on  the  same  line 
posteriorly,  and  do  not  extend  backward  to  the  anterior  extremity 
of  orbits;  highest  point  of  condjle  higher  than  coronoid  process. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  dark  brown; 
sides  yellowish  brown.  Outside  of  legs,  feet  and  under  parts,  white. 
Tail,  dusky  above,  whitish  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  340;  tail  vertebrae,  151;  hind  foot, 
37;  ear,  32. 

fi.—bullatn.     {^Neotiwia),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  See.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  122. 

Type  locality.      Santa  Catalina  Mountains,   southeastern   Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  A^.  mexicana,  audital  bullae  small  and 
curved  toward  median  line  anteriorly,  the  inner  side  decidedly  con- 
cave and  sloping  inward. 

Color.  Above  dull  ochraceous  buff;  grayish  on  head  and  legs, 
and  lined  with  black  on  dorsal  region.  Feet  and  under  parts  white, 
under  fur  plumbeous.      Tail,  grayish   brown   above,  whitish  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  335;  tail  vertebrae,  151;  hind  foot, 
34;  ear,  22. 

221.  pinetorum.  {Neotoma),    Merr.,  Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1893, 

p.  III. 

mexicana,  Merr.  (nee.  Baird),  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  1890,  p.  67, 
pi.  x,  fig.  5-8. 

Type  locality.     San  Francisco  Mountain,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Pine  covered  plateau  of  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  S\m\\3ii  io  X.  fuscipes,  smaller;  tail,  ears  and  hind 
feet  shorter. 

Color,  Above  fulvous  mixed  with  black;  face  grizzled  gray;  feet 
and  under  parts  white.      Tail,  above  blackish,  below  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  355;  tail  vertebra',  163;  hind  foot, 
37;  ear,  25. 

222.  fuscipes.  [Xeotoma),  Baird,  Mam.  N.  Amer. ,  1857,  p.  495. 
monochrura,    Rhoads,  Amer.  Nat.,  1894,  p.  67. 

splendens.  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  353. 
Type  locality.      Petaluma,  Sonoma  County,  California. 


NEOTOMA  15» 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  California  and  Oregon,  from  Mon- 
terey Bay  to  the  Columbia  River. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  nearly  as  long  as  head  and  body,  unicolor. 
Size  large,  hind  feet  short:  soles  naked.  Hairs  on  throat  and  bflly 
white  to  the  roots. 

Color.  Above  mi.xed  reddish  brown  and  black;  sides  reddish 
brown;  dorsal  region  darkest.  Limbs  outside  to  wrists  and  ankles 
like  the  back;  feet  dusky;  under  parts  yellowish  white.  Tail,  dusky 
all  around. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  410;  tail  vertebras,  198;  hind 
foot,  41. 

a.—macroli^.  (AWtoma),  Thomas,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  xii,  1893, 
p.  234. 

simplex.     True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  354. 

Type  locality.     San  Diego,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  California,  south  of  Monterey 
Bay. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .V.  fuscipes,  but  smaller,  and  feet  white; 
hairs  on  center  portions  of  under  parts  luhite  to  the  roots.      Tail  short. 

Color.  Above  mixed  reddish  brown  and  black,  lighter  on  sides; 
dorsal  area  darkest;  feet  and  entire  under  parts  white.  Tail,  above 
brownish  black,  beneath  pale  brown. 

Younger  specimens  have  little  or  none  of  the  reddish  brown 
color,  but  are  a  pale  yellowish  brown,  and  the  belly  is  often  tinged 
with  buff.  This  pelage  is  the  most  common,  and  may  also  represent 
that  of  winter. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  404;  tail  vertebra;,  195;  hind  foot, 
41;  ear,  32.5. 

b.—streatori.  (Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc. ,  Wash.,  1894,  p.  124. 

Type  locality.      Carbondale,  Amidor  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  West  slope  of  Sierra  Nevada  in  California.  Moun- 
tains of  northeast  California  generally. 

Genl.  Char.  .Similar  to  N.  fuscipes.  Palate  barely  equaling 
length  of  interpterygoid  fossa  and  basisphenoid;  incisive  foramina 
reaching  back  past  plane  of  first  molars;  pterygoid  fossa  rounded 
anteriorly.  Hairs  of  under  parts  white  to  roots,  save  in  a  narrow  line 
along  the  side  where  the  base  of  the  hairs  is  plumbeous. 

Color.  Above  dark  grizzly  brown,  suffused  with  fulvous,  sides 
fulvous,  feet  and  under  parts  white.  .Xnkles  dusky.  Tail,  blackish 
above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  382;  tail  vertebra,  175;  hind 
foot,  37. 


160  NEOTOMA. 

c.—dispar.       (Neotoma),    Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  124. 

Type  locality.      Lone  Pine,  Owens  Valley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  East  base  of  Sierra  Nevada  in  Owens  valley,  Cali- 
fornia, and  western  edge  of  Mojave  Desert. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  shorter  than  that  of  X.  fuu-ipes ;  colors  pale; 
palate  shorter  and  pterygoid  fossa  longer  than  in  N.  fuscipes,  and 
post  palatal  notch  rounded. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff,  lined  on  back  with  black;  sides 
buffy  ochraceous;  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail,  brownish  gray 
above,  below  soiled  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  410;  tail  vertebra',  208;  hind  foot, 
39;  ear,  31. 

d.—'iniier,tens.  {Neotoma),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1898,  i, 
p.  201,  Zoology. 

Type  locality.      Portola,  San  Mateo  County,   California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  line  of  California,  south  of  San  Francisco 
Bay  to  Monterey  County,  as  yet  obtained  only  from  San  Mateo 
County. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  less  than  half  the  length  of  body  and  head, 
bicolor.  Intermediate  in  size  between  N.  fuscipes  and  N.  macrotis, 
hairs  on  throat  and  belly  only,  white  to  the  roots. 

Color.  Above  and  on  sides  reddish  brown  varying  in  some 
examples  to  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  black,  darkest  on  dorsal 
area.  Under  parts  and  fore  feet  white,  hind  feet  obscured  with 
dusky.      Tail,  slaty  black  above,  light  gray  beneath. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  417;  tail  vertebrae,  201; 
hind  foot,  41;  ear,  36. 

e.—affinis.  {N'eotoma),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  i8g8,  i,  p. 
202,  Zoology. 

Type  locality.      Alum  Rock  Park,  Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Dtstr.      Only  known  from  Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  same  as  iV. /tfj-^r/^w,  color  pale,  tail  long,  hairs 
on  central  part  of  body  beneath  white  to  the  roots. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown  and  black;  dorsal  region  darkest; 
flanks  pale  reddish  brown,  extending  over  fore  legs  to  feet;  thighs 
paler  brown  grading  into  dusky;  face  yellowish  gray;  under  parts, 
inside  of  fore  legs  and  feet  white.  Hairs  beneath  white  to  roots,  except 
those  along  the  sides,  inside  of  thighs  and  outer  side  of  fore  legs 
below,  which  are  plumbeous  at  base.  Tail,  brownish  black  above, 
gray  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  416;  tail  vertebrae,  193;  hind  leg, 
40;  ear,  33. 


NEOTOMA.  161 

223.  desertorum.  [iVeo/or/itj),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894, 
p.  125. 

Ty/>e  locality.      Furnace  Creek,  Death  \'^alley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mojave,  Colorado  and  Sonoran  Deserts  of  east- 
ern California,  Nevada,  and  western  Utah,  north  to  east  Humboldt 
\'alley,  and  Kelton,  Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .V.  intermedia,  but  smaller;  ears  larger. 
Colors  inclining  to  ochraceous  buffy  instead  of  gray. 

Color.  Above  pinkish  buff  brightest  on  sides;  head  grayish 
lined  with  black;  under  parts  white  washed  with  salmon  on  neck; 
feet  white.      Tail,  pale  dusky  above,  white  beneath. 

.\feasurenients.  Total  length,  305;  tail  vertebra,  128;  hind 
foot,  30. 

a.sola.       {Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  126. 

TyJ<e  locality.      San  Emigdio,  Kern  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Head  of  San  Joaquin  Valley,  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  N.  desertorum,  but  larger. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff  lined  with  black;  under  parts 
and  feet  white.      Tail,  grayish  brown  above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  330;  tail  vertebra;,  148;  hind 
foot,  36. 

224    fallax.    {Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  123. 

Type  locality.      Gold  Hill,  Boulder  County,   Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  base  of  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  X.  intermedia;  nasals  narrow  and  reach- 
ing the  posterior  plane  of  lachrymals.  Lower  third  molar  with  three 
instead  of  two  salient  angles  on  outer  side. 

Color.  Above  buffy  clay  color,  lined  with  black;  feet  and  under 
parts  white,  base  of  hairs  plumbeous.  Tail,  dusky  above,  white 
beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  331);  tail  vertebra?,  140;  hind  foot, 
31 ;  ear,  22. 

225.  intermedia.     {Neotoma),   Rhoads,  Amer.  Nat.,  1894,  p.  69. 

californica.    Price,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  1894,  p.  154,  pi.  xi. 

Type  locality.      Dulzuras,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Valleys  and  lower  slopes  of  coast  ranges  of  Cali- 
fornia, south  of  Monterey  Bay. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  tail  slender,  short,  bicolor;  ears  large; 
soles  naked. 

Color.     Above  light  brownish  gray  lined  with  black;  chin,  center 


162  NEOTOMA. 

of  breast,    inside  of   hind  legs   and  feet   white;  rest   of  under  parts 
soiled  grayish  buff.     Tail,  above  sooty  blackish,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  318;  tail  vertebrae,  160;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear,  28. 

a.—gilv'i.     (A'eo/oma),    Rhoads,  Am.  Nat.,  1894,  p.  70. 

veniista.  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  354. 

Type  locality.      Banning,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Gorgonio  Pass,  and  western  edge  of  the 
Colorado  Desert. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  yV.  intcr?i!edia,  but  paler  in  coloration, 
and  smaller. 

Color.  Above  brownish  gray  lined  with  black,  with  a  slight 
tinge  of  reddish  on  sides  and  top  of  rump;  sides  pale  yellowish 
brown;  top  of  head  grayish.  Feet  and  under  parts  white,  pinkish 
tinge  on  belly,  and  plumbeous  at  base  of  hairs  showing  through 
everywhere.  Tail,  above  like  back  at  base,  remainder  black,  be- 
neath white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  294;  tail  vertebra;,  135;  hind  foot, 
26;  ear,  30.5. 

h.—albiguln.  [N'eotoma),  Hartley,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Scien.,  1894, 
p.  157,  pi.  xii. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Lowell,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  and  western  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  both  N.  intermedia  and  N.  mexicana,  but 
the  yellow  ground  color  of  upper  parts  and  sides  is  deeper,  and  the 
general  color  is  lighter. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black,  central 
line  on  back  darker;  sides  pale  yellow  mixed  with  a  pale  brown; 
feet  dusky  white.  Under  parts  grayish  white,  except  throat  which 
is  pure  white  to  base  of  hairs.  Tail,  blackish  brown  above,  soiled 
white  beneath.      Ears,  light  brown  on  naked  part. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  342;  tail  vertebrte,  153;  hind 
foot,  32. 

c.—'ingusticeps.  {Neotoma),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894, 
p.  127. 

Type  locality.      Southwest  corner  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southwestern  New  Mexico  and  adjacent  parts  of 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N'.  albigula,  ears  smaller,  color  more 
fulvous. 

Color.      Above    fulvous;    ochraceous    buff    on    head,   lined    with 


NEOTOMA.  163 

black;  feet  and  under  parts  creamy  white  to  roots  of  hair,  except 
on  belly  where  the  base  of  hairs  is  plumbeous.  Tail,  grayish  brown 
above,  white  beneath. 

Mcasuremenls.      Total  lengtli,  335;  tail   vertebra',  150;  hind  foot, 
33;  ear,  25. 

B.  Teonoma. 

Tail    large,   bushy,    squirrel-like;    hind    feet  very    large,   orbital 
constriction  great,  rostrum  long. 


Fig.  35.     Neotoma  iTeonoma)  cinerea. 
No.  iqoj  Field  Columbian  Musl'uiii  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Upper  tooth  row.  Lower  tooth  row 

Enlarged  3  times.  Enlarged  3  times. 


226.  cinerea.     {^^Hs\,  Ord,  Guth.  Geog.,  2d  ed.,  1815,  11,  p.  292. 

Type-  /I'cd/ity.      Near  Great  Falls,  Montana. 

Geoi^r.  Dislr.  Rocky  Mountain  region  from  Utah  to  Wyoming; 
east  to  Black  Hills  and  North  Dakota,  west  of  Missouri  River; 
west  in  southern  British  Columbia  in  Cascade  Range,  and  south 
through  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Mt.  Whitney  in  southern  California 
(Merriam). 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  hairy,  full;  shorter  than  head  and  body;  pos- 
terior third  of  soles  furred. 

Color.     Above  pale  j-ellowish  brown  mixed  with  dusky;  feet  and 


164  NEOTOMA. 

under  parts  white.      Tail,  above  grayish   lead  color,    beneath  white. 
Belly  hairs  pure  white  to  the  roots. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  387;  tail  vertebra,  165;  hind  foot, 
42;  ear,  31.5. 

a. — lepida.     {A''eo/c>7//i7),  Thomas,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.   Hist.,   1893,   p. 

235- 

Type  locality.      Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Range  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  skull  small,  delicate;  frontal  profile 
flattened;  supra  orbital  edges  square,  scarcely  ridged;  palatine  fora- 
men as  in  N.  macrotis;  molars  small. 

Color.  Above  ashy  gray,  washed  with  pale  fawn;  under  parts 
white,  hairs  on  belly  gray  at  base.  Tail,  thickly  haired,  brownish 
fawn  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebra^  100;  hind  foot, 
27.2;  ear,  25. 

b.—drummondi.     {Myoxus),   Richards,  Zool.  Jour.,  1828,  p.  517. 

Type  locality.     Rocky  Mountains,  British  Columbia,  N.  Lat.  57°. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Limits  unknown.  Eastern  British  Columbia  and 
western  Canada. 

Genl  Char.  Tail  bushy,  longer  than  the  body;  ears  large,  oval; 
posterior  half  of  soles  furred. 

Color.  General  color  light  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black; 
feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail,  basal  portion  above  like  back, 
remainder  dark  lead  gra\;  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  393;  tail  vertebra^  165;  hind  foot, 
36;  ear,  20. 

c.—oecidentalis.     {Neotowa),   Baird,   Proc.  Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1855.  P-  335- 

Type  locality.      Shoalwater  Bay,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Pacific  coast  region  of  Oregon  and  Washington, 
eastward  to  plains  of  central  Idaho. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  longer  than  the  body  without  head,  ears  large, 
scantily  haired;  posterior  part  of  sole  furred. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  brown  nearly  black,  lined  with  yel- 
lowish brown,  sides  tinged  with  yellowish  brown,  feet  and  under 
parts  bluish  white.  Tail  above  basal  part  like  back,  remainder 
brownish  plumbeous.      Long  black  hairs  are  visible  over  the  bod}-. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  412;  tail  vertebra,  192;  hind  foot, 
33;  ear,  26, 


NEOTOMA.  165 

d.—fusca.     {N(otoma),  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1894,  p. 

354- 

Type  locality.     Fort  Umpqua,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Oregon,   limits  of  range  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  less  than  half  the  length  of  head  and  body; 
colors  dark. 

Color.  Above  blackish,  sides  and  underneath  neck  tawny  gray; 
outer  surface  of  limbs  gray,  under  parts  soiled  white;  fore  feet  white, 
hind  feet  dusky.      Tail,  above  black,  buffy  gray  below. 

Mdisun-ments.  Total  length,  395;  tail  vertebra^  iSo;  hind 
foot,   44. 

e. ^Columbiana.      (A^eoloma),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1893, 
I,  p.  255;  Zoology  (note). 

Type  locality.     Ducks,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Western  British  Columbia,  range  unknown. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Colors  paler  than  those  of  X.  occidoitalis,  tail  less 
than  the  length  of  head  and  body. 

Color.  Nose  and  space  between  eyes  light  mouse  gray;  top  of 
head  and  back  dark  gray;  sides  of  face  and  flanks,  shoulders  and 
thighs,  pale  grayish  buff,  nearly  clear  buff  along  the  belly.  Entire 
under  parts  and  under  sides  of  limbs  white;  chest  and  abdomen 
tinged  with  yellow.  Feet  white.  Tail  bushy,  at  base  like  back, 
remainder  blackish  gray,  under  side  white.  Ears  blackish,  naked 
save  hairy  fringe  on  edge. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  408;  tail  to  end  of  hair,  194;  hind 
foot,  37. 

227.  arizonae.     i^Xeotoma),   Merr. ,    Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1893,  p. 

no. 

Type  locality.      Keam's  Canon,  Apache  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Moki  region  northeastern  Arizona,  northwestern 
New  Mexico,  southeastern  Utah,  and  southwestern  Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  cinerea,  but  smaller;  ears  large;  a 
broad  slit-like  opening  on  each  side  of  the  presphenoid  and  anterior 
third  of  the  basi-sphenoid,  as  in  the  round-tailed  species. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff,  mixed  with  black;  feet  and 
under  parts  white.     Tail,  grayish  brown  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  365;  hind  foot,  35;  ear,  34. 

228.  granger!.  {iVeotoma),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1894, 

p.  324. 
Type  locality.      Custer,  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 
Geogr.  Distr.      South  Dakota,  range  unknown. 
Genl.  Char.      Similar  in  size  and   color  to  jV.    cinerea,   but   with 
well  developed  sphenopalatine  vacuities. 


168  NEOTOMA. 

Color.  Above  gray  mixed  with  dusky,  ground  hue  clay  color  to 
pale  buffy,  lined  with  black;  head  gray  without  tinge  of  fulvous;  feet 
white;  ears  blackish;  under  parts  white.  Tail  above  dusky  gray, 
white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  393;  tail  vertebrae,  173;  hind  foot, 
41;  ear,  28.  Skull:  total  length,  51;  basal  length,  49;  parietal 
breadth,  28;  least  interorbital  breadth,  5;  nasals,  19;  incisive  fora- 
mina,   12;  palate,  9. 

229.  orolestes.  [Neotoma),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  128. 
Type  locality.     Sagauche  Valley,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado,  Wyoming  and  New 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  iV.  ««^/r(Z/ size  large;  tail  large;  spheno- 
palatine vacuities  open. 

Color.  Above  buffy  ochraceous,  suffused  with  fulvous  and  lined 
with  black;  top  of  head  grayish;  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail 
above  like  back  at  base,  remainder  dusky;  beneath  whitish,  tinged 
with  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  413;  tail  vertebrae,  175;  hind  foot, 
41;  ear,  31. 

230.  rupicola.     (Neotoma),   Allen,   Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,    1894, 

p.  323. 

Type  locality.      Corral  Draw,  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Bad  Lands,  South  Dakota. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  campestris,  but  smaller  and  paler,  and 
with  larger  ears  and  bushy  tail. 

Color.  Above  creamy  buff,  lined  with  black,  darkest  on  dorsal 
region;  feet  and  under  parts  pure  white  to  the  base  of  hairs.  Tail 
above  gray;  below  white.      Ears  grayish,  edged  with  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  330;  tail  vertebrae,  154;  hind  foot, 
41;  ear,  27. 

231.  cinnamomea.     [Neotoma),    Allen,    Bull.    Am.  Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

i«95,  P-  331- 

Type  locality.      Kinney  Ranch,  Bitter  Creek,  Wyoming. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Wyoming,  Uncompahgre  Indian  Reservation, 
Utah;   New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  N.  rupicola,  but  larger,  colors  deeper. 

Color.  Above  buffy  ochraceous,  tinged  with  vinaceous,  dorsal 
region  lined  with  black;  sides  ochraceous  buff;  feet  and  under  parts 
white  to  roots  of  hairs.   Tail  gray  above,  white  below;  ears  brownish. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  364;  tail  vertebrae,  158; 
hind  foot,  41. 


PHENACOMYS.  167 

Sub.  Fam.  IV.     Microtinae. 

G.  S.  Miller,  Genera  and  Subgenera  of  Voles  and  Lemmings.  N. 
Am.  Faun.,  No.  12,  1896. 

Molars  imperfectly  rooted  or  rootless  (e.xcept  Phenacomys  and 
Evolovivs,  which  have  rooted  molars  in  old  adults);  swelling  on  inner 
side  of  mandible  caused  by  root  of  lower  incisor,  between  condyle 
and  the  descending  process,  the  latter  hamular;  palate  arched;  nasals 
not  extending  beyond  premaxillaries. 


51.    Phenacomys. 


G.  S.  Miller,  Synopsis  of  the  Voles  of  the  Genus  Phenacomys,  Proc. 
Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  pp.  73-87. 

Phenacomys.     Merr.    N.    Am.    Faun.,    No.    2,    1889,   p.  28.     Type, 
P.  intermedins,  Merr. 

Skull  and  teeth  as  in  Microtus,  but  the  adult  has  the  molars  two- 
rooted,  and  the  root  of  lower  incisor  does  not  reach  the  level  of  the 
dental  foramen.  Lower  molars  on  inner  side  have  deeper  reentrant 
angles  than  on  the  outer. 


Co\J\ft)WI^>IV^ 

Bh 

Fig    36.     Phenacomys  orophiius. 
No.  5053  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  5  times. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  5  times. 


232.   intermedius.  {Phenacomys),  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  if 
P-  32- 

Type  locality.  Kamloops,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Known  only  from  type  locality. 


168  PHENACOMYS. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  colors  pale;  front  lower  molar  with  five 
salient  angles  on  outer  side. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown,  tinged  with  yellow,  and 
sprinkled  with  black  ;  dorsal  region  darkest  ;  under  parts  grayish 
white.      Tail  almost  black  above,  white  below.      Feet  pale  brownish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  ii8;  tail  vertebrae,  28;  hind  foot, 
18;  ear,  13. 

233.  orophilus.      {Phenacomys'),    Merr.    N.    Am.    Faun.,    No.  5,    1891, 

p.  65. 

truei,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1894,  p.  331. 

oramoniis,  Rhoads,  Am.  Nat.,  1895,  p.  941. 

Type  locality.      Salmon  River  Mountains,  Idaho. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Alberta,  British  Columbia,  and  western  United 
States  to  southern  central  Oregon,  central  Idaho  and  southern 
Wyoming. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  color  light  gray;  interorbital  region  of  skull 
narrow;  ascending  branches  of  premaxillae  narrow. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown,  tinged  with  yellow,  lined 
with  black;  under  parts  soiled  white;  feet  pure  white.  Tail  mixed 
brown  and  white  above,  pure  white  beneath.      Under  fur  plumbeous. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  146;  tail  vertebra:,  38;  hind  foot,  19. 

234.  olympicus.     {Phcnacomys),   Elliot,    Pub.    Field   Columb.    Mus., 

1899,  I,  p.  225,  Zoology. 

pumilus,  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1899,  p.  258,  Zoology, 
juv. 

Type  locality.  Happy  Lake,  Olympic  Mountains,  Clallam  County, 
Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Known  only  from  type  locality,  and  Boulder 
Lake,  Olympic  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  P.  orophilus,  with  longer  tail  and 
darker  pelage. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  cinnamon,  grizzled  with  tawny  ochra- 
ceous;  flanks  paler.  Under  parts  whitish,  base  of  hairs  plumbeous; 
legs  and  feet  white.      Tail  above  like  back,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  125;  tail  vertebrae,  27;  hind  foot, 
15;  ear,  9. 

235.  preblei.      (Phenacomys),   Merr.    Proc.    Biol.  Soc.    Wash.,    1896, 

P-  45- 
Type  locality.      Long's  Peak,  Colorado. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Known  from  type  locality  only. 


PHENACOMVS.  169 

Gen!.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  orophilus,  but  more  ochraceous  ; 
ascending  branches  of  premaxillae  more  expanded  terminally. 

Color.  Above  clay  color,  suffused  with  ochraceous,  sprinkled 
with  black  on  dorsal  region:  under  parts  yellowish  white;  feet  soiled 
white.     Tail  brownish  above,  whitish  beneath. 

Measuretnents.  Total  length,  130;  tail  vertebr<T,  30;  hind 
foot,  17. 

236.  celatus.     {Phenacomys),  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  p.  33. 
latimanus.,  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  p.  34. 

iingava,  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  p.  35. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Chimo,  Ungava,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northwestern  Labrador  to  Peninsula  Harbor, 
northeastern  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  moderate;   face  more  yellow  than  rest  of  head. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  cinnamon  brown,  tinged  with  red- 
dish on  face,  mixed  with  black;  feet  and  under  parts  whitish  gray. 
Tail  dark  brown  above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  134;  tail  vertebr,-r,  29;  hind  foot, 
18.1. 

237.  constablei.     {PJienaeomys),  Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1899,  p.  4. 

Type  locality.     Telegraph  Creek,  Northwest  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  equal  to  P.  preblei;  in  dentition  and  colora- 
tion to  P.  celatus. 

Color.  Above  brown  tinged  with  chestnut  and  mixed  with 
black;  face  and  top  of  head  yellowish  chestnut;  flanks  paler;  under 
parts  grayish  white,  base  of  fur  plumbeous;  feet  brownish  white. 
Tail,  blackish  above,  gray  below;  at  base  of  ears  a  whitish  tuft. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  124;  tail  vertebra',  32;  hind  foot,  19. 

238.  longicaudus.  [Phenacomys),   True,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 

1890,  p.  303. 

Type  locality.      Marshfield,  Coos  County,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Probably  coast  district  of  Oregon. 

Genl.   Char.      Size  large,  tail  less  than  length  of  head  and   body. 

Color.  Above  bright  rusty  brown  mixed  with  black;  under  parts 
white  tinged  with  rusty  brown.  Hairs  on  throat  white  to  roots,  all 
the  rest  plumbeous  at  base.  Tail,  uniform  dusky  chocolate  brown. 
Feet  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  148;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  62;  hind 
foot,  20;  ears,  4.6. 


170  EVOTOMYS. 

53.    Evotomys. 

I.  5=i;  M.  ^0=  i6. 

V.  Bailev.      Revision  of  the  American  Voles  of  the  genus  Evotomys. 
Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  iSgy,  p.  113. 

Evotomys.  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1874,  p.  186. 
Type.  Mus  nitt/us,  Pallas. 
Skull  weak;  zygomata  slender  and  projecting  but  slightly  out- 
-ward;  audital  bullae  large,  inflated;  interorbital  region  broad;  mandi- 
ble slender,  weak;  median  process  or  shelf  on  palatal  arch  opposite 
middle  molar.  Coronoid  process  of  mandible  with  the  apex  below 
the  level  of  condyle.  Molars  two-rooted  in  old  adults;  front  upper 
molar  with  five  exterior  and  interior  triangles;  middle  upper  molar 
with  four;  back  upper  molar  with  seven,  three  exterior  and  four 
interior.  Fur  long,  soft;  ears  projecting  beyond  the  fur;  feet  small; 
a  reddish  or  reddish  brown  dorsal  stripe  usually  present.  Lateral 
.glands  as  in  Arvicola,  usually  present  in  adult  males. 


Fig.  37.     Evotomys  gapperi. 
No.  80  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Enlarged  li 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  6  times. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  6  times. 


339.  rutilus.     {Mus),  Pall.,  Glir.,  1778,  p.  246,  pi.  14  B. 
Type  locality.      Siberia,  east  of  the  Obi. 
Geogr.  Dislr.     Arctic  regions  of  America,  Europe  and  Siberia. 


EVOTOMYS.  171 

Gcnl.  Char.  Tail  short,  thick,  bristly:  hind  feet  stout;  feet  and 
ears  densely  haired. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Dorsal  stripe  ferruginous,  mixed  with 
black;  face,  sides  and  rump  buffy  ochraceous;  beneatli  cream  color, 
feet  white;  ears  rufous.  Tail,  above  brownish  at  base,  rest  blackish; 
beneath  buff. 

Summer  Pelage.  Dorsal  stripe  darker;  sides  paler;  beneath  whit- 
ish; feet  gray. 

.\[easurements.  Total  length,  130;  tail  vertebra^,  30;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  basal  length,  23.5;  nasals,  7.S;  zygomatic  breadth,  14.3; 
mastoid  breadth,    12;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molars,  5. 

240.  wrangeli.     (Evo/omys),   Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1897, 

p.  120,  pi.  Ill,  fig.  5. 

Type  locality.     Wrangel,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Only  known  from  Wrangel  and  Revillagigcdo 
Islands,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  about  twice  as  long  as  hind  foot; 
colors  dull.  Skull  narrow;  rostrum  long,  decurved;  nasals  usually 
notched,  incisors  large. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark  chestnut,  shaded  with  liver  brown; 
cheeks  and  sides  sepia  gray,  the  latter  suffused  with  yellowish  buff; 
under  parts  washed  with  buffy  ochraceous;  feet  dusky  gray;  tail 
blackish  above,  soiled  buff  below. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  147;  tail  vertebrae,  37;  hind 
foot,  20.  Skull:  basal  length,  24.3;  nasals,  8;  zygomatic  breadth, 
13.5;  mastoid  breadth,  11;  alveolar  length  of  molar  series,  5.5. 

241.  caurinus.     (Protomys),   Bailey,    Proc.  Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1898, 

p.  21. 

y'y/'e  locality.  Lund,  east  shore  of  Malaspina  Inlet,  British 
Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  British  Columbia  east  of  the 
Strait  of  Georgia  and  south  of  the  Frazer  River. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  E.  tcrangeli.  Size  small,  color  dark,  tail 
short.  Skull:  short  and  wide,  with  narrow  rostrum,  and  small  aud- 
ital  bullae. 

Color.  .Summer  Pelage.  Above  dark  chestnut  lined  with  black; 
sides  sepia  gray  tinged  with  buff;  face  dark  gray,  ears  buffy;  under 
parts  whitish;  glandular  spots  whitish.  Tail,  chestnut  above,  buffy 
beneath,  tip  blackish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  135;  tail  vertebra^,  34;  hind  foot,  18. 


172  EVOTOMYS. 

242.  dawsoni.     {Evotomys),  Merr.,  Am.  Natur.,  1888,  xxii,  p.  649. 
Type  locality.     Finlayson    River,    Northwest   Territory,    lat.    61° 

30'  N.,  long.  120°  30'  W.     Altitude  3,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Finlayson  River  and  Fort  Liard,  west  to  Yaku- 
tak  and  Juneau,  and  north  along  coast  lo  Prince  Williann  Sound. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  short  rarely  twice  as  long  as  hind 
foot.  Skull:  short,  broad;  audital  bullae  very  small  and  flat;  nasals 
rounded;  notch  in  center  of  palatal  arch;  incisors  large. 

Color.  Above  bright  ferruginous;  face,  sides  and  rump  buffy 
ochraceous;  belly  washed  with  pale  buff;  feet  buffy;  an  indistinct 
yellowish  post-auricular  spot;  faint  yellowish  orbital  ring;  tufts  of 
rufous  hairs  in  front  of  ears;  usually  white  patch  on  throat.  Tail, 
above  mixed  rufous  and  black,  beneath  buffy  ochraceous. 

Measurements,  Average  total  length,  144;  tail  vertebrae,  33;  hind 
foot,  20.  Skull:  basal  length,  22.5;  nasals,  7.5;  zygomatic  breadth, 
14;  mastoid,  12.2. 

243.  orca.     [Evotomys),   Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900,  p.  24. 
Type  locality.      Orca,  Prince  William  Sound,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  medium,  skull  similar  to  M.  dawsoni. 

Color.  Above  dark  chestnut,  darkest  on  rump;  sides  yellowish 
mixed  with  black;  face  grizzled  with  buffy  gray  and  black;  beneath 
deep  ochraceous;  hind  feet  dusky.     Tail,  dusky  above,  buffy  beneath. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  138;  tail  vertebras,  30;  hind  foot,  20. 

244.  gapperi.  (Arvicola),  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.,  v,  1830,  p.  204,  pi.  ix. 
fuscodorsalis,    Allen,    Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1894,  p.  103. 

Type  locality.     Lake  Simcoe,  Ontario,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Massachusetts,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
northward,  and  in  Canada  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Slender,  color  bright;  feet  delicate,  tail  about  twice 
the  length  of  hind  foot. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Dorsal  stripe  chestnut  mixed  with  black; 
sides  buffy  ochraceous;  under  parts  pale  buff;  feet  silvery  gray.  Tail, 
above  brownish,  pencil  black,  beneath  graj'ish  buff  to  the  tips. 

Summer  Pelage.      Colors  generally  darker  everywhere. 

Measurements.  Total  length,   143;  tail  vertebrae,  38;  hind  foot,  18. 

(7. — ochraceus.      [Evotomys),   Miller,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. ,  1894,  p.  193. 

Type  locality.      Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire. 

Geogr.  Distr.  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and  prob- 
ably east  to  Nova  Scotia. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  E.  gapperi,  but  slightly  larger,  duller 
and  paler.     Skull  like  that  of  E.  gapperi. 


EVOTOMVS.  173 

Color.  Dorsal  area,  pale  rusty  rufous;  sides  buff)'  clay  color; 
beneath  plumbeous,  washed  with  whitish;  feet  gray.  Tail,  brownish 
above,  buffy  below. 

.\reasiirements.  Total  length,  148;  tail  vertebrae,  39.6;  hind 
foot,  19. 

b.—rhoadsi.      {Evo/omys),  Stone,  Amer.  Nat.,  1893,  p.  54. 

Type  locality.      Mays  Landing,  New  Jersey. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  E.  gappcri,  dorsal  stripe  slightly  darker; 
tail  shorter;  hind  foot  larger. 

Color.  Above  chestnut;  sides  buff}^  graj';  beneath  washed  with 
whitish,  rest  as  in  E.  gappcri. 

Afcasiircmciils.  Total  length,  139-3;  tail  vertebra?,  36;  hind 
foot,  20. 

c.—loringl.     (Evo/omys),  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  125. 

Type  locality.     Portland,  North  Dakota. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Timbered  valleys  on  edge  of  plains  in  Minnesota, 
and  eastern  North  and  South  Dakota. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  very  small;  colors  bright;  skull  slender. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  reddish  hazel,  hoary;  face,  sides 
and  rump  grayish  ash  washed  with  buffy;  beneath  pure  white;  feet 
white.  Tail,  blackish  above,  whitish  below.  White  and  gra3ish 
spots  over  side  glands. 

Summer  Pelage.  Above  dark  chestnut;  face  and  sides  pale  bister, 
suffused  with  yellowish;  beneath  washed  with  whitish,  feet  dusky; 
tail  darker  than  in  winter;  side  spots  in  male  sooty  gray. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  123;  tail  vertebrae,  31.5; 
hind  foot,  17.9.  Skull:  basal  length,  21.5;  nasals,  6.8;  zygomatic 
breadth,  12.8;  mastoid  breadth,  lo.g;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5. 

d.—^alei.     (Evotomys),    Merr. ,  N.  Amer.  Faun.,  No.  4,  p.  23,  pi.  11, 

fig-  3- 

Type  locality.     Ward,  Boulder  County,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  of  Colorado,  north  on  eastern  ranges 
of  Rocky  Mountains  to  northern  Montana. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  gappcri,  but  larger;  longer  tail;  col- 
ors lighter;  skull  with  prominent  superciliary  ridges  in  old  individ- 
uals. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  reddish  chestnut:  sides  and  face 
buffy  gray;  feet  and  belly  whitish  or  yellowish  gray.  Tail,  blackish 
above,  whitish  beneath. 

Summer  Pelage.  Dorsal  stripe  darker;  sides  and  (ace  clear  gray; 
feet  gray. 


174  EVOTOMYS. 

Measuremenls.  Average  total  length,  145;  tail  vertebra-,  43.6; 
hind  foot,  18.2. 

e.—saturatus.  [Evo/omys),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1894,  p.  284. 

Type  locality.      Nelson,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon,  mountains  of  north- 
ern Idaho,  and  northward  into  British  Columbia  to  Cariboo  Lake. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  E.  gappcri,  tail  longer;  ears  larger; 
hind  feet  stouter;  side  spots  over  glands  conspicuous.  Skull  larger, 
wider  and  more  angular  than  E.  gappcri ;  premaxillte  projecting 
slightly  back  of  truncate  posterior  end  of  nasals;  palatine  bone  U- 
shaped,  with  straight  posterior  margin. 

Color.  Above  light  reddish  chestnut  ;  face,  sides  and  lower 
rump  dark  gray,  belly  washed  with  white.  Throat  patch  white.  Tail 
light  gray  above,  dark  gray  beneath. 

Measurcmen/s.  Average  total  length,  149;  tail  vertebra',  45;  hind 
foot,  18.2.  Skull:  basal  length,  22.3;  nasals,  6.5;  zygomatic  breadth, 
13.5;  mastoid,  11. 2. 

245.  brevicaudus.     {Evotomys),   Merr. ,   N.   Am.   Faun.,  No.  5,  1891, 

p.  iig,  pi.  1 1 1,  figs.  7,  8. 

Type  locality.      Custer,  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 

Genl.  Char.  Large  as  E.  gapperi;  rather  larger  hind  foot;  tail 
shorter.      Color  in  summer  paler. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Similar  to  E.  loringi.  but  paler,  mixed 
with  black  above;  sides  ash  gray  suffused  with  buff;  belly  cream 
white;  side  spots  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  125;  tail  vertebrae,  31;  hind  foot 
ig.  Skull:  basal  length,  21.2;  nasals,  6.6;  zygomatic  breadth,  12.5; 
mastoid,  11.3;  upper  molar  series,  5.4. 

246.  carolinensis.  {Evotomys),  Merr.,  Amer.  Jour.  Scien.,  xxxxi,  1888, 

p.  460. 

Type  locality.  Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina,  6,000  feet  alti- 
tude. 

Geogr.  Distr.  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  West  Vir- 
ginia and  Tennessee. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,  tail  long,  color  dark. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  dark  chestnut;  face,  sides  and 
rump  bister  mixed  with  black;  belly  white  and  buffy  ochraceous; 
feet  grayish  brown;  ears  dusky;  tail  blackish  above,  gray  below. 

Winter  Pelage.  Paler  and  brighter;  sides  buffy  ochraceous;  ears 
tipped  with  rufous. 


EVOTOMYS.  175. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  149;  tail  vertebrae,  44:  hind 
foot,  20.2.  Skull:  basal  length,  23.5;  nasals,  7.5;  zygomatrc  breadth, 
14.4;  mastoid,  12;  upper  molar  series,  6. 

247.  ungava.     i^Evotomys'),    Bailey,   Proc.    Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,    1897, 

p.  130. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Chimo,  Ungava. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Labrador. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  as  E.  gapperi;  tail  and  feet  slender:  ears  small; 
color  dull;  skull  slender,  rostrum  not  decurved. 

Color.  Above  dull  brownish  chestnut;  sides  and  face  buffy  graj' 
lined  with  black;  beneath  dark  plumbeous  washed  with  buffy;  feet 
dusky  gray;  tail  brownish  above,  buffy  below;  sides  of  nose  and  spot 
on  under  lip  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  134;  tail  vertebra',  39;  hind  foot,  19. 
Skull:  basal  length,  22.8;  nasals,  7;  zygomatic  breadth,  13.5;  mas- 
toid, 11;   length  upper  molar  series,  5. 

248.  idahoensis.     {Evotomys),  Merr.,   N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  p.  66. 
Type  locality.      Sawtooth  or  Alturus  Lake,  east  foot  of   Sawtooth 

Mountain,  Idaho. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  of  south  central  Idaho,  between  the 
Snake  and  Salmon  Rivers. 

Genl.  Char.      Larger   than  E.  gapperi;  tail  longer;  skull  narrow. 

Color.  Above  pale  hazel  lined  with  black;  face,  sides  and  rump 
ash  gray;  beneath  whitish;  ears  sooty  gray;  feet  gray;  tail  blackish 
above,  gray  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  153;  tail  vertebra',  48;  hind  foot,  20. 
Skull:  basal  length,  23.5;  nasals,  8;  zygomatic  breadth,  13.3;  mas- 
toid, 1 1.6;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.4. 

249.  mazama.    [Evotomys),  ^lexr.,'Pxoc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p. 71. 
Type  locality.      Crater   Lake,    Mt.    Mazama,    Oregon.      Altitude, 

7,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Crest  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  in  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  tail  long;  colors  bright;  gland  spots  con- 
spicuous. Skull  broad  and  angular;  rostrum  straight;  audital  bullae 
large;  pterygoids  prominent  and  inflated  at  tips,  rounded  anterior!}- 
with  a  median  posterior  projection. 

Color.  Above  cinnamon  rufous  or  hazel,  shading  into  the  buffj- 
gray  of  face  and  sides;  beneath  buffy  white;  side  spots  over  glands 
frosted  slaty  gray;  feet  grayish  white:  tail  blackish  above,  whitish 
below. 

Measurements.      Average  total  length,  157;  tail  vertebra^  52;  hind 


176  EVOTOMYS. 

foot,  18.7.    Skull:   basal  length,  23.3;   nasals,  7.2:  zygomatic  breadth, 
14.2;  mastoid,  12.4;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5. 

250.  obscurus.   {EvotLimys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  72. 

Type  locality.      Prospect,  Upper  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  West  slope  of  southern  Cascade  Range  and  north- 
ern Sierra  Nevada  in  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  E.  mazama,  color  grayish,  glands  incon- 
spicuous. 

Color,  Above  olive  gray;  dorsal  area  cinnamon  rufous  mixed 
with  black,  illy  defined;  face  and  sides  gray;  beneath  dull  buff;  ears 
dusky;  feet  dusky  gray;  tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  155;  tail  vertebra;,  47;  hind  foot,  17. 
Skull:  basal  length,  21. S;  zygomatic  breadth,  13.3;  mastoid,  11. 5; 
length  of  molar  series,  4.5. 

351.  californicus.  {Evotomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  p.  26,  pi. 
II,  fig.  2. 

Type  locality.      Eureka,  Humboldt  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Coast  of  Oregon  and  northern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long;  colors  dark;  ears  small;  lat- 
eral glands  wrell  defined.  Skull  with  short,  stout  decurved  rostrum; 
pterygoids  and  bullae  larger  than  in  any  other  species;  palatines  tri- 
angular in  outline  and  with  a  posterior  projection;  zygomata  bent 
down,  not  abruptly  spreading;  molars  wide  and  heavy;  posterior 
upper  molar  short;  terminal  loop  verj-  small  or  absent. 

Color.  Above  sepia;  dark  chestnut  on  back,  and  dusky  on  rump; 
glandular  spots  plumbeous,  beneath  pale  buffy;  feet  whitish;  ears 
dusky;  tail  blackish  above,  whitish  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  161;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  hind  foot,  21. 
Skull:  basal  length,  22.8;  nasals,  7.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  14;  mas- 
toid, 12.3;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5.3. 

252.  occidentalis.    [Evotomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  p.  25,  pi. 
II,  fig.  I. 
pygmcRus,  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1894,  p.  284. 

Type  locality.      Aberdeen,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Puget  Sound  and  coast  region  of  Washington, 
and  southern  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  E.  californicus ;  tail  long,  slender; 
skull  thin,  light;  audital  bullae  much  inflated,  approaching  each  other 
over  basioccipital;  pterygoids  fiat,  perforated  at  base;  palatines  with 
a  posterior  projection. 

Color.      Above   dull   burnt   umber   or   dark   chestnut   lined  with 


EVOTOMYS.  177 

black;   sides   dusky  gray  suffused   with   buffy;  glandular  patch  dark 
sooty  gray;  tail  blackish;   feet  dusky;   under  parts  salmon  buff. 

Measurc-mc-/i/s.  Total  length,  145;  tail  vertebra',  45;  hind 
foot.  iS. 

253.  nivarius.     {Evotomys),    Bailey,   Proc.    Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,    1897, 

p.  137. 

Type  locality.  Olympic  Mountains,  Washington.  Altitude,  4,000 
feet  on  N.  W.  slope  of  Mt.  EUinor. 

Geogr.  Dislr.      High  altitude  Olympic  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  E.  occidcntalis,  but  color  lighter.  Skull 
angular;  posterior  edge  of  palatine  straight. 

Color.  Above  light  chestnut;  sides  dark  gray  tinged  with  buff; 
under  parts  whitish;  postauricular  spot  whitish  ;  ears  dusky  ;  tail 
dusky  above,  whitish  below;  feet  soiled  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  150;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  hind  foot, 
iS.  Skull:  basal  length,  21;  nasals,  6.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  13; 
mastoid,  11.5;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  5. 

254.  proteus.      {Evo/omys),    Bailey,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.  Wash.,    1897, 

P-    137- 

7^1/6'  locality.      Hamilton  Inlet,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Labrador,  range  undetermined. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  colors  variable.  Skull  large,  angular, 
interorbital  constriction  deep  ;  process  of  squamosal  strongly 
marked. 

Color.  Above  usually  sepia,  with  cheeks,  face  and  sides  smoke 
gray  tinged  with  yellowish;  under  parts  light  smoke  gray;  feet  dull 
gray;   tail  duskj'  above,  dull  gray  below. 

Other  specimens  have  the  dorsal  band  bright  chestnut,  and  sides 
dark  yellowish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  171;  tail  vertebra-,  53;  hind  foot,  21; 
ear,  17. 

255.  alascensU.     {Evotomys),    Miller.   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1898,  p.  364,  fig.  2. 

ruiilus,   Coues,  Mon.  Rodents,  1877,  p.  136  (nee  Pallas). 

Type  locality.     St.  Michaels,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Dislr.  Alaska,  Fort  Yukon  to  St.  Michaels.  Limits  of 
range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Nasal  bones  long,  one-third  greatest  length  of 
skull;  tail,  20-30.     Color  dull  ferruginous. 

Color.  "Above  dull  ferruginous  mi.ved  with  black;  sides  ochra- 
ceous  buff  lined  with  black;   belly  buff  grading  to  grayish   on   throat; 


178  EVOTOMYS.  MICROTUS. 

feet  buffy  whitish;  face  mixed  buffy  and  reddish.       Tail    buffy  below, 
brownish  tinged  with  red  above;  ears  dull  ferruginous." 

Measurements.  Total  length,  no;  tail  vertebrse,  23;  hind  foot,  18; 
ear,  12.6.  Skull:  greatest  length,  25;  nasals,  8;  zygomatic  breadth, 
13.4;  mastoid,   11. 6. 

53.     Microtiis. 

I.  '=i;   M.  5=^  =  16. 

Vernon  Bailey.  Revision  of  the  American  Voles  of  the  genus  Mi- 
crotiis.     North  Am.  Faun.,  igoo,  No.   17. 

Microtus.     Schrank,  Faun.  Boica,  I,  1798,  p.  66.      Type,  Mus  arvalis. 

Pall. 
Arvicola.      Lacep.,  Mem.  1  Tnstit.,  1801,  in,  p.  489. 
Mynomes.      Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  11,  p.  45. 
Psammomys.      LeConte,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  1830,  p.  132 

(nee  Cretzschmer). 
Pitymys.      McMurtr.,  Am.  ed.  Cuv.  Anim.  King.,  1831,  i,  p.  434. 
Ammomys.     Bon.,  Sagg.  Dist.  Met.  degli.  Anim.  Vert.,  1831,   p. 

20  (footnote). 
Pinemys.     Less.,  Hist.  Nat.  Mamm.  at  Ois  decouv.  depuis,  1788, 

Ouvre  de  Buff.,  1836,  v,  p.  436. 
Hemiotomys.     De   Selys   Longchamps   Essai,     Mon.    Campagn., 

Liege,  1836,  p.  7. 
Lagurus.     Glog. ,  Gemeinn.  Hand-u-Hilfsb.    Naturgesch.,    1841, 

p.  97- 
Neodon.      Hodg.,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1849,  p.  333. 
Agricola.      Bias.,  Faun.  Wirbelt  Deutsch.,  1857,  p.  334. 
Chilotus.      Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  516. 
Paludicola.      Bias.,  Faun.  Wirbelt  Deutsch.,  1857,  p.  333. 
Pedomys.      Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  517. 
Praticola.       Fatio,    Les    Campagn.    Bass.    L6mm,    1867,    p.    3& 

(Part). 
Terricola.      Fatio,    Les    Campagn.    Bass.    L6mm,    1867,    p.    3& 

(Part). 
Sylvicola.      Fatio,  Les  Compagn.  Bass  L^man,  1867,  p.  63. 
Ochotomys.       Fitzin.,    Sitzungb.    K.    Akad.    Wiss.    Wien,    1867, 

P-  47- 
Micrurus.      Forsyth-Major,    Alt.    dell.    Soc.    Tosc.    Scien.    Nat., 

1876,  III,  p.  126. 
Eremiomys.      Palyakoff,  Mem.  Acad.  Imp.  Sc.  St.  Petersb. ,  1881, 

P-  34- 
Campicola.      Schulze,  Schrift-Natur.  Ver.  Harz.    Wernig. ,    1S90, 
p.  24. 


MICROTUS.  170 

'reiramert'doii.  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1S94, 
p.  2S2. 

Aulacomys.      Rhoads,  Am.  Nat.,  1894,  p.  182. 

Orthriomys.      Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  107. 

Herpetomys.      Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  107. 

Molars  not  rooted,  mandibular  molars  without  closed  triangles 
on  outer  side;  upper  incisors  not  grooved;  root  of  lower  incisor 
extending  back  to  third  molar,  displacing  base  of  that  tooth,  and 
terminating  above  the  dental  foramen  of  the  ascending  ramus.  Tail 
terete,  longer  than  hind  foot;  posterior  border  of  bony  palate  very 
variable;  middle  part  of  zygoma  only  slightly  expanded;  postorbital 
process  of  squamosal  shelf- like. 

A.  Microtns. 
Palate  normal;  lower  third  molar  without  closed  triangles;  lower 
first  molar  normally  with  five  closed  triangles  and  nine  salient  angles; 
upper  third  molar  normally  with  three  closed  triangles  and  seven  or 
eight  salient  angles.  Upper  incisors  not  grooved.  Mamm;i'  eight, 
four  pectoral  and  four  inguinal.  Plant;r  tubercles  six;  soles  moder- 
ately hairy. 


Fig.  38.     Microtus  pennsylvanicus. 

No.  424  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     Nat.  size. 

LOWKR    TliOTH    KOW.  UlTER   TOOTH   ROW. 

KnlarRed  t  times.  Enlarged  5  times. 


256.    pennsylvanicus.     ( .lA/y),    Ord,    Guthr.    Geog.,    1815,    2d   ed., 
p.  292. 
pratcnsts,    Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  11,  p.  45. 
no'i'eboracensis,    Rafin.,  Ann.  Nat.,  1820,  p.  3. 
paliistris,    Harl.,  Faun.  Amer.,  1825,  p.  136. 

ripariiis,   Ord,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phila.,  1825,   Iv,  p.  305. 
albo-rufescens,    Emmons,  Rep.  Quad.  Mass.,  1840,  p.  60. 
hirsutus,   Emmons,  Rep.  Quad.  Mass.,  1840,  p.  60. 


180  MICROTUS. 

nasutus,  Aud.  &  Bach.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1841, 
p.  96. 

fulva,   Aud.  &  Bach.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1841,  p.  96. 

rii/escens,    DeKay,  N.  Y.  Zool.,  1842,  i,  p.  85. 

oneida,   DeKay,  N.  Y.  Zool.,  1842,  i,  p.  88. 

dekayi,   Aud.  &  Bach.,  N.  Am.  Quad.,  1854,  in,  p.  287. 

longtpi/is,  Kenn.,  Agric.  Rep.,  U.  S.  Patent  Office,  1856,  p.  304. 

rufidorsum,   Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1859,  p.  526. 

Type  locality.      Near  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Atlantic  coast  westward  to  the  Dakotas  and 
Nebraska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  more  than  one-third  the  length  of 
head  and  body.      Feet  very  large,  scaly.      Head  pointed. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  reddish  brown  to  yellow  chestnut, 
mixed  with  black;  lower  sides  j-ellowish  brown;  beneath  whitish  ash, 
tinged  with  brown.      Feet  and  tail  dusky,  the  latter  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  167-171;  tail  vertebrse,  44-46;  hind 
foot,  21-24. 

a. — ni^rans.      Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phila. ,    1897,  p.  307. 

Type  locality.      Currituck,  North  Carolina. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coasts  of  southern  Virginia  and  northern  North 
Carolina. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  bister  lined  with  black,  beneath 
smoky  gray.      Tail,  black  above,  sooty  below;  feet  blackish. 

Winter  Pelage.      Colors  darker,  dorsal  area  nearly  black. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  175;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  hind 
foot,  23;  ear,  9. 

h.~acadicvbs.     {Microtus),  Bangs,  Amer.  Natur.,  1897,  31,  p.  239. 

Type  locality.      Digby,  Nova  Scotia. 

Geogr.   Distr.     Nova  Scotia  and  Prince  Edward's  Island. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than  M.  pennsylvanicus. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  bister  brown,  shaded  with  russet, 
sparsely  mixed  with  black;  beneath  dark  gray  washed  with  white. 
Summer  Pelage.  Above  \'ellowish  bister  lined  with  black;  tail  brown- 
ish black  above,  paler  beneath;  feet  dusky  plumbeous. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  172;  tail  vertebrae,  49;   hind  foot,  20. 

c. — modestus.  {Arvicola),  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  535,  Spec, 
juv. 

insperatus,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1894,  p.  347. 

Type  locality.  Sawatch  Pass  (Cochetopa  Pass),  Rocky  Mountains, 
Colorado, 


MICROTUS. 


Gfogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  plains  from  New  Mex- 
ico to  British  Columbia,  and  from  the  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota,  to 
central  Idaho,  and  the  plains  of  the  Columbia. 

Gfiil.  Char.  Equal  in  size  to  .)/.  penmylvanicus:  ears  shorter 
than  fore  foot;  tail  vertebr.x"  scarcely  longer  than  the  head;  middle 
upper  molar  with  five  triangles;  last  upper  molar  has  one  anterior, 
one  interior  and  two  exterior  triangles,  and  a  posterior  bent  crescent 
occupying  nearly  half  the  tooth.  With  the  loop  of  this  crescent  there 
are  five  interior  salient  angles  and  three  exterior.  Anterior  lower 
molar  has  five  interior  salient  angles  and  the  loop,  and  four  exterior. 

Color.  Above,  black  hairs  with  yellowish  brown  tips,  giving  a 
fulvous  tinge.  Beneath,  dark  plumbeous  tinged  with  hoary.  Tail 
above  dark  brown;  below  hoary  plumbeous.      Feet  dark  brown. 

Mt-asurtHieiits.     Total  length,  93:  tail  vertebra',  23;  hind  foot,  iS. 

(1.    fonti^piiiif.    {Afuro/ns),  Bangs,  Biol.  Sec.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  48. 

Type  locality.      Lake  Edward,  Quebec. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Quebec,  Canada,  west  to  Peninsula  Harbor  and 
Nepigon,  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  color  dark,  no  rufous  shades:  rostrum 
slender,  bullae  large. 

Color.  Above  sepia  brown  mixetl  with  black;  beneath  olive  or 
smoky  gray;  tail  black  above,  gray  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  151  ;  tail  vertebra',  41.5  ;  hind 
foot.  21. 

e.—liihrndnriu!'.     {Microtiis),    Bailey,    Proc.    Biol.  Soc,  Wash.,    1898, 
p.  88. 

Tvpe  localitv.      Fort  Chimo,  Ungava,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Ungava,  Labrador.  Only  known  from  the  type 
locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  flat  ;  postorbital  ridge  prominent  ;  nasals 
short,  cuneate:  first  upper  molar  usually  with  a  posterior  lobe  on 
eitlier  side;  audital  bulla;  small. 

Color.  "Above  dark  brownish;  belly  whitish;  tail  bicolor;  feet 
pale." 

.\fidsiirements.  Total  length,  139;  tail  vertebra',  39;  hintl 
foot,  20. 

257.  drummondi.     (Arvnola).    And.    A:    Bach.,    N.   Am.    Quad,    iir, 

1854,  p.   166. 
microcephaliis,     Khoads,    Proc.    .\cad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phila.,    1894, 

p.  286. 
stonei,  Allen,   Bull.  Am.    Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1899,  p.  5. 
Type  locality.     Near  Jasper  House,  Rocky  Mountains.  Alberta. 


182  MICROTUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  and  from  United  States 
northern  boundary  to  Fort  Anderson,  Northwest  Territory. 

Genl.    Char.      Size  small;  tail  short.      Skull  narrow,  slender. 

Color.  Sutnnur  Pelage.  Above  dark  brown,  suffused  with  pale 
fulvous  and  lined  with  black;  dorsal  area  blackish  brown,  side  grayer; 
beneath  whitish  gray,  base  of  hair  plumbeous;  sides  of  nose  and 
front  of  ears  yellowish;  feet  silver  gray;  tail  blackish  brown  above, 
grayish  beneath.  Winter  Pelage.  Paler;  ears  and  nose  more  con- 
spicuously yellow. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  143-156;  tail  vertebra?,  33-39;  hind 
foot,  17-19;  ear,  8.5.  Skull:  occipito-parietal  suture  to  end  of  nasals, 
23;  zygomatic  breadth,  13.6;  interorbital  breadth,  13.6;  width  of 
brain  case,  12;  length   of  nasals,  7;  incisors  to  post-palatal  notch,  7. 

258.  aztecus.     (Arrieola),    Allen,   Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y., 

1893,  p.  73- 

Type  locality.      Aztec,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Estes  Park,  Colorado,  to  \'alley  of  San  Juan 
River,   New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  short;  skull  very  narrow.  Interpa- 
rietal twice  as  wide  as  long. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown  tinged  with  buff;  beneath  grayish 
white;  feet  dusky.      Tail  dusky  brown  above;  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  146-170  ;  tail  vertebrae,  35-42  ; 
hind  foot,  17. 3-18. 

259.  enixus.     {Mierotus),  Bangs,  Amer.  Natur.,    1896,  p.  1051. 
Type  locality.      Hamilton  Inlet,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  coast  of  Labrador  from  Hamilton  Inlet 
to  Ungava  Bay. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium,  tail  long;  hind  foot  large;  molars 
small,  weak;  incisors  long,  slender,  projecting  outward.  Hip  glands 
present  in  adult  males. 

Color.  Above  dark  burnt  umber  brown,  mixed  with  black; 
beneath  dark  graj';  feet  dusky;  tail   above  black,  beneath  dark  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210  ;  tail  vertebrae,  67  ;  hind 
foot,  22.5. 

260.  terraenovae.     [Microtus),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894, 

p.  129. 
Type  locality.      Codroy,  Newfoundland. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Newfoundland  and  Penguin  Island. 
Genl.  Char.      Size  of  M.  pennsylvanicus,  but  with  larger  feet;  tail 
more  than    twice  the  length   of   hind    foot.      Skull    broad    and  short; 


MICROTUS.  183 

orbital  constriction  very  considerable;  rostrum  narrow.  First  upper 
molar  with  spur  at  base  of  posterior  angle. 

Color.  Above  umber  brown,  mixed  with  black;  beneath  gray, 
with  a  median  dark  cinnamon  streak.  Tail  above  black,  beneath 
gray.      Feet  grayish  brown. 

Midsiircments.  Total  length,  187:  tail  vertebra-,  54;  hind  foot, 
24;  ear,  12. 

261.  brewerl.     [Arvicola),  Baird,  N.  Amer.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  525. 

7'y/>e  locality.      Muskeeget  Island,  Massachusetts. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  onlj-  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  feet  broad  and  stout;  soles  with  six 
tubercles;  brain  case  longer  and  wider  than  that  of  M.  pennsylvanicus ; 
interparietal  longer  antero-posteriorly,  shorter  transversely.  Inter- 
parietal as  wide  as  long. 

Color.  Above  grayish  yellow  brown  ;  under  parts  yellowish 
white.  Feet  white.  Tail  above  yellowish  brown,  beneath  yellowish 
white. 

Afcasurcments.  Total  length,  162-182;  tail  vertebrae,  44-54;  hind 
foot,  22.  3-24. 

263.  nesophilus.  {Microtus),  Bailey,  Science,  N.  S.  1898,  m, 
p.  782. 

insularis,  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  85  {nee  Lemmus 
insularis  N^ills). 

Type  locality.      Great  Gull  Island,  N.  Y. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  "Size  of  M.  pennsylvanicus,  colors  darker;  skull 
shorter  and  wider,  with  spreading  zygoma  and  deep  prezygomatic 
notches."     Interparietal  wider  than  long. 

Color.      Above  dark  yellowish  bister,  below  cinnamon. 

Measurements.  Skull:  basal  length,  26;  zygomatic  breadth,  16.2; 
mastoid,  12.3;  length  of  molar  series,  6.8  (Skin).  Tail,  29;  hind 
foot,  20. 

263.  montanus.  (Arvicola),  Peale,  Mamm.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped., 
1848,  p.  46. 

longiroslris,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  530. 

Type  locality.  Head  waters  of  Sacramento  River  near  Mount 
Shasta,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Utah,  Nevada,  northeastern  California 
and  eastern  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  moderate;  ear  long  as  forefoot;  tail  long,  two- 
fifths  the  head  and  body.  Last  upper  molar  has  three  external 
salient  angles;  first  lower  molar  has  five  interior  and  four  exterior. 


184  MICROTUS. 

Color.  Above  dull  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  sides 
lighter;  beneath  whitish  ash,  base  of  fur  plumbeous;  feet  brownish 
white.      Tail  brown  above,  soiled  white  beneath. 

Mc-asurei/ients.  Total  length,  122-192;  tail  vertebrae,  33-54;  hind 
foot,  19  23;  ear,  9-11. 

n.—ariznnenais.  (M/crotus),  Baile^',  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 
p.  88. 

Ty/>e  locality.     Springerville,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Disir.      Eastern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  J/,  mon/aniis,  but  more  ferruginous;  pal- 
ate flat,  pits  shallow;  pterygoids  thick. 

Color.  Above  rusty  brown;  beneath  white;  feet  dark  gravish; 
tail  blackish  above,  grayish  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  184;  tail  vertebra?,  55;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  basal  length,  27.3;  nasals,  8;  zygomatic  breadth,  16; 
mastoid,  12.2;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  6.5. 

h.—iivwJari'i.  (Microtus).  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  iSgS, 
p.  96. 

Type  locality.      St.  George,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  the  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.      Larger  and  paler  than  M.  montanus. 

Color.  Above  dull  bister  lined  with  black;  sides  slighth'  paler: 
beneath  whitish;  feet  grayish;   tail  blackish  above,  grayish  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  179;  tail  vertebrae,  48;  hind  foot, 
23.  Skull:  basal  length,  28.2;  nasals,  8.3;  zygomatic  breadth,  17; 
mastoid,  13.3;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  7.3. 

264.  nanus.  {.Arvicola),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  1891,  p.  63.  pi. 
II,  fig.  5-6. 

Type  locality.  Pahsimeroi  Mountains,  Idaho.  Altitude.  9.350 
feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocks'  Mountains  and  other  ranges  from  Central 
Idaho  to  Nevada  and  southern  Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  small;  antitragus  large,  and  large 
fossa  innominata;  tail  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  head  and 
body.  Skull:  brain  case  narrow,  high;  parietal  anteriorly  subtrun- 
cate;  middle  upper  molar  without  postero-internal  loop. 

Color.  Above  pale  grizzled  bister,  mixed  with  black;  sides  ash 
gray;  beneath  grayish  white.  Tail  above  dusk}',  beneath  whitish. 
Feet  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  151:  tail  vertebrae,  41;  hairs,  7.5; 
hind  foot,  18;  ear  from  crown,  4. 


MICROTUS.  185 

fi.—canescens.  [.Vicrotits),  Baikj-,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 
p.  87. 

Type  locality.      ConconuUy,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Washington  and  southern  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

God.  Char.  Similar  to  -1/.  nanus,  but  paler.  Skull:  mastoid 
breadth  greater;  audital  bulla;  larger;  molar  pattern  as  in  J/,  nanus; 
hip  glands  conspicuous  in  adult  males. 

Color.  Above  dark  grayish;  sides  lighter  gray;  beneath  white; 
feet  dark  gray;   tail  above  blackish;  grayish  beneath. 

.\fcasuri-nien/s.  Total  length,  149;  tail  vertebrae,  42;  hind  foot, 
20.  Skull:  occipital  condyles  to  anterior  base  of  molars,  17.4;  zygo- 
matic breadth,  15:   mastoid,  12.3;  length  of  molar  series,  63. 

265.  canicaudus.     [Microtus).    Miller,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1S97, 

p.  67. 

Type  locality.      McCoy,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  southern  Washing- 
ton on  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  about  as  M.  nanus,  but  more  yellow.  The 
brain  case  is  broader  and  deeper;  audital  bulhr  flatter  and  more 
round. 

Color.  Above  and  sides  umber  brow-n  mixed  with  black,  darker 
on  head  and  paler  on  sides;  beneath  grayish  white  tinged  with  yel- 
lowish: tail  above  whitish  gray,  beneath  paler.  Base  of  fur  plum- 
beous. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  135;  tail  vertebrir,  33.7; 
hind  foot,  20. 

266.  dutcheri.     (.\ficrotus),    Bailty,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1898, 

p.  85. 

Type  toealily.  Big  Cottonwood  Meadows,  near  Mt.  Whitney, 
California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Inyo  and  Tulare  counties,  eastern  California. 
"  Hudsonian  zone  of  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada." 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  short;  ears  small;  hip  glands  pres- 
ent in  adult  males. 

Color.  Above  dark  bister,  hairs  tipped  with  brown;  beneath 
buffy  brown;  feet  whitish;  tail  blackish  above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  167;  tail  vertebra',  35;  hind  foot,  20. 

267.  nevadensis.     (Mierotus).  Bailey,    Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,   1898, 

p.  S6. 
Type  locality.      Ash  Meadows,  Nye  county,  Nevada. 


186  MICROTUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Type  locality  and  Pahranagat  Valley,  Southern 
Nevada. 

Genl.  CImr.  Size  large;  tail  short;  colors  dark;  hip  glands  con- 
spicuous in  adult  males;  first  upper  molar  with  five  closed  triangles; 
second  with  four;  sometimes  there  is  a  small  inner  lobe  at  base  of 
posterior  triangle;  third  with  anterior  crescent,  three  closed  triangles 
and  a  posterior  loop  with  two  inner  lobes. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  55;  hind  foot, 
25.5.  Skull:  basal  length,  32;  nasals,  10.2;  zygomatic  breadth,  19. 3; 
mastoid,  14.3;   length  of  upper  molar  series,  8. 

268.  californicus.  {Arvicola),  Peale,  Mamm.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped., 
1S48,  p.  46. 

trowbridgi,  Baird,   N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  529. 

Type  locality.      Shores  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "California,  west  of  the  Colorado  Desert  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  from  Santa  Isabel,  San  Diego  county,  California, 
to  the  Rogue  River  and  Umpqua  Valleys,  Oregon." 

Genl.  Char.  Ear  five-eighths  length  of  hind  foot;  tail  twice  as 
long  as  hind  foot;  posterior  upper  molar  has  two  exterior  and  one 
interior  triangle;  the  posterior  crescent  sends  out  a  lobe  near  the 
bend;  first  upper  molar  has  four  external  salient  angles,  and  five 
internal,  besides  the  anterior  loop. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  sides 
lighter;  beneath  grayish  white  tinged  with  yellow;  feet  brownish 
gray;   tail  dark  brown  above,  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebrae,  48;  hind  foot, 
2o;  ear,  12. 

a—vallicola.    {Microtus'),  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  89. 

Type  locality.      Lone  Pine,  Inyo  county,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Valley  of  Eastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  and  darker  than  M.  californicus ;  middle 
upper  molar  with  lobe  at  base  of  fourth  triangle  often  developed  into 
a  loop. 

Color.  Above  dull  sepia,  lined  with  black,  slightly  suffused  with 
yellowish;  beneath  smoky  plumbeous;  feet  dusky;  tail  above  black- 
ish, below  grayish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  200;  tail  vertebrae,  57;  hind  foot,  23. 

b.—constrictus.     Bailey,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  igoo.  No.  17,  p.  36. 
T\pe  locality.      Cape  Mendocino,  California. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Coast  region  near  Cape  Mendocino. 
Genl.   Char.      Smaller  than  M.  californicus  and  grayer. 


MICROTUS.  187 

Color.  Above  buff\-  gray,  beneath  whitish.  Tail,  dull  grayish, 
feet  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  average  of  four  adults,  163;  tail 
vertebrs,  55;  hind  foot,  21.5. 

269.  edax.  (Arrico/a),  Le  Conte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scicn.  Phil.,  1853, 

p.  405. 

Type  locality.      Vicinity  of  San  Francisco,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Western  and  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  large;  tail  two-fifths  the  length  of  head  and 
body;  plantar  tubercles  large;  soles  haired  from  heel  to  first  tubercle. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  thinlj-  mixed  with  black; 
sides  paler;  beneath  soiled  grayish  white.  Tail,  brown  above,  dull 
white  beneath. 

.Miasurrments.      Total  length,  217;  tail  vertebrx',  73;  hind  foot,  25. 

270.  scirpensis.     (Microtis),    Bailey,    N.    Am.   Faun.,   igoo,   No.  17, 

p.  38. 

Ty/>e  locality.      Amargosa  Rivtr,  Inyo  Count)',  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  the  type  localit)-. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  ^f.  eda.x ;  colors  paler;  middle  upper 
molar  with  rounded  open  or  closed  posterior  loop. 

Color.  Above  dark  buffy  graj';  beneath  smoky  gray.  Tail, 
brown  above,  grayish  beneath;  feet  brownish  gray. 

.'^[easuremcnts.      Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebra-,  67;  hind  foot,  25. 

271.  operarius.     {Arvicola),  Nelson,   Proc.  Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,    1893, 

p.  139. 

Type  locality.      St.  Michaels,  Norton  Sound,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  tundras  of  Bering  Sea  from  Cape  Van- 
couver to  Bering  Straits,  including  Nelson,  St.  Michaels  and  Stew- 
art Islands;  Alaska  eastward  to  Anderson  River. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  one-third  the  length  of  head  and 
body;  color  pale. 

Color.  Above  pale  fulvous  or  fawn  faintly  lined  with  black; 
sides  paler;  beneath  grayish  white.  Tail,  above  dark  brown,  beneath 
white.      Feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  104.5:  tail  vertebra-,  25.2;  hind 
foot,  17.9;  ear,  9.8.     Juv? 

272.  macfarlani.     {.Microtia),    Merr.,    Proc.    W^ash.    Acad.    Scien., 

1900,  p.  25. 
Type  locality.      Fort  Anderson,  north  of  Great  Bear  Lake,  Arctic 

America. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Arctic  America  east  of  the  Mackenzie  River. 


188  MICROTUS. 

Genl.   Char.     Size  medium,  tail  short.      Similar  to  M.   operarius. 

Color.  Above  dull  fulvous  brown  and  black;  beneath  whitish 
tinged  with  buff;  hind  foot  brown;  toes  partly  whitish.  Tail,  dusky 
above,  whitish  beneath. 

Measuretnen/s.     Skin.      Tail,  29;  hind  foot,  18.5. 

273.  yakutatensis.     {Micro/ iis),   Merr.,    Proc.    Wash.    Acad.    Scien., 

1900,  p.  22. 

Type  locality.      Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Glacier  Bay  to  Prince  William  Sound,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  very  short,  similar  to  M.  siiken- 
sis,  but  with  shorter  feet.      Cranial  characters  as  in  J/,  sitkensis. 

Color.  Above  grayish  brown,  black,  and  buffy  fulvous;  beneath 
whitish,  or  buffy  white;  feet  whitish,  soles  black.  Tail,  above  black- 
ish, beneath  whitish  or  buff. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  172;  tail  vertebra^,  38;  hind  foot,  21. 

274.  kadiacensis.     {Microtus),    Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash..  1897, 

p.  222. 

Type  locality.      Kadiak  Island,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Kadiak  Island,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  M.  sitkensis,  but  smaller  and  paler. 
Teeth  as  in  M.  sitkensis,  but  first  lower  molars  with  only  two  closed 
loops  on  each  side. 

Color.  Above  pale  grizzled  brownish,  suffused  with  pale  ful- 
vous, lined  with  black;  under  parts  plumbeous  washed  with  white. 
Tail,  dusky  above,  white  beneath.      Feet  grayish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length:  "Average  of  five  adult  males, 
188;   tail  vertebrae,  50;   hind  foot,  21." 

275.  unalascensis.     {Microtus),   Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897, 

p.  222. 

Type  locality.      Unalaska,   Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Unalaska  Island,  Alaska. 

Genl  Char.  Similar  to  M.  kadiacensis,  but  darker;  audital  bullae 
shorter;  first  lower  molar  with  two  closed  and  two  open  internal 
loops,  and  two  closed  external. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown;  bent_-ath  plumbeous  washed 
with  whitish.      Tail,  black  above,  white  below.      Feet  grayish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  122;  tail  vertebrae,  28;  hind  foot,  19. 

II. — uniiofrnsif^.     {Microtus),     Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900, 
p.  22. 
Type  locality.      Popof  Island,  Shumagin  Group,  Alaska. 
Genl.  Char.      Similar  externally  to  M.  unalascensis,    but    cranium 


MICROTUS.  189 

different.  Anterior  end  of  frontal  narrow  and  without  a  lachrymal 
tubercle. 

Color.  Above  3'ellowish  brown,  darkest  in  middle  of  back  and 
lined  sparsely  with  black;  sides  paler  yellowish  brown;  beneath 
plumbeous  washed  with  wliite,  with  buff  space  on  breast.  Feet  and 
legs  dark  brownish.      Tail,  dusky  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length.  Type,  188;  tail  vertebra;,  43; 
hind  foot,  22.      "Average  of  three  topotypes,  165,  38,  22.4." 

276.  sitkensis.     {Microtiis),   Merr. ,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1897, 

p.  221. 

Type  locality.      Sitka,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Baranof  Island,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  equal  to  M.  unalascensis;  tail  short;  skull 
long  and  narrow;  brain  case  rounded;  audital  bulla  large,  elongated; 
incisive  foramina  narrow,  not  reaching  molars;  first  lower  molar  with 
three  internal  closed  loops,  and  two  external,  the  anterior  loop  with 
one  internal  salient  angle,  and  no  external.  Third  lower  molar  has 
four  inner  and  four  outer  salient  angles,  and   three  closed   triangles. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  brown  suffused  with  reddish  brown; 
brightest  on  rump,  beneath  plumbeous  washed  with  ochraceous  buff. 
Tail,  above  black,  below  white.      Feet  dusky. 

.\[easiirements.  Total  length,  155;  tail  vertebrae,  42;  hind  foot, 
23.  Skull:  basal  length,  25;  zygomatic  breadth,  14;  palatal  length, 
13;   interorbital  constriction,  4.2. 

277.  innuitus.     [Microtus),    Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900, 

p.  21. 

Type  locality.     St.  Lawrence  Island,  Bering  Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  and  parts  of  skeleton  alone  known;  ''cranium 
large;  zygomata  heavy,  bowed  outward,  anterior  roots  standing  out- 
ward and  forward  when  seen  from  above;  jugals  slightly  expanded; 
brain  case  squarely  truncate  anteriorly;  nasals  large,  cuneate;  ros- 
trum massive,  prominent  lip  at  border  of  anteorbital  foramen;  audital 
bullae  large;  incisors  produced  and  protruding.  Hind  molar  with  three 
closed  triangles;  first  molar  with  four,  two  on  a  side." 

Measurements.  "  Tail  vertebrae,  43-45;  hind  foot,  22-24.  Skull: 
basal  length,  32.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  19.5;  mastoid  breadth,  15.5; 
nasals,  9;  molar  series,  7.2."     (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

278.  abbreviatus.     {Microtus),   Miller,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1899, 

P-  13- 
Type  locality.      Hall  Island,  Bering  Sea. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 


MICROTUS. 


Genl.  Char.  Size  rather  large;  tail  shorter  than  hind  foot;  plan- 
tar tubercles  six;  enamel  pattern  as  in  M.  nivalis,  Europe. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown,  rufous  on  top  of  head  and 
on  rump,  the  plumbeous  bases  of  the  under  fur  giving  a  darkish  tone 
to  the  upper  parts;  side  pale  buff,  grading  into  the  yellowish  white 
of  the  under  parts.  Face  yellowish  rufous,  darkest  on  upper  lips; 
feet  whitish.      Tail,  above  like  back,  beneath  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  i6o;  tail  vertebras,  26;  hind  foot, 
20.  Taken  in  the  flesh  from  a  specimen  in  the  Field  Museum,  ob- 
tained by  the  author  on  Hall  Island,  Bering  Sea,  July  14,  1899. 

a .—fisheri .     {Microius),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900,  p.  23. 

Type  locality.     St.  Matthew  Island,  Bering  Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  "  Similar  to  M.  ahhreviatus,  but  yellow  suffusion 
even  more  intense,  particularly  on  belly;  nasals  and  rostrum  (above) 
decidedly  longer,  zygomata  more  strongly  bowed  outward;  bullae 
broader,  less  pointed  anteriorly,  and  less  flattened  on  outer  side." 
(Merr.,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.      Total  length,  178;  tail  vertebras,  32;  hind  foot,  24. 

279.  townsendi.     [Arvicola),   Bach.,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1839,  p.  60. 

occidentalis.      Peale,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  Mamm.,  184S,  p.  45. 

Type  locality.  Lower  Columbia  River,  Oregon,  near  mouth  of 
the  Willamette. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Port  Moody,  British  Columbia,  to  the  Willamette 
Valley  and  Taquina  Bay,  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  large;  ears  two-thirds  the  length  of  hind 
foot;  tail  less  than  half  the  length  of  head  and  bod\'.  Middle  upper 
molar  has  four  triangles;  last  upper  molar  has  one  interior  and  two 
exterior  closed  triangles,  and  one  anterior  spherical  triangle;  anterior 
lower  molar  has  four  salient  angles  on  either  side  and  three  exterior 
and  three  interior  triangles. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  rusty  brown  lined  with  black;  sides 
paler  with  less  black.  Under  parts  soiled  ashy  white  tinged  with 
brownish;  feet  pale  brown.      Tail,  dark  brown  above,  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190-226;  tail  vertebrffi,  66;  hind 
foot,  25-26;  ear,  15. 

280.  tetramerus.    (Arviccld),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1894,  p.  283. 
Type  locality.      Beacon  Hill  Park,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Vancouver  Island. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium,  tail  long;  middle  upper  molar  want- 
ing fifth  section. 


MICROTUS.  101 

Co/or.  Similar  to  .U.  townsendi.  Above  grizzled  blackish  brown; 
below  ash;  feet  grayish  brown:  tail  above  like  back,  below  like  under 
parts. 

.\f,i.isnr,nunls.     Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  hind  foot.  23. 

281.  longicaudus.     {Arvicola),  Merr.  Amer.  Nat.,  1888,  p.  934. 
Type-  locality.      Custer,  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Western  South  Dakota,  Wjoming. 

Genl.  Char.     Antitragus  closing  like  meatus;  tail  verj'  long. 

Color.  Above  and  sides  bister,  grizzled  with  rusty  on  back;  sides 
grayish,  beneath  buffy  gray;  feet  plumbeous  ;  tail  blackish  above, 
whitish  beneath. 

.Veasurements.     Total  length,  185;  tail  vertebra?,  65;  hind  foot,  21. 

282.  mordax.     (Arvicola),  Merr.,    N.   Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  1891,  p.  61, 

pi.  II,  fig.  3-4. 

vellerosus,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1899,  p.  7. 

cautus,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1899,  p.  7. 

Type  locality.  Sawtooth  or  Alturus  Lake,  east  foot  of  Saw- 
tooth Mountain,  Idaho. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "  In  Rocky  Mountains  and  contiguous  ranges 
from  latitude  60  to  northern  New  Mexico,  and  in  the  Cascades  of 
Sierra  Nevada  to  Kaweah  and  Kern  rivers,  California." 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  M.  longicaudus,  but  larger;  tail  longer, 
ears  smaller;  skull  with  processes  and  ridges  more  developed  than  in 
allied  species. 

Color.  Above  pale  grayish  bister,  lined  with  black;  sides  clear 
gray;  under  parts  and  feet  whitish.  Tail  dark  above,  whitish  below; 
feet  plumbeous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  200;  tail  vertebra-,  77;  hind  foot, 
22;  ear,  10. 

283.  macrourus.     {Microtiis),  Merr.,  Acad.   Nat.   Scien.    Phil.,   1898, 

P-  353- 

Type  locality.    Lake  Cushman,  Olympic  Mountains,  Washington, 

Geogr.  Distr.  Olympic  Mountains,  northwest  Washington,  and 
Alaska  to  Yakutat. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  ^f.  monla.v,  but  larger;  tail  longer;  hind 
feet  larger;  color  darker. 

Color.  Above  brownish  bister,  grizzled;  sides  paler;  beneath 
whitish,  base  of  hairs  plumbeous;  tail  dusky  above,  whitish  below; 
tip  sometimes  white.      Feet  plumbeous. 

A/easurements.  Average  total  length,  204;  tail  vertebrae,  80; 
hind  foot,  24.  Type  specimen:  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  88; 
hind  foot,  24.3. 


192  MICROTUS. 

284.  angusticeps.     {Microtus),  Bailey,  Proc.    Biol.    Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 

p.  86. 

Type  locality.      Crescent  City,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  northwestern  California  and 
southwestern  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  narrow;  audital  bulla?  small;  nasals  project- 
ing in  front  of  incisors;  enamel  pattern  of  teeth  like  that  of  ^[. 
mordax. 

Color.  Above  dark  bister  lined  with  black;  sides  paler;  beneath 
creamy  white  ;  feet  plumbeous  gray  ;  tail  above  blackish,  below 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebrae,  56;  hind  foot, 
22.  Skull:  basal  length,  23.4;  nasals,  7.6;  zygomatic  breadth,  13.5; 
mastoid,  10.8;  length  of  upper  molar  series,  6. 

285.  alticola.     [Arvieola),    Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  1890,   p.   67, 

pi.  5  and  6. 

Type  locality.  Little  Spring,  San  Francisco  Mountain,  Arizona. 
Altitude,  8,200  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.      San  Francisco  Mountain,  northwestern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  rather  large;  ears  large;   tail  long. 

Color.  Above  dark  bister,  tinged  with  pale  reddish  brown  and 
lined  with  black;  beneath  hoary  plumbeous;  feet  grayish;  tail  dark 
brown  above,  grayish  brown  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebrje,  56;  hind  foot,  20; 
ear,  8. 

a .—leurophneu't.  (Arvieola),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y., 
1894,  p.  320. 

Type  locality.      Graham  Mountains,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Graham  Mountains,  southeastern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  less  than  one-half  the  length  of 
head  and  body.  Skull:  brain-case  broad  and  flat;  interorbital  region 
very  broad;  angle  of  mandible  greatly  developed. 

Color.  Above  pale  reddish  brown  lined  with  black  and  tinged 
with  gray;  sides  gray  with  less  black  ;  beneath  whitish  gray;  tail 
above  brown,  whitish  below.      Feet  dusky  washed  with  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  173;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  hind  foot, 
22.5;  ear,  15. 

286.  mogollonensis.    {Arvieola),  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

N.  Y. ,  II,  1890,  p.  283. 
T\pe  locality.      Baker's  Butte,  MogoUon   Mountains,  central  Ari- 
zona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Plateau  of  central  Arizona. 


MICROTUS.  183 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  less  than  half  the  length  of  head 
and  body. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  gray;  sides  fulvous;  beneath 
grayish,  washed  with  pale  fulvous;  feet  and  tail  grayish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  121-1 31 ;  tail  vertebra',31 ;  hind  foot,  18. 

287.  xanthognathus.     {Arvicola),  Leach   (nee   Harlan),  Zool.  Misc., 

1814,  p.  60,  pi.  26. 

Type  locality.      Hudson  Baj'. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "Northwestern  Canada  from  Central  Alberta  to 
Arctic  coast  and  west  to  central  Alaska." 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  large;  tail  shorter  than  head;  posterior  half 
of  soles  hairy. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown  and  black;  sides  paler;  beneath  sil- 
very bluish  gray;  two  patches  anterior  to  shoulders  blackish  gray; 
blackish  brown  stripe  on  nose  between  two  reddish  brown  stripes. 
Tail  beneath  whitish. 

.Mtasurcments.  Dry  skin.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  50; 
hind   foot,  27. 

288.  chrotorrhinus.     {Microtus),  Miller,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

1894,  p.  190. 

Type  locality.     Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire. 

Geoi^r.  Distr.  The  Catskills.  New  Hampshire  northward  into 
New  Brunswick  to  Trowser's  Lake  and  central  Quebec. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  size  to  J/,  pennsylvanicus  ;  hind  feet 
smaller;  posterior  upper  molar  with  three  nearly  closed  outer  trian- 
gles; third  lower  molar  with  five  closed  triangles,  five  inner  and  five 
outer  salient  angles  and  double-lobed  posterior  loop. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides,  between  raw  umber  and  broccoli 
brown  mixed  with  black;  muzzle  ochraceous;  sides  of  neck  and  head 
tinged  with  same  color;  beneath  silvery  gray;  tail  above  grayish 
brown,  beneath  hair  brown;  feet  silvery  gray,  soles  covered  with 
grayish  hairs. 

^feasurements.  Total  length,  165;  tail  vertebra^  45;  hind  foot, 
19.4;  ear,  13.8. 

a.—riivws.    [Microtits),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  188. 

Type  locality.      Black  Bay,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .1/.  chrotorrhinus;  paler;  skull  more  slen- 
der and  constricted  between  orbits;  rostrum  more  slender;  audital 
bulla-  Hatter;  less  inflated. 

Color.  Above  pale  grayish  raw  umber,  mixed  with  black  on 
back;  nose  and  face  pale  tawny  ochraceous;  under  parts  and  feet 
gray;  tail  above  dusky  brown,  paler  and  grayer  beneath. 


194  MICROTUS. 

Measurements.  "Average  total  length  of  four  adults,  159-75;  tail 
vertebrae,  46;  hind  foot,  21.25;  ear,  12.5." 

389.  borealis.      {Arvicola),    Richards,    Zool.    Journ.,    1828,    p.    517. 

Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  1894,  p.  286. 

Type  locality.      Great  Bear  Lake,  Hudson  Bay  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arctic  America.      Limits  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  tail  shorter  than  head.  Middle  upper  molar 
without  posterior  fold.  Posterior  end  of  frontals  long,  slender,  strap- 
shaped;  anterior  corners  of  parietals  pointed. 

Color.  Above  blackish  gray;  beneath  lead  gray;  tail  clove  brown 
above,  grayish  white  beneath;  feet  clove  brown  mixed  with  white; 
claws  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  139;  tail  vertebrse,  25;  hind  foot,  15; 
ear,  6. 

B.    Laguras. 

Audital  bullae  very  large,  projecting  backward  behind  the  plane 
of  the  occiput.  Palate  normal;  third  lower  molar  with  all  triangles 
closed;  upper  third  molar  with  two  closed  triangles  and  posterior 
loop.      Plantar  tubercles,  5;   mammae,  8;  inguinal,  4;  pectoral,  4. 


Fig.  39.     MicROTus  (Lagurus)  curtatus. 
No.  1519  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Enlarged  %. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  6  times. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  6  times. 


MICROTUS.  11)5 

390.    pauperrimus.     (Arviio/a),   Cooper,    Amer.    Nat.,  vol.  11,  1868, 

P-  535- 

Ty/>e  locality.  Plains  of  the  Columbia,  near  Snake  river,  Wash- 
ington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "  Eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  central  Idaho 
and  north  slope  of   the  Uinta  Mountains,  Utah,  in    transition  zone." 

Gdil.  Char.  Small;  ears  small,  nearly  hidden  in  hair;  feet  hairy; 
tail  very  short.  Skull:  small,  flat,  broad  and  depressed  anteorbit- 
ally;  nasals  short;  incisive  foramina  extend  beyond  the  anterior 
plane  of  the  first  molars. 

Color.  Upper  parts  gray  tinged  with  buffy,  and  lined  with  black; 
under  parts  whitish  buff.  Tail  above  gray,  below  whitish  buff.  Feet 
whitish. 

Measuremtnts.  Total  length,  116;  tail  vertebr;e,  20;  hind  foot, 
16;  ear,  8. 

291.  curtatus.      (ArvUola),    Cope,    Proc.    Acad.   Nat.   Scien.   Phil., 

1868,  p.  2. 

Type  locality.      Pigeon  Spring,  Mount  Magruder,  Nevada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  California  north  of  Death  Valley,  western 
Nevada;  limits  of  range  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  small;  tail  and  hind  feet  very  short;  ears 
prominent.  Anterior  lower  molar  with  three  internal  and  two  exter- 
nal triangles,  and  one  posterior  triangle.  Tail  shorter  than  hind 
foot. 

Color,  .\bove  light  grayish  brown;  beneath  white;  feet  white. 
Tail  above  grayish  brown,  beneath  white. 

^feasurcments.  Total  length,  118;  tail  vertebrae,  19;  hind  foot, 
18;  ear,  11. 

292.  pallidus.     {Arvicola),  Merriam,  Amer.  Nat.,  1888,  p.  703. 
7)/c  locality.      Fort  Buford,  North  Dakota. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Dakota,  Montana  north  to  Calgarj', 
Alberta. 

Genl  Char.  Size  medium  ;  tail  very  short,  pencil  long  ;  ears 
well  haired,  medium. 

Color.  Above  pale  buffy  gray  mixed  with  black;  beneath  white, 
plumbeous  base  of  fur  visible.      Tail  indistinctly  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  121-133;  tail  vertebr;c,  20-23;  foot, 
18-18.25;  ear  from  crown,  5-6. 

C.    Pedomys, 

Palate  normal;  third  lower  molar  without  closed  triangles;  claws 
small,  those   of   front  feet  always   shortest;  plantaj  tubercles,  5;  first 


MICROTUS. 


lower  molar  with  three  closed  triangles  and  eight  or  nine  salient 
angles;  third  upper  molar  with  two  closed  triangles  and  six  salient 
angles;  mamma;,  6;  inguinal,   4;  pectoral,  2.      Soles   thickly  haired. 


Hi 

R 

V;.^ 

WM 

El 

m 

^^J 

T^!^^ 

1 

-/  ^^^^'^^B 

m 

g 

1 

^9 

Fig.  40.     MiCROTus  (Pedomys)  austerus 

No.  216  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row.  Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  6  times. 


293.  austerus.  {A/ru-o/a),  Le  Conte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1853,  p.  405. 

?Hypudceus  ochrogaster.  Wagn.  Suppl.  Schreb.  Saugt.,  iii,  1843, 
p.  592.— Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1898,  p.  458. 

cinnamomea,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  541. 

Type  locality.     Wisconsin. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mississippi  Valley,  southern  Wisconsin  to  south- 
ern Missouri  and  Oklahoma;  west  to  eastern  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  short;  fore  feet  more  than  half  as 
long  as  the  hinder;  half  of  sole  hairy;  tail  short,  less  than  one  third 
head  and  body.  Posterior  upper  molar  with  three  salient  angles  on 
either  side;  anterior  lower  molar  with  five  internal  and  four  external 
salient  angles,  besides  the  anterior  loop. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  grayish  cinnamon,  lined  with 
black;  sides  paler;  beneath  pale  cinnamon.  Under  fur  plumbeous; 
tail  blackish  brown  above,  beneath  pale  cinnamon.  Feet  grayish 
cinnamon.     Summer  Pelage.    Darker  above,  paler  fulvous  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  125-170;  tail  vertebrae,  30-40;  hind 
foot,  17.21;  ear,  11. 


MICROTUS.  107 

294.  ludovicianus.     {Mu-rotus),  Bailey,  N.  Am.  Fauna,  No.  17,  1900, 

P-  74- 

Type  locality.      Iowa,  Calcasieu  Parish,  Louisiana. 

Geogr,  Dislr.      Coast  prairie,  southwestern  Louisiana. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .1/.  austerus;  rostrum  and  nasals  more 
slender;  bulla  larger. 

Color.  Above  dark  gray;  beneath  fulvous  ;  tail  dusky  above, 
buffy  beneath;  feet  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  average  two  adults,  164;  tail  verte- 
brje,  33;  hind  foot,  18.5. 

295.  haydeni.     {Arricola),  Baird,  N.  .\m.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  543. 
T\pe  locality.     Fort  Pierre,  South  Dakota. 

Gec'xr.  Distr.  Fort  Pierre  and  the  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota, 
to  the  North  Platte  River,  western  Nebraska;  eastern  Colorado  and 
Wyoming,  and  southern  Montana. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  M.  austerus;  tail  not  twice  the  length 
of  hind  foot;  ears  short,  half  as  long  as  hind  foot;  soles  hairy  for 
half  the  length;  last  upper  molar  with  two  interior  and  one  exterior 
triangle. 

Color.  Above  gray  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black  ;  sides 
grayer  and  less  black;  beneath  grayish  yellowwhite,  tinged  with  pale 
yellowish  rusty.  Feet  pale  rusty  yellowish  white.  Tail  above  brown, 
beneath  pale  yellowish  rusty. 

^feasurements.  Total  length,  153-180;  tail  vertebrae,  3S-47;  hind 
foot,  20-22. 

296.  minor.     {Arvicola),  Merr.,  Amer.  Nat.,  1S88,  p.  600. 
Ty/e  locality.      Bottineau,  Turtle  Mountain,  North  Dakota. 
Geogr.  Distr.     From  Edmonton,  Alberta,  to  northwestern  North 

Dakota,  and  southeastwardly  to  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to .)/.  austerus;   smaller. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  gray,  beneath  whitish  washed  w'ith  cin- 
namon.     Tail  bicolor,  dusky  above,  buffy  beneath.      Feet  gray. 

Measurements.    Totallength,  133;  tail  vertebra",  36;  hind  foot,  16.5. 

D.    PitTmys. 

Palate  normal;  lower  third  molar  without  closed  triangles,  but 
with  three  transverse  loops;  lower  first  molar  with  three  closed  and 
two  open  triangles  and  nine  salient  angles;  upper  third  molar  with 
two  closed  triangles  and  six  salient  angles.  Mammae,  4  inguinal; 
plantar  tubercles,  5;  soles  hairy. 


MICROTUS. 


Fig.  41.     MicROTus  (Pitymys)  pinetorum. 

No.  4^4  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row.  Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  5  times.  Enlarged  5  times. 


297 


Ann.    Lye.    Nat.    Hist. 


pinetorum.     [Psami/iomys),     Le  Conte, 

N.  Y.,  Ill,  1829,  p.  132,  pi.  2. 
Type  locality.      Eastern  Georgia.      Riceboro? 

Georgia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Florida. 
Ears  short,  naked,  concealed  in  the  fur;  legs  short; 
Two  middle  triangles  of  third  upper  molar  some- 


Geogr.  Distr. 

Genl.  Char. 
tail  short,  hairj-. 
times  confluent. 

Color.  Above  russet  brown;  flanks  paler,  beneath  plumbeous 
washed  with  russet.     Feet  ash,  tinged  with  flesh  color. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1 16-126;  tail  vertebrae,  21;  hind 
foot,  15-16.5. 

a. — scalopsoides  (Arviiola),  Aud.  and  Bach.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 
Phil.,  1841,  p.  97. 

apella,   Le  Conte,   Proc.   Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phila.,  1853,  p.  405. 

kennicoiti,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  547. 

Type  locality.      Long  Island,  New  York. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  New  York  grading  along  the  coast  into 
M.  pinetorum;  westward  to  Illinois. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  short,  not  as  long  as  the  head;  fur  short,  silky, 
lustrous. 

Color.  Above  brownish  chestnut,  hairs  tipped  with  dusky,  sides 
lighter;  beneath  light  cinerous,  fur  at  base  plumbeous.  Feet  brown- 
ish gray.      Tail,  above  sooty,  beneath  grayish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  120-125;   tail,  20;  hind  foot,  14-16. 

b.—auriculnris.  [Microtus),  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.Wash.,  1898,  p.  90. 

Type  locality.     Washington,  Mississippi. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Alleghan\-  Mountains  to  the  Mississippi  River. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  large,  above  the  fur;  colors  dark; 
pterygoid   fossa  U-shaped ;  third  upper   molar  with   three  closed    tri- 


MICROTUS.  199 

angles;  first  lower  molar  with  five  pair  of  reentrant  angles  meeting 
behind  anterior  loop. 

Color.  Above  chestnut,  hairs  tipped  with  dusky;  under  parts 
paler.      Tail  similar  to  the  back,  unicolor.      Feet  brownish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  120;  tail  vertebrae,  22;  hind  foot, 
i5.  Skull:  basal  length,  22.3;  nasals,  7;  zygomatic  breadth,  15.2; 
mastoid.  12.3;  alveolar  length  of  niolar  series,  6. 

298.  nemoralU.  {.Uicrotus),  Bailey,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 
p.  8g. 

Type  locality.      Stilwell,  Boston  Mountains,  Indian  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Indian  Territory  and  Arkansas  to  Council  Bluffs, 
Iowa. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  large;  third  upper  molar  with 
three  tightly  closed  triangles  and  an  irregular  posterior  loop;  first 
lower  molar  with  opposite  reentrant  angles  meeting  behind  the  an- 
terior loop. 

Color.  Above  dull  chestnut  lined  with  black  on  back  and  rump; 
sides  paler,  beneath  cinnamon  rufous;  under  fur  plumbeous.  Tail, 
like  back  above,  and  like  belly  beneath.      Feet  pale  buff. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  135;  tail  vertebrs,  25;  hind 
foot,  18. 1.  Skull:  basal  length,  25.3;  nasals,  7.7;  zygomatic  breadth, 
16.5;  mastoid,  13.4. 

E.  Ohilotus. 
Palate  normal;  lower  third  molar  normally  without  closed  tri- 
angles; lower  first  molar  w^ith  five  closed  triangles  and  nine  or  ten 
salient  angles;  upper  third  molar  with  two  or  three  closed  triangles 
and  si.x  salient  angles.  Mamm;E  eight,  four  pectoral,  four  inguinal. 
Plants  tubercles,  five;  soles  hairj'. 


Fig.  42.     MicROTus  (Chilotos)  oregoni. 

No.  289  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     Nat.  size. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  5  limes. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  5  times. 


200  MICROTUS. 

299.  oregoni.     [Arvicola],  Bachm.,  Journ.  Acad.   Nat.  Scien.  Phila. , 

1839,  viii,  p.  60. 

morosus.   Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1899,  1,  p.  227,  Zool. 

Type  locality.      Astoria,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Pacific  Coast  region  from  northern  California  to 
Puget  Sound. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  long,  ears  prominent.  Skull:  brain 
case  rather  flat  and  narrow;  interparietal  large,  squarely  rectangular; 
zygomata  considerably  bent  outward. 

Color.  Above  brownish  bister;  under  parts  buffy.  Tail,  black- 
ish above,  paler  below. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  140;  tail  vertebras,  42;hindfoot,  17. 

300.  serpens.     {Microtus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  75. 
Type  locality.      Agassiz,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "  Southern  British  Columbia  and  northern  Wash- 
ington, between  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  Puget  Sound." 

Genl.  Char.     Tail  shorter  than  that  of  M.  oregoni,   color  darker. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  very  dark  brown,  dusky  on  lower 
back  and  everywhere  mixed  with  black;  under  parts  deep  plumbeous, 
belly  washed  with  buffy.      Tail,  dusky  above,  whitish  below. 

Winter  Pelage.     Paler  above;  fur  thinner,  ears  projecting. 

Measurements.      Totallength,  130;  tail  vertebrae,  31;  hind  foot,  18. 

301.  bairdi.     {Microtus),   Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  74. 
Type  locality.     Glacier    Peak,    Crater   Lake,    Oregon.     Altitude, 

7,800  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  from  type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  small,  ears  and  tail  short;  colors  pale. 

Color.  Above  pale  grayish  bister,  tinged  with  reddish  brown; 
under  parts  whitish.  Tail,  dark  above,  whitish  beneath.  Feet 
whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  131;  tail  vertebrae,  33;  hind 
foot,  17.5. 

F.    Arvicola. 

Palate  slightly  abnormal;  lower  third  molar  with  occasional 
closed  triangles;  first  lower  molar  normally  with  three  to  five  closed 
triangles  and  seven  to  nine  salient  angles;  upper  third  molar  nor- 
mally with  two  or  three  closed  triangles,  and  six  to  eight  salient 
angles.  Mammas,  eight,  four  pectoral  and  four  inguinal.  Plantar 
tubercles,  five;  sole  almost  naked.  Musk  glands  present  on  sides  of 
body.     (Miller.) 

302.  richardsoni.     {Arvicola),  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Zool.,  1842,  i,  p.  91. 
riparius,  Richards,    (nee  Ord.),  Faun.  Bor.  Amer. ,  1829,  p.  120. 


MICROTUS.  201 

Type  locality.  Arctic  regions  "  foot  of  Rocky  Mountains,"  Rich. 
Jasper  House,  Alberta,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Vicinity  of  Jasper  House  and  of  Henry  House, 
Alberta,  Canada. 

Genl.  Char.  Very  large.  Tail  about  as  long  as  head;  incisors 
very  large. 

Color.  Above  dusky  dark  brown;  sides  paler;  beneath  bluish 
gray;  margin  of  upper  lip,  chin  and  feet  white.  Tail  above  dark 
brown,  beneath  whitish. 

Mc-asurfmtnls.  Total  length,  208-230  ;  tail  vertebrie,  50-61  ; 
hind  foot,  28. 


""mm^ffii     ^MMm^ 


Fig.  -13.      MicROTUs  (Arvicola)  macropus. 

No.  4315  Field  Columtiian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  si/e. 

Lower  tooth  row.  Uiu'br  tooth  how. 

Knlarged  4  limes.  Enlarged  4  times. 

a.— macropus.     (Arviccla),  Mcrr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  1891,  p.  60. 

Type  locality.      Pahsimeroi  Mountains,  Idaho. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountains  from  the  Wasatch  to  Canada, 
the  Wind  River  ranjje  of  Wyoming,  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon, 
and  intermediate  ranges.      High  elevations. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  smaller  than  .)/.  richanhcni;  tail  one-third  the 
length  of  head  and  body;  hind  feet  large.  Third  upper  molar  with  a 
terminal  loop,  often  recurved. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  .Vbove  grayish  bister  lined  with  black, 
sides  paler;  beneath  ash  gray,  base  of  hairs  plumbeous.  Tail  dusky 
above,  whitish  below.  Feet  dusky.  Winter  Pelage.  Paler  above, 
white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Totallength,22o;tailvertebrae,7i  ;hind  foot,26;ear,8. 


202  MICROTUS. 

b.— irvlcoloides.     {Au/acomys),    Rhoads,    Amer.    Natur. ,    1894,   xxviii, 
p.   183. 

principalis,  Rhoads,  Amer.  Nat.,  1895,  xxix,  p.  940. 

Type  locality.  Lake  Kichelos,  Kittitas  county,  Washington. 
Altitude,  8,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cascade  range,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  less  than  half  the  length  of  body 
and  head;  premaxillaries  extending  beyond  nasals. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  reddish  brown  lined  with  black; 
beneath  hoary  plumbeous,  throat  lighter.  Tail  blackish  above, 
whitish  beneath;  feet  blackish;  whiskers  black.  Winter  Pelage. 
Darker  than  summer  pelage;  belly  nearly  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  197-253;  tail  vertebrae,  70-81 ;  hind 
foot,  27-29.3;  ear,  10. 

G.    Neofiber . 
Neofiber.     True,  Science,  1884,  18,  p.  34. 

Skull  and  dentition  as  in  Fiber.  Feet  normal;  toes  not  bent 
laterally  at  an  angle  with  the  sole;  tail  round.  (True,  1.  c.)  Plantar 
tubercles,  five;  side  glands  conspicuous. 


Fig.  44.    Microtus  (Neofiber)  alleni. 

No.  572  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Lower  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  3  times. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  3  times. 


MICROTUS.  SYNAPTOMVS.  203 

303.  alleni.     {Neojiber),   True,  Science,    1884,  iv,  p.  347.    Id.    Proc. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1884,  p.  170. 

Type  locality.  Georgiana,  Merrill's  Island,  Brevard  counly, 
Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Easlern  Florida,  from  Indian  River  on  the  north 
to  Eden  on  the  south,  and  to  Gainesville  in  the  interior.  The  limits 
of  this  species  are  not  exactly  known,  and  they  may  be  beyond  the 
boundaries  named. 

Genl.  Char.  Those  of  the  genus.  Size  large;  hind  feet  mod- 
erate, not  equaling  twice  the  length  of  the  fore  feet;  soles  naked, 
smooth,  narrow;  toes  not  inclined  laterally  at  an  angle  with  the  soles; 
only  slightly  webbed;  tail  round,  tapering  gradually  to  the  tip.  Pal- 
ate very  short. 

Color.  Above  rufous  lined  with  black,  hairs  lead  color  at  base; 
head  darker:  base  of  hairs  behind  shoulders,  while;  beneath  light 
rufous,  lead  color  at  base  of  hair;  chin,  throat,  inside  of  legs,  white 
or  tinged  with  rufous.  Tail  and  feet  dark  brown.  Young,  maltese 
inclining  to  blackish  on  the  back,  pale  plumbeous  beneath. 

Meiisurements.  Total  length,  327;  tail  vertebra;,  125;  hind 
foot,  39. 

54.    Synaptoiiiys. 

I.    i=.';   M.    ^    =   l6. 
i-i'  3-3 

C.  H.  Merriam,  Revision  of  the  genus,  Synaptomus,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc. 
Wash..  1896,  pp.  56-64. 

Synaptomys.     Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  558.      Type  5.  eooperi, 
Baird. 
Inferior  molars  with   well   defined   enamel    loops  on  outer  side; 
superior  incisors  longitudinally  grooved  on  outer  edges;  posterior  end 
of  palate  without  median  projection. 

A.  Synaptomys. 

304.  cooperi.     (Synaptomiis),  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  558. 
s!i'>!c-i,  Rhoads,  Amer.  Nat.,  1893,  p.  53. 

'I'ype  locality.  Unknown.  Southern  New  York  or  northern  New 
Jersey? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  Massachusetts  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Indiana,  Iowa.  Boreal  and  Transition 
Zones. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  appearance  to  Microtus  pennsylvanicus, 
but  tail  much  shorter. 


SYNAPTOMYS. 


Fig.  45.    Synaptomys  cooperi. 

No.  350  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row.  Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  5  times.  Enlarged  5  times. 

Color.  Above  mixed  grizzled  gray  and  yellowish  brown,  lined 
with  black;  under  parts  whitish.    Tail  brown  above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  118;  tail  vertebrae,  17.5;  hind 
foot,  18. 

305.  fatuus.  [Synaptomys),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  See.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  47. 
Type  locality.      Lake  Edward,  Prov.  Quebec,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Disir.  Lake  Edward  to  Victoria  County,  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  Godbout,  Quebec,  and  west  to  Peninsula  Harbor,  north- 
eastern Lake  Superior,  Ontario. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  cooperi,  but  smaller;  upper  incisors 
narrower. 

Color.  Above  grizzly  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  under 
parts  whitish  or  slate  gray,  tinged  with  buff  on  the  belly;  feet  drab. 
Tail  slightly  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  124;  tail  vertebrae,  18;  hind 
foot,  18.7. 

306.  helaletes.  (5i7;a//<7/««.f),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.Wash.,i8g6,p.59. 
Type  locality.      Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia. 

Geogr.  Disir.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .S.  cooperi,  larger  feet  and  head,  longer 
tail;  rostrum  and  mandible  broader. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  grizzled  gray  mingled  with 
black;  under  parts  whitish  gray.   Tail  brownish  above,  whitish  below. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  125;  tail  vertebrae,  22;  hind  foot,  20. 

a.—gossii.    {Synaptomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  60. 
Type  locality.     Neosho  Falls,  Kansas. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Kansas,  limits  of  range  undetermined. 


SYNAPTOMYS.  205 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  ^S'.  kelaletes,  redder;  rostrum  longer;  audi- 
tal  bullae  smaller. 

Color.  Type  (alcoholic  specimens;,  color  uncertain,  probably 
more  reddish  brown  than  -V.  coopcri. 

.Measurements.  Total  length,  120;  tail  vertebra?,  20.5;  hind  foot, 
19  (Merr.). 

B.  Mictomys. 

Mictomys.     True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1894,  p.  242.  Type  J/,  innui- 
tiis,  True. 
Inferior    molars  without  enclosed  enamel  loops  on  outer  side. 
Molars  rootless;  incisors  broadly  grooved  on  the  bevel;  posterior  end 
of  palate  with  strongly  marked  median  projection. 


Fig.  46      Synaptomys  (Mictomys)  innuitus. 

No.  2472g  V .  S.  National  Museum  Coll.      Enlarged  '-a 


Ul'PER   TOOTH    ROW. 

Enlarged  4  times. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


307.  innuitus.  (ulfic/omys),  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1894, 
p.  242. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Chimo,  Ungava,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Labrador,  limits  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  S.  cooperi;  tail  very  short. 

Color.  "Above  grayish  brown;  beneath  gray;  face  pale  brown; 
lips,  end  of  nose  and  chin  white;  feet  pale  brown;  tail  brown  above, 
white  below."     (True.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  115;  tail  vertebrae,  17;  hind 
foot,  17.5. 


206  SYNAPTOMYS. 

308.  sphagnicola.    (5v«a/A'OT>.f),  Preble,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1899, 

p.  43. 

Type  locality.      Fabyans,  Mt.  Washington,  New  Hampshire. 

Gecgr.  Distr.  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  extent  of  range 
unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  5.  innidtus,  with  longer  hind  feet  and 
tail;  skull  larger  in  all  its  proportions. 

Color.  Above  sepia  brown  mixed  with  black;  fur  blackish  slate 
at  base;  side  glands  indicated  with  white;  under  parts  grayish  white; 
hairs  on  cheeks  and  at  base  of  ears  light  chestnut;  tail  above  sepia 
brown,  beneath  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  132;  tail  vertebrae,  17;  hind 
foot,  17.5. 

309.  wrangeli.     {Synaptomys),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,   1896, 

p.  63. 

TyJ>e  locality.     Wrangel,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southwestern  Alaska,  limits  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  inriuitus,  but  larger;  tail  and  hind  foot 
longer;  skull  narrower. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  grayish  brown  tinged  with  yellow;  under 
parts  whitish  plumbeous.  Tail  brownish  above,  whitish  below,  tip 
darker. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  122;  tail  vertebras,  23;  hind  foot,  19. 

310.  dalli.     {Synaptomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc,  1896,  p.  62. 
Type  locality.      Nulato,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Valley  of  the  Yukon,  western  Alaska.  Limits  of 
range  unknown. 

Genl.   Char.      Cranial  characters  different  from  S.  wrangeli. 

Cranial  Characters.  Skull  similar  to  that  of  6'.  wrangeli,  but  dif- 
fering as  follows:  nasals  emarginate;  interparietal  much  narrower 
antero-posteriorly  and  acute  at  both  ends;  brain  case  broader;  inter- 
orbital  constriction  broader;  zygomatic  expansion  slightly  larger; 
audital  bullae  much  larger  and  more  fully  inflated,  with  corresponding 
reduction  in  breadth  of  basi-occipital  and  basi-sphenoid;  mandible 
conspicuously  larger,  broader  and  heavier;  upper  and  lower  molars 
conspicuously  larger;  middle  and  last  lower  molars  with  reentrant 
angle  on  outer  side  decidedly  deeper  than  in  S.  wrangeli,  and  thus 
resembling  S.  truei;  posterior  loop  of  last  upper  molar  as  in 
S.  wrangeli.      (Merriam.) 

Color.  Above  raw  umber  mixed  with  black,  beneath  bluish  white; 
feet  and  tail  dusky. 

Measurements.  From  skeleton.  Total  length,  115;  tail  vertebras, 
22;  hind  foot,   iq. 


SYNAPTOMYS.  LEMMUS.  207 

311.  truei.     {Svnaplomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1S96,  p.  62. 
Type  locality.     Skagit  Valley,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  Washington,  limits  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  wrangf/i,  but  more  reddish.  Last 
lower  molar  with  deep  reentrant  angle  on  outer  side. 

Color.  Above  dull  umber  brown,  grading  into  plumbeous  of  the 
under  parts,  belly  hairs  tipped  with  whitish.  Tail,  dark  above, 
whitish  below. 

Afeasurements.      Total  length,  112;  tail  vertebra^  22;  hind  foot,  18. 

55.     Leinimis. 

I.  i^;M.  2=3  ^  16. 
I— I         3—3 

Lemmus.     Link,  Zool.  Beitr.  Natur.,  1795,  i,  pt.  2,  p.  75. 
Mvodes.     Pall.,  Zoog.  Ross.  Asiat.,  1811,  i,  p.  173. 

Form  stout,  compact;  nose  blunt,  hairy:  ears  small,  hidden  in 
fur;  tail  short,  stout,  densely  haired,  penicillate;  fore  feet  large,  claws 
long,  fossorial;  thumb  nearly  obsolete  with  a  long,  flat,  truncated 
claw;  hind  feet  short,  broad,  soles  hairy,  tubercles  naked.  Skull 
massive,  broad;  rostrum  short,  broad;  anteorbital  foramen  small, 
almost  beneath  anterior  root  of  zygoma;  bulla;  moderate;  palate 
terminating  posteriorly  in  a  shelf  with  or  without  azygos  projection 
between  the  penultimate  and  last  molars;  ramus  of  mandible  thin, 
descending  process  strong,  twisted.  Molar  series  long,  teeth  large. 
First  upper  molar  with  one  anterior,  two  internal,  and  two  external 
lateral  triangles;  middle  upper  molar  with  two  transverse,  one  inter- 
nal and  one  external  lateral  triangles.  Last  upper  molar  with  four 
transverse  triangles.  First  lower  molar  with  anterior  ire/oil,  one 
external  and  two  internal  lateral  triangles,  and  a  lateral  posterior 
loop;  middle  lower  molar  with  an  internal  anterior  triangle,  rest  like 
first  molar;  last  lower  molar  with  external  and  one  internal  lateral 
triangles,  and  two  posterior  transverse  triangles.  All  the  external 
reiatrant  triangles  of  upper  series  very  deep  as  are  also  the  internal 
angles  of  the  lower  series,  and  the  respective  saliencies  of  both  acute. 
Upper  incisors  beveled  laterally,  tube-like;  root  of  lower  incisor 
stops  in  front  of  last  molar. 

312.  trimucronatus.     {Arvicohi),   Rich.,  App.  Parry's  2d  Voy.,  1825, 

p.  309. 
all>oguliiris,  Wagl.,  Suppl.  Schreb.,  1843,  iii,  p.  602. 
alascensis,  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  igoo,  p.  26. 
Type  locality.      Point  Lake,  Lat.  65°. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Arctic  regions.  North  America. 


LEMMUS. 


Fig.  47.     Lemmus  trimucronatus. 
No.  340  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  Hudson  Bay  Lemming;  head  flat; 
ears  very  short,  hidden  in  fur;  eyes  small;  upper  lip  deeply  cleft, 
inside  of  cheeks  hairy. 

Color.  Head  and  fore  part  of  back  mi.\ed  clove  brown  and  yel- 
lowish brown,  hairs  tipped  with  blackish  gray;  lower  back  chestnut 
brown;  sides  yellowish  brown;  belly  bluish  gray  mixed  with  yellow- 
ish brown  hairs.      Tail  gray. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  120-127. 

a. — helvolvs.     (Arvico/a),  Rich.,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  1829,  p.  128. 

T\pe  locality.  Alpine  Swamps  56°  North  latitude  (Drummond, 
vide  Rich). 

Geogr.  Disir.     Actic  regions  of  North  America. 

Getil.  Char.  Limbs  short;  nose  short,  blunt;  head  oval;  eyes 
small;  ears  broader  than  high,  hairy;  tail  short,  hairy;  incisors  pale 
yellowish. 

Color.  Above  brownish  yellow,  or  ruddy  rust  color  mixed  with 
black;  sides  brighter  yellow;  under  parts  and  limbs  pale  rust  yellow 
or  tawny;  margin  of  lips  white;  feet  fuscous  brown.  Tail,  above 
dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  121;  tail  vertebrae,  7;  hind  foot,  32 
(Fort  Anderson). 

h. — yukonentis.    (Lemmus),  Merr.,  Proc.    Wash.  Acad.    Scien.,    1900, 
p.  27. 
Ty/>e  locality.     Charlie  Creek,  Yukon  River,  Alaska. 


LEMMUS.  DICROSTONYX.  200 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  small:  ears  and  audital  bullae  large;  brain  case 
produced  posteriorly. 

Color.  Head  and  anterior  half  of  upper  parts  grayish  brown 
mixed  with  black  and  yellowish  fulvous;  posterior  half  of  upper  parts 
rusty  fulvous;  sides  and  belly  golden  fulvous;  sides  of  nose  grayish 
brown;  line  from  nose  to  beneath  ear  golden  fulvous;  feet  dusky. 
Tail,  dusky  above,  buffy  below. 

.}feasitrf>iu-nts.  Total  length,  130;  tail  vertebra,  17;  hind 
foot,  19.5. 

313.  nigripes.     {MvoJfs),  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1894, 

p.  242. 

Tyjic  locality.  St.  George  Island,  Pribyloff  Islands,  Bering  Sea, 
Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  from  tj-pe  locality  only. 

Color.  Above  uniform  cinnamon  gray;  cheeks,  neck  and  sides 
tawny  brown;  beneath  pale  tawny;  nose  black;  fore  feet  black  above, 
tawny  below;  hind  feet  black  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  130;  tail  vertebra',  13;  hind 
foot,  17.5. 

5(J.    Dicrostonyx. 

I.      llli;      M.    2=-^    =:     16. 

i-i  '  3-3 

Dicrostonyx.     Glog.  Gem.  Hand  u.  Hilfsb.  d.  Naturg.,  1841,  p.  97. 
Cuniciilus,  Wagl.  Isis,  1832,  p.  1220. 

Misothermus,   Hensel.  Zeitsch.  Deutsch.  Geol.   Casselsch.,  1S55, 
vii,  p.  492.    (Part.) 

Nasals  short,  posterior  termination  opposite  anterior  root  of 
zygoma.  Orbits  with  conspicuously  pointed  processes.  Molar  series 
divergent  posteriorly.  First  upper  molar  with  an  anterior  transverse 
triangle,  three  internal  lateral  angles,  two  external  lateral  angles,  and 
a  postero-external  loop;  middle  and  last  upper  molars  with  an 
anterior  transverse  loop,  two  external  and  two  internal  lateral  triangles 
on  middle  molar,  and  a  small  postero-external  loop  and  a  trefoil  on 
back  molar.  First  lower  molar  with  an  anterior  trefoil,  three  external 
and  four  internal  closed  triangles,  and  posterior  loop.  Other  lower 
molars  with  an  antero-external  angle,  two  internal  lateral,  one  exter- 
nal lateral  triangle  and  posterior  transverse  loop.  Incisors  as  in 
I.emmus.      Skull  similar  to  Lemmus,  but  less  massive. 

314.  hudsoniu5.     {Mus),  Pallas,  N.  Sp.  Quad.  Glirium,  1778,  p.  208. 
xrunlariiiicus,  (Afi/s),  Traill,  in  Scoresby's  Greenland,  1823,  p.  416. 
uny^ulatus,  Baer  &  Helmersen,  Beitr.,  1S41,  Iv,  p.  283. 

Type  locality.     Greenland. 


DICROSTONYX. 


Fig.  48.     DiCROSTONYx  huosonius  nelsoni. 

No.  2go  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  4  times. 


Genl.  Char.  Ears  hidden  in  fur,  four  claws  on  front  feet,  tail  and 
legs  very  short. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  ash  gray  mixed  with  reddish  and 
blackish  brown;  lower  parts  rufescent;  a  lateral  line  from  sides  of  face 
and  neck  dividing  the  colors  of  upper  and  under  parts,  dark  brown. 
Grayish  black  streak  from  nose  to  nape;  sides  of  head  gray;  whiskers 
brown  or  white. 

Winter  Pelage.      Pure  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  140;  tail  vertebrae,  13;  hind  foot 
and  claw,  20;  fore  foot  and  claw,  28;  longest  claw,  10. 

a.~unalascensis.  {Dicrostonyx^,  Merr. ,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien., 
1900,  p.  25. 

Type  locality.      Unalaska,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  rather  large.  Skull  alone  known.  This  is 
large  and  broad  with  subquadrate  brain  case,  broadly  spreading 
rounded  zygomata,  broadly  sulcate  frontal,  and  prominent  peg-like 
postorbital  processes  of  squamosal.  First  upper  molar  with  three 
closed  interior  triangles  and  posterior  loop;  and  second  upper  molar 
with  second  interior  loop  normal,  and  separated  by  full  interspace 
from  anterior  crescent  of  third  upper  molar,  and  posterior  loop  com- 
plete.     (Merr.) 

b.  — nelsoni.    {Dicrostonyx),   Merr.,  Proc.   Wash.   Acad.  Scien.,  igoo, 

P-  25- 

alascensis.  Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Science  Phil.,  1900,  p.  37. 

Type  locality.      St.  Michaels  to  Point  Barrow,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  rather  small.  Audital  bullae  very  small  and 
narrow;  incisive  foramina  short;  molars  small  and  narrow.  Upper 
parts  chestnut;  feet  white. 


DICROSTONYX.  FIBER  211 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts  save  rump  rich  chestnut, 
base  of  hairs  mottled  with  white;  rump  blackish  gray  mottled  with 
white;  dorsal  stripe  blackish;  face  gray;  ear  patches  chestnut.  Sides 
and  under  parts  tinged  with  rusty;  breast  between  fore  legs  chestnut. 
Feet  white.  Pelage  in  change,  central  portion  of  upper  parts  mixed 
chestnut  and  yellowish  white,  darker  posteriorly;  remaining  pelage 
yellowish  white  with  fulvous  markings,  viz. :  a  patch  on  either  side, 
one  on  breast,  reaching  to  neck  and  ears,  and  ring  around  base  of 
tail.      Median  dorsal  stripe  dark  brown. 

Winter  Pelage.      Pure  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  132-165;  tail  vertebrae,  2i;hind  foot, 
18-19.     Specimen  from  Point  Barrow,  Alaska. 

c.—  richardsoni.  (Du-rostony.x),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900, 
p.  26. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Churchill,  Hudson  Bay. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  third  nail  of  fore  foot  larger  than  fourth; 
bulla'  broadly  rounded  and  somewhat  depressed.  Enamel  pattern  of 
molars  like  D.  nelsoni. 

Color.     Summer  Pelage.      Unknown. 

Winter  Pelage.     White. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  143;  tail  vertebr;c,  14;  hind  foot,  20. 

57.    Fiber. 

I.  i=i;  M.  5=5  =  16. 

i-i  3-3 

Fiber.  G.  Cuvier,  Lerons  d'Anatomie,  i,  1800.  T\'pe  Castor  zibetlii- 
cus,  Linn. 

Ondatra,  Lacep.,  Less.  Man.,  1827,  p.  286. 

Size  large;  hind  feet  oblique  to  the  leg;  tail  flattened  sideways 
for  nearly  its  entire  length  and  fringed  with  stiff  hairs;  ears  very  small, 
deeply  buried  in  fur;  muzzle  furry  except  nasal  pads,  which  are  naked. 
Palms  and  soles  naked,  fringed  with  hairs,  5-tubercled  ;  dentition 
and  skull  arvicoline;  squamosals  much  expanded:  parietals  reduced; 
interparietal  nearly  as  long  as  broad,  upper  incisors  almost  a  circle  in 
shape  within  and  without  the  jaw,  lower  incisors  enter  jaw  to  root  of 
the  condylar  process;  descending  process  of  condyle  hamular  and 
much  twisted.  Palate  terminates  opposite  middle  of  last  molar  and 
has  a  median  azygos  protuberance;  pterygoid  fossa  wide  and  deep; 
nasals  narrow  posteriorly,  widening  rapidly  anteriorly,  tumid,  and 
terminating  behind  the  incisors;  interorbital  constriction  excessive. 
Processes  of  squamosal  and  maxilla  have  their  ends  in  contact;  the 
jugal  being  merely  a  splint,  not  necessary  for  the  continuity  of  the 
zygomatic  arch. 


Fig.  49.     Fiber  zibethicus. 
No.  132  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size.    Spec.  Blindn 


1  River.  N-.  W.  T. 


315.     zibethicus.     [Castor),  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1766,  p.  79. 

americana,  Tiedem.  Zool.,  I,  p.  481. 

osoyoozensis.  Lord,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864,  p.  95. 

Type  locality.     Eastern  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Labrador  to  the  Gulf  States  (excepting  the 
Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia,  possibly)  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific, 
north  of  the  Gulf  States  and  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  color  dark,  characters  those  of  the  genus. 
Tail  about  equal  to  body  without  head. 


Color.  Above  from  very  dark  brown,  nearly  black,  to  pale  brown; 
sides  of  head  and  body  chestnut  brown,  under  fur  bluish  gray.  Feet 
dark  brown;  tail  black.  Specimens  vary  greatly  in  the  hue  of 
the   fur. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  538;  tail  vertebra',  250:  hind 
leg,   86. 

a.—pallidus.  {Fiber),  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890, 
p.  280. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Verde,  Central  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Probably  from  Arizona  to  the  central  plains  of 
Montana,  the  lateral  limits  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  about  two-thirds  that  of  typical  form. 
Skull  like  that  of  eastern  muskrat,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Rustj'  brown,  paler  beneath;  scattered  hairs  of  tail  liver 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  500;  tail  vertebra',  203;  hind 
foot,  69. 

b.—rivalicus.      {Filter),    Bangs,  Proc.    Bost.    Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,    1S95, 

P-  541- 

Type  locality.      Burbridge,  Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  Mississippi  region  and  swampy  coasts  of 
Louisiana  and  Alabama. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than  F.  zibethicus,  color  dull  and  darker. 

Color.  Above  clove  brown  to  black,  base  of  hairs  mouse  gray; 
beneath  vandyke  or  clove  brown;  fur  on  under  side  of  legs  and  arms 
brownish  white  at  base.  A  spot  at  middle  of  sides  with  under  fur 
white  at  base.      Feet  and  tail  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  530;  tail  vertebrae,  222;  hind 
foot,  81. 

c.—aquAlonius.  {Fiber),  Bangs,  Proc.  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1899,  i, 
p.   III. 

Type  locality.      Rigoulette,  Hamilton  lulet,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Labrador. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  F.  zibethieus ;  blacker,  hind  foot 
smaller;  rostrum  long,  slender;  nasals  long,  narrow. 

Color.  Above,  long  hairs  tipped  with  black,  those  of  rump  and 
sides  with  burnt  umber;  beneath,  throat  and  lower  abdomen  grayish; 
long  hairs  russet.     Tail  black;  feet  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  549;  tail  vertebra?,  249;  hind  foot,  73. 
Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  61.4;  zygomatic  width,  40;  basal  length, 
58.4;  mastoid  width,  26.6. 


3i6.   ^spatulus.     Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1900,  No.  19,  p.  36. 

Type  locality.      Lake  Marsh,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.     All  northwest  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  F.  zibcthiciis,  size  small,  color  rather 
dark;  skull  small;  molar  teeth  very  small,  nasals  short  and  much 
expanded  anteriorly.  Skull:  similar  to  that  of  F.  zibctkici/s,  but 
smaller;  jugals  more  slender,  and  but  slightly  produced  dorsally; 
audital  bulla;  smaller;  molar  teeth  decidedly  smaller;  nasals  much 
shortened  and  widely  expanded  anteriorly,  rapidly  becoming  com- 
pressed posteriorly;  angular  process  of  mandible  short,  blunt  and 
upturned;  condyle  narrow  and  somewhat  rounded. 

Color.  Similar  to  F.  zibcthiciis,  but  apparently  less  suffused 
with  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Type  (from  dry  skin).  Total  length,  495;  tail  ver- 
tebrae, 170;  hind  foot,  73.  Skull  of  type:  Basal  length,  57;  zygo- 
matic breadth,  38;  length  of  nasals,  21;  alveolar  length  of  molar 
series,  14.     (Osgood,  1.  c.) 

317.  obscurus.     (Fiber),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  133. 
Type  locajity.     Codroy,  Newfoundland. 

Geogr.  Distr,      Newfoundland. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  F.  zibethicus,  colors  darker  and  less 
ferruginous;  skull  small,  smooth;  rostrum  relatively  large;  audital 
buUfe  smaller;  interorbital  constriction  broad. 

Color.  Above  Prout's  brown  shaded  with  Vandyke  brown;  top 
of  head  almost  black;  sides  dark  reddish  brown;  beneath  broccoli 
brown  paling  on  sides  of  neck  and  legs  to  fawn;  lips,  and  beneath 
nose  white.      Under  fur  slate  gray.      Feet  blackish  slate. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  476;  tail  vertebrae,  200;  hind  foot, 
70;  ear,  22. 

318.  macrodon.    (7^/^;v),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  143. 
Txpe  locality.      Lake  Drummond,  Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia. 
Genl.  Char.     Similar  to   F.    zibethicus,    but   darker;   incisors  and 

molars  larger.  Skull:  brain  case  elongated  posteriorly;  squamosal 
root  of  zygoma  more  sloping;  teeth  heavier  and  larger. 

Color.  Upper  parts  abdomen  and  chin  blackish  brown;  rest  of 
pelage  whitish,  or  pale  drab  tinged  with  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  567;  tail  vertebra;,  244;  hind 
foot,  80. 

*Tlie  specimen,  whose  skull  is  shown  in  Fig.  No.  49,  came  from  Blindman  River,  Northwest 
Territory,  and  is  apparently  properly  referable  to  F.  zibethicus,  the  skin  also  not  differing  percepti- 
bly from  other  examples  of  that  species;  and  this  would  seem  to  indicate  that  if  F.  spatuliis  is  dis- 
tinct, both  species  are  found  in  practically  the  same  locality! 


Fam.  V.     tieomyidae. 

C.  H.  Merriam,  Mono;:,raphic  Revision  of  the  Pocket  Gophers.  N. 
Am.  Faun.,  No.  8,  1895. 

Large  fur-lined  cheek  pouches  present,  opening  outside  the 
mouth;  squamosals  expanded:  jugal  extending  to  lachrymal;  palate 
sloping  below  level  of  zygomata  which  are  strong  and  flaring;  molars 
rootless:  lower  jaw  strong:  form  arvicoline:  fore  feet  fossorial;  eyes 
and  ears  minute. 

58.     Geoiiiys. 

I.    !=!;      P.    •=!;     M.    -5=^    =    20. 
i-i'  I— 1'  3-3 

Qeomys.     Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  11,  No.  i,  1817,   p.   45.     Type 
G.  pine/is,  Raf.  =Mus  tuzaOrd,  1815. 
Saccophorus.      Kuhl,  Beitr. ,  1820,  p.  61. 

Pseudostoma.      Say,    Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  i,  p.  406. 
Ascoiins.      Licht,  Abhand.  Berl.  Acad.,  1825,  p.  20. 

Upper  incisors  grooved  along  the  middle;  first  and  second  upper 
molars  with  two  enamel  plates  each,  posterior  one  complete:  root  of 
inferior  incisor  slightly  protuberant;  zygomata  widest  anteriorly, 
posteriorly,  but  little  greater  than  mastoid  breadth;  parietals  ridged; 
audital  bulla  elongate,  somewhat  acute  anteriorly,  not  greatly  inflated; 
basioccipital  ver\'  broad  posteriori}';  pterygoid  fossa  wide:  fore  claws 
immensely  developed.     Mamma?  three  pair,  two  inguinal,  one  pectoral. 

319.  tuza.     (.V//s),  Ord,  Guth.  Geog.,  2  .Amer.  ed.,  11,  1815,  p.  292. 
pinetis.  Rafin,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  p.  45. 

Type  locality.     Pine  barrens  near  Augusta,  Georgia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Pine  barrens  of  Georgia  and  possibly  northern 
Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  rather  large:  tail  long,  naked:  end  of  nose 
naked;  feet  haired. 

Color.  Above  cinnamon  brown  tinged  with  fulvous;  faint  dark 
dorsal  stripe;  beneath  ochraceous  buff;  hairs  on  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length  of  nine  females,  249;  tail 
vertebrae,  82;  hind  foot,  32.  Ten  males,  total  length,  269;  tail  verte- 
brae, 89.5;  hind  foot,  34.4.     (Merr.,  Mon.  Geom. ) 

a.—^jloridanus.    (Pseudostoma),  Aud.  &  Bach.  N.  Am.  Quad.,  in,  1S54, 
p.  242. 
Type  locality.      \"icinity  of  St.  Augustine,  Florida. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Florida  Peninsula. 


Fig.  50.    Geomys   tuza. 
14S  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat. 


Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  G.  tuza,  but  darker;  feet  larger;  ascend- 
ing branches  of  premaxilla  broader  and  blunter;  nasals  narrower  pos- 
teriorly; jugal  broader  anteriorly;  basioccipital  less  wedge-shaped, 
and  audital  bulke  larger. 

Color.  Above  sooty  plumbeous;  sides  cinnamon  drab;  beneath 
plumbeous  tinged  with  buff;  chin  and  throat  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  288;  tail  vertebrae,  94;  hind 
foot,  35.5. 

h. — mobilensis.  [Geomys),  Merr.,  Mon.  Geom.  N.Am.  Faun.,  No.  8, 
1895,  p.  119. 

Type  locality.      Mobile  Bay,  Alabama. 

Geogr.  Distr.    Southern  Alabama  and  adjacent  northwest  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  G.  tuza,  smaller,  darker;  tail  shorter. 
Skull  long  and  angular;  frontal  broad  and  high;  sagittal  ridge  pres- 
ent; interparietal  deeply  excavated  posteriorly. 


Color.  Above  sepia  tinged  with  ochraceous  on  sides  and  lined 
with  black:  indistinct  dorsal  band  dusky;  beneath  plumbeous  tinged 
with  pale  fulvous.      Feet  whitish.      White  on  throat  and  on  pouches. 

.\feasurements.      Total  length,  260;  tail  vertebra;,  82;  hind  foot,  33. 

c.—aiistrinus.  {Geomys),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc,  1898,  p.  179,  fig.  177. 

Type  /oca/iiv.     Belleair,  Hillsboro  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Western  part  of  Florida   Peninsula. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  of  G.  floriJantis;  color  paler,  more  tawny. 

Color.  Above  pale  cinnamon  and  tawnj';  lower  sides  ochraceous 
buff;  beneath  pale  Isabella  or  dull  white;  under  chin,  inner  sides  of 
limbs,  belly  and  lower  sides  white:  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  303.5:  tail  vertebra-,  93:  hind 
foot,  36.8. 

320.  colonus.     (^Geomys),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc,  1898,  p.  178. 
Type  locality.      St.  Mary's,  Georgia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Limits  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  G.  tuza,  color  darker;  palate  wide,  notch 
round;  nasals  short. 

Color.  Above  dark  seal  brown,  washed  on  lower  sides  with  rus- 
set and  cinnamon;  under  parts  cinnamon;  vent  fawn;  feet  and  wrists 
whitish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebrae.  100; hind  foot,  36. 

321.  cumberlandius.     (Geomys),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

1898,  p.  180,  fig. 

Type  locality.      Stafford  Place,  Cumberland  Island,  Georgia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Cumberland  Island,  Georgia. 

Genl  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long;  zygoma  extends  far  back  and 
joins  skull  without  a  decided  angle. 

Color.  Above  bright  cinnamon;  dorsal  stripe  russet:  beneath 
cinnamon;  hairs  plumbeous  at  base;  feet  white;  also  white  beneath 
chin  and  about  wrists. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  318:  tail  vt-rtebra-.  107:  hind  foot,  36. 

322.  bursarius.  {Mus),  Shaw,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  1800,  v.,  p.  227,  pi. 8. 
fused  iiiid  cinerea,  Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  11,  p.  45- 
saecatus,  Mitchell,  N.  Y.  Med.  Repos.,  1821,  vi,  N.  S.,  p.  249. 
canaJensis,  Licht.  Abh.  Akad.  Wiss.,  Berlin,  1825,  p.  20,  fig.  2. 
oregoncnsis,  LeConte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1852,  p.  160. 
Type  locality.      Unknown.      Mississippi  Valley. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Canadian  border,  longitude  97°,  south  to  eastern 
Kansas,  southeastern  Missouri  and  southern  Illinois;  east  nearly  to 
Lake  Michigan  and  west  totheDakotas  and  Nebraska  (ninety-eighth 
meridian). 


Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  dark;  tail  rather  long.  Anterior  root  of 
zygoma  sloping  back  at  a  considerable  angle.  Skull  long  and  large, 
angular;  rostrum  long  and  narrow. 

Color.  Above  chestnut,  beneath  paler;  sometimes  whitish;  feet 
white;  tail  brown  basally,  white  apically. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  270;  tail  vertebrae,  80;  hind 
foot,  35. 

323.  lutescens.     {Gcomxs),  Merr.,  Mon.  Geom.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  8, 

1895,  p.  127. 

Type  locality.  Sand  hills  of  Birdwood  Creek,  Lincoln  County, 
western  Nebraska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Great  Plains  and  southwestern  South  Dakota, 
southward  to  Colorado,  Texas,  western  Nebraska,  western  Kansas, 
eastern  Colorado,  western  Oklahoma  and  western  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium,  colors  pale,  tail  moderate.  Skull 
short,  sagittal  crest  low;  anterior  root  of  zygoma  sloping  backward; 
brain  case  and  rostrum  short. 

Color.  Above  in  winter  drab  mixed  with  black  on  median  line, 
this  in  summer  being  dull  fulvous  without  dorsal  band;  beneath  buffy 
or  sometimes  white. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  256;  tail  vertebrae,  77;  hind 
foot,  32. 

324.  breviceps.    {Geomxs),  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855, 

P-  335- 

Type  locality.      Prairie  Mer  Rouge,  Morehouse  Parish,  Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mississippi  Valley  and  Gulf  Coast,  in  southern 
Arkansas,  Louisiana  and  Texas,  and  valley  of  the  Arkansas  River; 
north  nearly  to  southern  Kansas  and  west  to  near  98th  meridian. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  color  dark;  tail  medium.  Skull:  nasals 
emarginate  posteriorly;  ascending  branches  of  premaxillse  broad  and 
rounded  posteriorly;  interparietal  small,  irregular;  jugal  longer  than 
basioccipital;  pterygoids  narrow. 

Color.  Above  dark  russet  brown,  darkest  on  median  line;  nose 
and  front  of  face  dusky  tinged  with  russet;  sides  pale  fulvous;  beneath 
plumbeous  washed  with  pale  fulvous;  feet  and  throat  white;  base  of 
tail  dusky. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  219;  tail  vertebra?,  64;  hind 
foot,  27. 

a.—sa^ittalis.     (Geomys),  Merr.,  Mon.  Geom.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  8, 
1895,  p.  134. 
Type  locality.      Clear  Creek,  Galveston  Bay,   Texas. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Gulf  Coast  of  Te.xas  around  Galveston  Bay. 


Gfiil.  Char.  Similar  to  G.  brivUeps,  but  smaller.  Skull  similar 
to  that  of  G.  bririceps,  but  relatively  smaller  in  its  various  parts. 

Ci'h'r.  Above  russet  brown  tinged  with  fulvous;  dusky  on  median 
line;  nose  and  head  almost  black  tinged  with  fulvous;  interior  of 
pouches,  chin,  throat  and  fore  legs,  white. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  225:  tail  vertebra',  70;  hind  foot,  27. 

b.—attwateri.  {Gecnivs),  Merr. ,  Mon.  Geom.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  8, 
1895,  p.  135. 

Tvpe  localUy.      Rockport,  Arkansas  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  and  islands  of  Texas  between  Matagorda 
and  Nueces  Bay;  also  in  interior,  and  vicinity  of  San  Antonio. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  G.  bririceps,  but  larger  and  not  so  dark. 
Skull:  zygomata  strongly  divergent  anteriorly,  angular,  depressed; 
nasals  narrow  posteriorly;  premaxilla?  broad. 

Ci>/or.  Above  russet  brown,  dusky  on  head  and  median  dorsal 
line;  beneath  ranging  from  whitish  to  buffy  ochraceous.  Sometimes 
the  head  from  nose  to  occiput  is  black. 

M,;!s:iremen/s.      Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebra-,  85;  hind  foot,  30. 

325.  texensis.     {Geomvs),  Merr.,  Mon.  Geom.,  N.  Amer.  Faun.,  No. 

8,  1895,  p.  137. 

Type  localitv.      Mason,  Mason  County,   Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Central  Texas,  probably  south  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  small;  tail  short,  apical  portion  naked. 
Skull:  nasals  short,  broad  posteriorly  and  sides  nearly  parallel  and 
truncate  posteriorly;  nasal  branches  of  premaxilhc  reach  or  pass  the 
plane  of  orbital  fossa,  and  are  pointed;  jugal  shorter  than  basioccip- 
ital;  occiput  bulging  posteriorly. 

Color.  Above  liver  brown  mixed  with  black.  Feet  and  under 
parts  white;  base  of  hairs  beneath  are  plumbeous  in  winter,  white  in 
summer;  throat  with  a  collar  of  buffy  fulvous. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  203;  tail  vertebra,  60;  hind  foot,  28. 

326.  arenarius.     {Geom\s),  Merr.,  Mon.  Geom.,  N.  .\m.    Faun.,   No. 

8,  1895,  p.  139. 

Type  localitw      El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Valley  of  upper  Rio  Grande  from  El  Paso  and 
Juarez,  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  north  to  Las  Cruces  and  west  to  Dem- 
ing,  New  Mexico. 

Gen/.  Char.  Size  medium,  tail  long,  well  haired,  except  tip, 
colors  pale.  Skull:  no  sagittal  crest;  prominent  knob  at  distal  end 
of  squamosal  arm  of  zygoma;  interparietal  truncate  posteriorly  on 
plane  of  lambdoid  suture;  occiput  moderately  bulging. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  258;  tail  vertebra-,  88;  hind  foot,  33. 


220  GEOMYS.  CRATOGEOMYS. 

327.  personatus.    (GV(W/v.f),True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Mus.Wash.,1889,  p.  159. 
Type  locality.      Padre  Island,  Texas. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Padre  Island  and  mainland  to  Carrizo  on  the  Rio 
Grande. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  large,  colors  pale,  tail  long,  basal  half  haired. 
Skull:  large,  heavy;  zygomata  at  right  angles  to  the  axis;  jugal 
rounded  anteriorly,  shorter  than  basi-occipital;  nasals  long,  narrow; 
superior  profile  nearly  straight. 

Color.  Above  pale  drab;  nose  and  above  eyes  dusky;  beneath 
white.      Tail,  hairs  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  339;  tail  vertebrae,  103;  hind 
foot,  37. 

a.—fallax.  (Geoinrs),  Merr.,  Mon.  Geom.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  8, 
1895,  p.  144. 

Type  locality.      Nueces  Bay,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  South  shore  of  Nueces  Bay  and  lower  Nueces 
River,  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  G. personatus,  smaller,  darker;  tail  shorter. 
Skull  differs  from  that  of  G.  personatus  in  smaller  size;  shorter 
ascending  arms  of  premaxilla,  more  squarely  truncate  occiput  and  in 
much  shorter  and  more  swollen  audital  bullae  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.     Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebrse,  80;  hind  foot,  35. 

59.    Cratogeomys. 

I.    lUl;      p.    !=!;     M.    ^=^    =    20. 

i-i'  i-i'  3-3 

Cratogeomys.  Merr.  Mon.  Geom.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  8,  1895, 
p.  150.  Type  Geomys  merriami.  Thomas. 
Upper  incisor  with  a  single  groove,  usually  open;  upper  premolar 
with  three  enamel  plates,  posterior  absent  ;  shaft  convex  forward; 
upper  and  lower  premolars  subequal  in  length.  First  and  second 
upper  molar  with  one  enamel  plate  each,  posterior  absent.  Last 
upper  molar  with  deep  sulcus  on  outer  side,  none  on  inner.  Skull : 
a  depression  extends  obliquely  across  squamosals  from  root  of 
zygoma  to  occiput  near  median  line.  Breadth  of  cranium  posteriorly 
less  than  zygomatic  breadth;  zygomata  broad  and  heavy. 

328.  castanops.     {Fseudostoma),  Baird,  Rep.  Stansb.  Exped.  to  Great 

Salt  Lake,  1852,  p.  313. 

clarkii,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855,  p.  332. 

Type  locality.  Prairie  Road  to  Bent's  Fort,  near  the  present  town 
of  Las  Animas,  Colorado,  Arkansas  River. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Arkansas  River  in  Colorado  on  Great  Plains 
south  through  eastern  New  Mexico  and  Western  Texas  to  Santa 
Rosalia,  Chihuahua,  and  Jaral,  Coahuila. 


CRATOGEOMYS. 


THOMOMYS. 


Fig.  51.    Cratogeomys  castanops. 

No.  4  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Gi-n/.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  medium.  Skull:  broad,  heavy; 
basioccipital  rectangular,  sides  parallel;  rostrum  and  brain  case  long; 
superior  profile  convex;  end  of  maxillary  root  of  zygoma  greatly 
expanded,  forming  a  plate. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  beneath  buffy, 
base  of  hairs  plumbeous,  visible.  Fore  feet  black,  hind  feet  blackish 
brown.      Tail  hairs  blackish. 

Af,-tisiirrmrnfs-.  Total  length,  295;  tail  vertebras,  77;  hind  foot,  33. 
Another  specimen  from  Paladura  Canon,  Texas,  measured  in  total 
length,  a8o;  tail  vertebrae,  80;  hind  foot,  39.    Collector's  measurement. 


I. 


60.    Thomoniys. 

1=£;    p.    !=1;    M.    ?=-!  = 


Thoitiomys.     Max.  Nov.  Act.  Akad.  Caes.  Leop.,  1839,  p.  383.     Type 
T.  ru/iscins.      Prinz  Max. 
Diplostoma,  Rich.,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  1829,  i,  p.  206,  (nee  Rafin). 
Oryctomys,  Ed.  &  Gerv.  Mag.  Zool.,  1836,  p.  23  (Part). 


222  THOMOMYS. 

Upper  incisors  without  median  sulcus,  but  with  a  fine  marginal 
groove,  not,  however,  always  present.  Roots  of  inferior  incisors 
forming  a  protuberance  on  outside  of  condylar  ramus;  zygomata 
wider  posteriorly  than  mastoid  diameter  of  skull.  Audital  bullae 
inflated;  basioccipital  narrower  in  the  middle  than  bulls  at  same 
place.  Pterygoid  fossa  rather  short,  and  wide  posteriorly.  Upper 
molars  with  e-xterior  edge  of  crown  acute;  lower  molars  with  interior 
edge  acute.      Fore  claws  moderately  developed. 


Lower  tooth  kow. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


Fig.  52.    Thomomys  bottae. 
Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  4  times. 


329.  bulbivorus.  {Diplostomd),  Richards,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  1829,  i, 
p.  206,  pi.  18,  B. 

Type  locality.      Columbia  River. 

Geogr.  Disir.  Lower  Columbia  River,  Oregon,  to  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia north  of  San  Francisco. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  large;  tail  short,  little  more  than  one-third 
head  and  body;  claws  large,  strong;  color  dark;  pterygoids  concave 
internally,  hamulars  converging  at  the  tips. 

Color.      Above  ^'elIowish  chestnut,  darkest  on   top  of  head;  lips. 


THOMOMYS.  223 

lower  jaw,  lining  of  pouches  and  anal  spot  white;  spot  on  either  side 
of  mouth  liver  brown,  beneath  brownish  gray. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  357;  tail  vertebrae,  63. 

330.  nevadensis.     {T/ionwm\s),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  1897, 

p.  213. 

Type  locality.      Austin,   Nevada. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Nevada,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  two  color  phases,  pale  buff  and  plum- 
beous slate;  incisors  curving  forward;  tail  more  than  half  the  length  of 
body  and  head. 

Color.  Normal  Pelage.  Above  buffy  gray,  darkest  on  nose  and 
mouth;  beneath  whitish  buff,  base  of  fur  plumbeous;  feet  and  tail 
whitish,  aural  space  dusky. 

Plumbeous  Pelage.  Above  and  beneath  slate  color,  patch  on 
throat  and  inside  of  pouches,  feet  and  apical  portion  of  tail  white. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  275;  tail  vertebra",  90;  hind  foot,  38. 

331.  leucodon.     [Tliomomys),    Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,   1897, 

p.  215. 

Type  locality.     Grant  Pass,  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Oregon,  limits  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  7'.  laticcps,  smaller;  incisors  white;  teeth 
small;  brain  case  broad,  temporal  ridges  parallel;  skull  similar  to  that 
of  T.  laticcps.,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Above  dull  fulvous  brown;  brighter  on  sides  and  under 
parts;  nose,  sides  of  mouth  and  aural  patch  dusky;  feet  whitish;  tail 
yellowish  buff. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  221 ;  tail  vertebrae,  68;  hind  foot,  29. 

332.  operarius.     {Thomomys),   Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,  1897, 

p.  215. 

Type  locality.     Keeler,  Owens  Lake,  Inyo  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  color  pale;  claws  long,  slender;  skull 
short,  broad;  rostrum  short  and  broad;  interorbital  regions  broad. 

Color.  Above  buff  gray;  beneath  plumbeous  washed  with  white; 
feet  and  tail  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  228;  tail  vertebrae,  67;  hind  foot,  30. 

3ii-  bottae.     (Oryefomvs),  Eyd.  &  Gerv.,  Mag.  Zool.,  1836,  p.  23,  pi. 

xxl,  fig.  4  (teeth). 
huldivorus,   Baird  (nee  Richards),  N.  Am.  Manim.,  1857,  p.  389, 

pi.  50,  fig.  1-9. 
Type  locality.      Monterey,  California. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Central  and  southern  California. 


224  THOMOMYS. 

Genl.  Cliar.  Size  medium;  tail  less  than  one-half  the  length  of 
body  and  head;  hands  small,  claws  slender. 

Color.  Above  chestnut  brown  to  dark  cinnamon,  lined  with 
black;  beneath  pale  reddish  brown;  base  of  hairs  lead  color.  Black 
spot  behind  ear;  about  the  mouth,  chin,  and  inner  margin  of  pouches 
dusky;  inside  of  pouches  white.  Feet  grayish  white.  Tail,  basal 
half  like  back  on  upper  part,  rest  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  231 ;  tail  vertebra;,  72;  hind  foot,  30; 
ear,  9.5. 

a. — pallescens.     {Thomomys),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.   Phil. 
1895,  p.  36. 

Type  locality.     Grapelands,  San  Bernardino  Valley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  large;  claws  short,  thick;   feet  medium. 

Color.  Above  tawny  brown,  lightest  on  rump;  head  blackish; 
ear  and  auricular  patch  sooty;  under  parts  tawny  ash;  feet  and  lower 
surface  of  limbs  ash. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  260;  tail  vertebrae,  89;  hind  foot,  35.5. 

334.  iaticeps.     {Thomomys),    Baird,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1855.  P-  335- 

Type  locality.      Humboldt  Bay,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  nearly  half  as  long  as  body  and 
head;  skull  broad;  rostrum  short;  groove  on  upper  incisors  distinct; 
claws  on  fore  feet  slender. 

Color.  Above  yellow  reddish  brown  lined  with  black  on  back; 
beneath  tinged  with  reddish;  throat,  margin  of  pouches  and  spot 
behind  ears  dusky;  chin  and  inside  of  pouches  white.  Tail,  above 
dusky,  beneath  grayish  white,  feet  grayish  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  197;  tail  vertebrae,  63;  hind  foot,  28. 

335.  townsendi.     {Geomys),  Richards,  Bach.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 

Phil.,  1839,  p.  105. 

borealis,  Bach,  (nee  Rich.),  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1839, 
p.  103  (Columbia  River). 

Type  locality.      "  Rocky  Mountains,"  Wyoming. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southwestern  Wyoming. 

Genl.  Char.  Colors  pale,  size  medium;  tail  over  one-third  the 
length  of  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown,  beneath  white;  a  small 
patch  on  breast  white  to  roots,  otherwise  the  bases  are  plumbeous. 
Inside  of  pouches  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  148;  tail  vertebrae,  42;  hind  foot,  24. 


THOMOMYS.  225 

336.  monticola.  {T/iotiumiys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist., 
1893,  p.  48,  pi.  I,  figs.  3,  4. 

Type  locality.      Mt.  Talac,  Eldorado  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  California  from  San  Francisco  Bay  to 
northwestern  Nevada. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  long  and  narrow;  outer  face  of  upper  incisors 
with  a  ridge  on  inner  edge;  claws  long  and  slender;  tail  one-third  the 
length  of  head  and  bodj-. 

Color.  Above  pale  reddish  brown  tinged  with  gray;  beneath 
>hy  white  tinged  with  buff;  around  ears  black.  Feet  and  tail 
whitish. 

Miasurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebra',  55;  hind  foot, 
28;  fore  foot  20. 

a .--pinetorum .  {T/iomomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  16,  1899, 
p.  97. 

Type  locality.      Sisson,  Siskiyou  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northern  California,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  T.  monticola,  but  smaller;  skull  shorter 
and  broader;  colors  paler." 

Color.  "  Above  pale  fulvous;  nose  dusky;  sides  of  head  plum- 
beous or  washed  with  buffy,  or  ochraceous." 

Measurements.  "  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebra',  76;  hind  foot, 
28."  (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

337.  mazama.     {Thomomys),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.   See.   Wash.,    1897, 

p.   214. 

Type  locality.     Crater  Lake,  Mt.  Mazama,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Mt.  Mazama,  Oregon,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small  ;  color  similar  to  7'.  monticola,  but 
darker. 

Color.  Above  fulvous  brown  ;  beneath  washed  with  fulvous;  nose, 
orbital  and  aural  space  dusky;  feet  and  tail  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  214;  tail  vertebr<x',  71;  hind 
foot,  27.5. 

338.  quadratus.     {Thomomys"),  Merr.,  Proc.   Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  1897, 

p.  214. 

Type  locality.      The  Dalles,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Oregon,  Plains  of  the  Columbia? 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  mazama  in  color;  skull  short  and 
broad;  zygoma  with  anterior  external  angle  nearly  square;  jugals 
parallel;  nasals  short,  broad,  truncate  posteriorly;  upper  incisors  not 
sloping  forward. 


226  THOMOMYS. 

Color.  Above  russet  fulvous;  beneath  plumbeous  washed  with 
salmon  fulvous;  nose  and  aural  spot  dusky;  feet  and  tail  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebra,  67;  hind  foot,  29. 

339.  nasicus.      (T/wmomys),    Merr. ,    Proc.    Biol.     Soc.   Wash.,    1897, 

p.  216. 

Type  locality.      Farewell  Bend,  Des  Chutes  River,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  mazama,  paler;  skull  long,  slender; 
nasals  long;  zygomata  sloping  backward;  audital  bulla;  very  small; 
interparietal  large,  transversely  lengthened. 

Color.  Above  pale  russet  fulvous;  beneath  plumbeous  washed 
with  pale  fulvous;  usual  aural  spot;  feet  and  tail  whitish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  214;  tail  vertebrae,  69;  hind  foot,  27. 

340.  douglasi.     (Geomys),  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer. ,  1829,  i,  p.  200. 
Type  locality.      Vicinity  of  Portland,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lower  Columbia  River,  northward  into  British 
Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  about  one-third  length  of  body  and  head,  claws 
large,  stout. 

Color.  Above  reddish  or  chestnut  brown;  slightly  mottled  on 
sides  and  under  parts  with  ashy  brown;  throat,  about  cheek  pouches 
and  between  fore  legs  grayish  ash;  duskj'  spot  behind  ear;  edge  of 
lips  and  top  of  nose  also  dusk\';  feet  grayish  white;  tail  dusky  above, 
grayish  white  below. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  205;  tail  vertebra;,  50;  hind  foot,  25. 

a.—fuscus.    {Thomomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  p.  69. 

Type  locality.      Head  of  Big  Lost  River,  Idaho. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Mountains  of  Central  Idaho. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  nearly  half  as  long  as  body  and  head;  colors 
dark;  size  large. 

Color.  Above  chestnut;  beneath  plumbeous  washed  with  fulvous; 
black  around  ear;  tail  and  feet  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  215;  tail  vertebra?,  72;  hind  foot, 
27;  ear,  3. 

&. — yelmensis.    (Thomomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1899,  p.21. 

Type  locality.      Tenino,  Yelm  Prairie,  southwestern  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Washington,  range  not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  douglasi,  paler;  skull  has  larger  inter- 
parietals; frontals  depressed  interorbitally;  angle  of  mandible  forming 
a  hook;  incisors  broader,  thicker. 


THOMOMVS.  237 

Co/or.  "Similar  to  T.  iioui;/asi,  but  very  much  paler;  face  with 
the  dark  markings  of  the  mountain  species." 

Measurements.   Total  length,  222;  tail  vertebra,  68;  hind  foot,  32. 

341.  talpoides.      (Cn'ee/i/s),  Rich.  Zool.  Journ.,  iii,  1S28,  p.  518. 
f'<>rea/is,  Rich,  (nee   Bach.)   Rep.    Brit.    Ass.    for   1836,    vi,    1837, 

p.  150- 

Type  locality.      Hudson  Bay. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Saskatchewan  region  south  to  Upper  Missouri 
region. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  rather  large;  color  dark;  tail  less  than  half  the 
length  of  body  and  head:  mamma^  six  pairs,  two  each,  inguinal,  pec- 
toral and  axillary. 

Color.  Above  graj'ish  black,  sometimes  tinged  with  reddish; 
chin,  throat,  patches  on  breast,  feet  and  tail  white;  beneath  plum- 
beous. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  227;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  hind  foot,  32. 

a.—rufescens.  (Thomomys),  Wied.  Nov.  .-\cta.  Acad.  Caes.  Leop.,  1839, 
xix,  p.  383. 

Type  locality.      "Missouri." 

Geogr.  Distr.      Upper  Missouri  and  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan. 

Genl.  Char.  Cheek  pouches  small,  furred.  Tail  nearly  half  the 
length  of  body;  feet  broad,  claws  stout. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  grayish  yellow  brown,  darkest 
on  dorsal  line  Under  parts,  fore  legs,  hind  feet,  tail  and  inside  of 
cheek  pouches  yellowish  white;     Dusky  spot  behind  ear. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  168;  tail  vertebrae,  54;  hind  foot,  29. 

342.  melanops.     {Thomomys),   Merr.,  Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1869, 

p.  21. 

Type  locality.     Solduck  Trail,  Olympic   Mountains,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Olympic  Mountains,  Washington.    Highelevation. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  small;  similar  to  T.  mazama. 

Color.  Above  chestnut;  nose  space  around  eye  and  ear  patch, 
slate  black;  beneath  plumbeous  washed  with  fulvous;  feet  white;  tail 
hairs  few  and  wide  apart;  above  like  the  back;  beneath  whitish;  tip 
blackish. 

.}feasuremcnts.     Total  length,  206;  tail  vertebrae,  63;  hind  foot,  27. 

343.  fulvus.     {Gcomys),  Woodh.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1852, 

p.  201. 
umbrinus,  Baird,  N.  .Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  399. 
Type  locality.     San  Francisco  Mountains,  New  Mexico. 
Geogr.  Distr.     New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  central  California. 


228  THOMOMYS. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  half  as  long  as  body  and  head; 
claws  large,  long. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown,  darkest  on  dorsal  region;  sides 
and  under  parts  yellowish  white,  tinged  with  rufous  on  abdomen;  lips 
and  ears  dusky;  inside  of  pouches  whitish;  tail  with  basal  part  like 
back. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  239;  tail  vertebrae,  79;  hind  foot, 
29;  ear,  8. 

a.— nigricans.  {Thomomys),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1895,  p.  36. 

Type  locality.      Grapelands,  San  Bernardino  Valley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  claws  short,  thick;  skull  massive,  angu- 
lar; dentition  weak;  interparietal  longer  than  wide. 

Color.  Above  tawny  brown,  rump  lighter;  head  blackish;  ears 
and  aural  patch  sooty;  beneath  tawny  ash;  feet  and  lower  surface  of 
limbs  ash. 

Measttrements.  Total  length,  260;  tail  vertebrae,  89;  hind  foot, 
33.5.  Skull:  total  length,  39;  zygomatic  breadth,  24.4;  basilar 
length,  35.5;  nasals,  11.9;  interorbital  constriction,  6.9;  length  of 
mandible,  25. 

h. — intermedius.  (TAomomys),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 
1897,  xix,  p.  719. 

Ty/e  locality.      Huachuca  Mountains,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  connecting  Colorado  Plateau  with  that 
of  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than  T.  ftilvus. 

Color.  General  hue  Mars  brown,  dorsal  area  plumbeous  black; 
feet  and  tail  soiled  white.      Base  of  under  fur  plumbeous. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  66;  hind  foot,  24. 

344.  annularis.  {Thomomys),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897, 
p.  214. 

Type  locality.      Los  Banos,  Merced  County,  California. 

Geogr.   Distr.     Western  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  skull  similar  to  that  of  T.  fulvus,  but 
more  massive;  zygomata  larger  and  more  spreading;  pterygoids 
larger;  larger  angular  processes  of  mandible;  incisors  more  promi- 
aent. 

Color.  Above  fulvous  mixed  with  black,  most  numerous  on 
median  line;  nose  and  ears  blackish;  beneath  plumbeous  washed  with 
buffy  ochraceous;  feet  and  tail  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  257;  tail  vertebrae,  75;  hind  foot,  32. 


THOMOMYS.  220 

345.  alpinus.     {'J'/iomomys),     Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1897, 

p.   216. 

Type  locality.     Mt.  Whitney,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      High  Sierra,  eastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  dark;  similar  to  T.  fiilrus,  but  paler; 
skull  small;  zygomata  spreading;  nasal  short;  brain  case  rounded; 
temporal  ridges  not  strongly  pronounced. 

Color.  Above  drab  brown  suffused  with  pale  fulvous  brown; 
nose  and  mouth  dusky;  beneath  plumbeous  washed  with  ochraceous 
buff;  feet  and  tail  whitish. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  228;  tail  vertebra,  67;  hind  foot,  30. 

346.  clusius.     {Thomomys),    Coues,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1875,  p.  138. 

Type  locality.      Bridger's  Pass,  Rocky  Mountains. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Uncompahgre  Reservation,  Utah,  through  south- 
western Wyoming  into  southern  and  central  Idaho. 

Genl.  Char.  Smallest  species  known;  tail  less  than  one-third 
the  length  of  head  and  body;  colors  pale,  mammae  six  pairs;  claws 
weak. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  gray  tinged  with  pale  brown;  fur 
plumbeous  at  base;  beneath  white  to  the  roots.  Feet  and  tail  white, 
snout  blackish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  127;  tail  vertebra;,  38;  hind  foot,  18. 

347.  aureus.     {Thomomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist.,  1893, 

p.  49,  pi.  I,  figs.  6,  7. 

Type  locality.      Bluff  City,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      San  Juan  region,  southeastern  Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  claws  developed,  large;  skull  similar  to 
that  of  T.  perpallidus,  but  broader  and  heavier. 

Color.  Post  Breeding  Pelage.  Above  golden,  interspersed  with 
dusky  tipped  hairs  on  back  and  crown;  beneath  white  to  roots  of 
hairs;  around  ear  blackish;  feet  white.  Tail,  basal  half  yellowish, 
apical  half  whitish. 

Breeding  Pelage.  Above  dull  dusky  yellowish;  beneath  grayish 
white,  base  of  hairs  plumbeous. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  296;  tail  vertebrae,  66;  hind  foot,  35. 

348.  perpallidus.     {Thomomys),  Merr.,  Scien.,  1886,  viii,  p.  588. 
7\pi-  locality.      Colorado  Desert,  southern  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Colorado  Desert,  southern  California  and  north- 
eastward to  the  Painted  Desert,  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  T.  clusius,  tail  longer,  half  the  length  of 
head  and  body.     Color  pale. 


230  THOMOMYS. 

Color.  Above  pale  brownish  yellow,  sides  yellowish  white, 
beneath  white;  feet  white.  Tail,  white  for  two-thirds  the  length, 
tip  blackish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  228;  tail  vertebrae,  76;  hind  foot,  52. 

349.  cervinus.     {Thonwinys),   Allen,    Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1895,  p.  203,  fig.  I. 

Type  locality.      Phoenix,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Dtstr.      Southern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  color  pale;  rostrum  broad,  heavy;  skull 
large. 

Color.  Above  fawn,  obscured  on  dorsal  region  with  dusky; 
beneath  gray,  base  of  hair  plumbeous;  blackish  area  about  ears; 
pouches  inside  white;  feet  whitish;  tail  above  grayish  fawn,  paler 
beneath. 

Measiireiiients.      Total  length,  228;tail  vertebrae,  63;  hind  foot,  28. 

350.  altivalis.     {Tliomomys),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.    Scien.    Phil.. 

1895,  p.  34. 

Type  locality.      San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Mountains  of  southeastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium,  larger  than  J/.  ///('///zVc/a.  Skull  long 
and  narrow;  rostrum  long  and  wide,  nasals  long;  incisors  wide  and 
strong,  molars  massive;  coronoid  process  of  mandible  erect,  acutely 
pointed. 

Color.  Above  dull  chestnut  brown,  darker  on  dorsal  region, 
median  line  nearly  black;  aural  patch  large,  dusky  reaching  nearly  to 
occiput;  beneath  plumbeous  gray,  washed  with  rusty;  feet  and  legs 
like  under  parts;  tail  grayish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  228;  tail  vertebras,  74;  hind  foot, 
29.  Skull:  total  length,  39.7;  basilar  length,  34;  zygomatic  width, 
23.2;  interorbital  constriction,  7,  nasals,  13. 

351.  fossor.    {Thomomys),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  1893,  p.  51. 
Type  locality.      Florida,  LaPlata  County,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Upper  San  Juan  region,  Colorado. 

Genl.  Char.  "Size  large;  claws  large;  interparietal  convex 
anteriorly;  nasals  terminating  posteriorly  on  a  line  with  the  maxil- 
laries." 

Color.  Above  dusky  brown  tinged  with  gray ;  dorsal  region 
washed  with  dark  chocolate  brown;  sides  graj-er;  beneath  grayish 
plumbeous,  hairs  tipped  with  pale  buff,  sometimes  with  whitish;  chin 
and  center  of  throat  white;  aural  area  black;  feet  whitish;  tail  basal 
two-thirds  blackish,  rest  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  293;  tail  vertebrae,  64;  hind  foot,  30. 


DIPODOMYS.  231 

Fam.  \I.     Heteromyidae. 

Incisors  narrow,  molars  rootless;  mastoids  enormously  developed, 
appearing  on  top  of  the  skull;  hind  feet  long,  digits  four  or  five;  pel- 
age soft. 

Sub.  Fam.   I.     Dipodomyinae. 

Skull  two-thirds  as  wide  as  long;  occipital  plane  emarginate; 
zygomatic  plate  of  maxillary  nearly  roofing  the  orbit;  anterior  molar 
without  lobe  to  the  prism;  pit  on  inner  side  of  jaws  near  molars. 


(>1.     Dipodoiiiys. 

I.       ■-■;       M.      ^'=l6. 

Dipodomys.     Gray,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1841,  p.  521.     (Type  Z^. 
philipsi. ) 
Macrocolus,  Wagn.  Archiv.  fur  Naturg.,  1846,  i,  p.  172. 
Dipodops,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1890,  No.  4,  p.  43.     Type  D.  ordi. 

Skull,  light,  depressed,  smooth,  thin,  broad  posteriorly,  tapering 
anteriorly;  anterior  outline  emarginate;  rostrum  extending  beyond 
incisors,  acuminate;  zygomata  delicate,  straight,  abutting  against 
tympanies,  which  are  greatlj" inflated  and  possess  a  nontubular  orifice 
of  meatus;  mastoids  enormous;  squamosals  reduced;  parietal  triangle- 
shaped,  interparietal  small,  situated  between  forks  of  occipital;  bulla; 
in  contact  below  the  basi-sphenoid;  palate  terminates  posteriorly 
with  a  sharp  median  somewhat  lengthened  spur;  external  to  this  is  a 
fossa  with  two  small  anterior  foramina,  and  a  large  one  behind  ptery- 
goids with  a  hamular  termination  abutting  the  bullse;  basioccipital 
narrow,  acuminate,  reduced;  separated  by  a  fissure  for  its  entire 
length  from  the  bulla;  a  similar  fissure  divides  the  last  named  bones 
from  the  alisphenoid  and  squamosal.  The  interorbital  foramen,  or 
what  passes  for  one,  is  placed  low  down  midwaj'  on  the  side  of  the 
rostrum;  incisive  foramina  minute  slits  between  incisors  and  molars. 
In  the  rear  of  the  skull  the  occipital  bones  appear  as  a  rim  to  the 
foramen  magnum.  Upper  incisors  sulcate,  pointing  backwards; 
molars  rootless.  Mandible  small,  thick,  with  a  conspicuous  acute 
lamina  twisting  obliquely  outward  and  upward.  Mental  foramen 
outside,  near  incisors.  Hind  legs  elongated,  tail  longer  than  head 
and  body,  penicillate;  soles  hairy.  Hind  foot  with  four  toes  only. 
Cheek  pouches  large;  fur  of  velvet  softness.  All  the  species  of  both 
genera  have  facial  crescentic  lines  more  or  less  distinctly  marked. 


DIPODOMYS. 


and  side  of  mouth  white;  a  white  spot  over  the  ej-es  and  another 
behind  the  ear,  and  a  white  stripe  across  the  thighs  usually  reaching 
the  tail. 


Fig.  53.     DipODOMYS  merriami. 

No.  580  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     Nat.  size. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  8  times. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  S  times. 


352.  merriami.  {Dipodomys),  Mearns,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
i8go,  p.  290. 

Type  locality.      New  River,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Disir.     Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Limbs  and  tail  slender,  latter  longer  than  head  and 
body;  skull  small. 

Color.  Above  mouse  gray  tinged  with  pinkish  buff:  sides  sandy; 
nose  and  sides  of  face  black  nearly  to  eyes;  aural  spot  and  under 
parts  white.  Tail  drab  gray,  white  band  on  either  side,  not  reaching 
extremity. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  281;  tail  vertebra?,  149;  hind 
foot,  36. 

(I .—nevadensis.     {Bipodonns),  Merr.,  Proc.    Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,    1894, 
p.  III. 
Type  locality.     Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  Nevada. 


DIPODOMYS.  238 

Gc-nl.  Char.  Similar  to/?,  ///(/v/'aw/,  tail  shorter,  hind  foot  longer; 
color  paler. 

Color.  Above  pinkish  buff,  lined  on  head  and  back  with  black; 
black  marks  on  face  distinct;  stripes  on  thigh  and  under  parts  white; 
stripes  on  tail  above  and  below  meeting  at  end  of  tail  duskj-.  Legs, 
inside  dusky  to  the  heel. 

Measurenunts.  Total  length,  240;  tail  vertebra-,  140:  hind  foot, 
39;  ear,  13. 

b.—nitratiis.  {Di/>odom\s),  Merr. .  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894, 
p.  112. 

Type  locality.      Keeler,  Owens  Lake,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  hind  feet  larger  than  those  of  D.  mcrriami^ 
no  fascial  crescents:  no  black  markings. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  without  black  markings;  white  spot 
over  eye;  beneath  white;  upper  and  lower  stripes  on  tail  same  color 
as  back;  stripes  on  side  continuous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  239;  tail  vertebra;'.  141;  hind 
foot,  37.8. 

c.—nitratoides.  {Di/ioilowvs),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894, 
p.   112. 

Type  locality.      Tipton,  San  Joaquin  \'alley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      South  central  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  D.  nitratus.  but  fascial  crescents  present. 

Color.  Above  fulvous;  facial  marks  dusky;  inside  of  hind  legs 
to  heel  fulvous;  beneath  and  stripe  on  thigh  white;  dorsal  tail  stripe 
darker  than  back,  ventral  stripe  fulvous  and  extending  length  of  tail; 
crested  portion  of  tail  like  back. 

Mtasurniiints.  Total  length,  246;  tail  vertebrs,  148;  hind 
foot,  35. 

(1. — e.vilis.     {Dipodomys'),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894.  p.  113. 

Type  locality.      Fresno,  San  Joaquin  \'alley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      South  central  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than  D.  iiurriami  and  darker. 

Color.  Above  claj'  color  heavilj'  lined  with  black;  darkest  on 
top  of  head;  sides  tinged  with  ochraceous  buff;  black  lines  on  face 
across  the  nose;  superciliary  stripe  whitish;  lower  part  of  legs  and 
ankles  black;  beneath  white;  tail  stripes  sootj*  black,  meeting  about 
one-third  the  length  from  tip,  rest  of  tail  white. 

Mtahircmrnts.  Total  length.  227;  tail  vertebra-,  135.5:  hind 
foot,  34. 


23-1  DIPODOMYS. 

e.—rimbiguus.    {DipoJomrs),  Merr.,N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  42. 

Ty/>e  locality.     El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  one-third  longer  than  head  and  body;  size  me- 
dium; body  slender. 

Color.  Above  buffy  drab;  sides  tinged  with  pale  buff  and  lined 
everywhere  with  black;  beneath  white.  Upper  and  lower  tail  stripes 
dusky  to  tip;  lateral  stripe  white,  terminating  with  the  vertebra?. 

Miasiircments.  Total  length,  233;  tail  vertebra^,  133;  hind  foot, 
37;  ear,  7. 

f.— parvus.      {Dipodomys),  Rhoads,  Amer.  Nat.,  1894,  p.  70. 

Type  locality.     San  Bernardino,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     San  Bernardino  Valley,  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  D.  merriami,  smaller,  tail  longer  and 
without  black  markings  on  face  and  nose. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray,  sides  buff;  under  parts  white;  usual 
white  eye  and  ear  spot,  and  stripe  on  thighs;  dark  dorsal  and  ventral 
tail  stripes  brownish  black,  pencil  sooty  black;  lateral  stripes  white; 
orbital  ring  black;  under  surface  of  hind  foot  brownish. 

Measunmcnts.  Total  length,  248 ;  tail  vertebra;,  154;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear,  10. 

^.—similis.  '  {Dipoi/ouns),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1893,  p.  411. 

T)pe  locality.      White  Water,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southeastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  D.  m.  simiolus,  darker;  legs  and  tail  rela- 
tively shorter.  Skull  with  smaller  mastoids,  and  wider  across  ante- 
orbital  processes  of  maxillary  than  in  D.  m.  simiolus,  and  the  lower 
premolar  wider  than  long. 

Color.  Above  light  tawny  lined  sparingly  with  blackish,  darkest 
on  rump:  beneath  white.  Dorsal  and  ventral  tail  stripes  blackish  to 
tip;  lateral  stripes  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  241;  tail  vertebra^,  143;  pencil,  25; 
hind  foot,  38;  ear  above  crown,  10.5.  Skull:  basilar  length,  22;  mas- 
toid breadth,  24.5.  interorbital  constriction,  14;  nasals,  14;  coronoid 
process  from  angle,  5. 

h. — simiolus.  [Dipodomns),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1893,  p.  410. 

Type  locality.      Agua  Caliente,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  California,  north  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Genl.   Char.      Similar  to  D.  deserti,  but  smaller;   pencil  not  white. 


DIPODOMYS.  235 

Color.  Above  like  D.  deserti,  inclining  to  cinnamon  on  rump; 
beneath  white.  Tail,  upper  fourth  dark  ashy  extending  to  tip; 
brownish  black  on  middle  third  of  under  side.  Feet  white,  soles 
slighth'  darker. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  241;  tail  vertebra',  149;  hind  foot, 
38;  ear  from  crown,  9;  pencil,  35.  Skull:  basilar  length,  21.8;  mas- 
toid breadth,  24;  interorbital  constriction,  14.5;  nasals,  13;  mandible 
to  base  of  incisors,  13.8;  coronoid  process  from  angle,  5.6. 

353.  deserti.     {DipoJoniys),  Steph.,  Am.  Nat.,  1887,  p.  42,  pi.  v. 
Ty/^e  locality.      Mojave  River,    near   San    Bernardino    Mountains, 

California. 

Cieox^r.  Distr.  Mojave  and  Colorado  Deserts,  southeastern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  colors  pale;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body; 
mastoids  greatly  developed. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown,  hairs  plumbeous  at  base; 
legs,  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail  white  with  a  pale  brown  dorsal 
stripe  from  near  base  to  white  tip,  growing  darker  towards  end. 
White  spot  over  eye  and  behind  ear.      White  thigh  stripe. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  133;  tail  vertebr.T,  204;  hind  foot,  52. 

354.  spectabilis.     {J)ipo,iomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1893. 
Type  locality.      Das  Cabejos,  Cochize  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Portions  of  Texas  and  Arizona  eastward  to  Sierra 
Blanca,  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  nearly  twice  the  length  of  head  and 
body;  mastoids  meet  behind  parietals;  maxillary  bridge  of  orbit 
broad. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff  lined  with  black,  sides  paler;  top 
of  head  and  back  darkest;  fascial  crescent  crossing  nose  black;  hip 
patch  ochraceous;  hind  leg,  white  above,  dusky  below.  Dorsal 
stripe  of  tail  dusky  for  basal  half  followed  by  a  broad  black  band, 
terminating  in  a  long  white  brush;  ventral  stripe  dusky,  the  two 
meeting  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  tail  from  base,  the  lateral 
white  stripes  disappearing. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  355;  tail  vertebra',  211;  pencil,  30; 
hind  foot,  56;  ear,  17.5. 

355.  elator.  {DipoJomys),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  109. 

jype  locality.      Henrietta,  Clay  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northern  Texas,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  D.  spectahilis,  but  smaller;  tail  more 
slender,  hind  feet  longer;  supraoccipital  between  bulla'  very  broad; 
interparietal  broad  as  long. 


236  DIPODOMYS.  PERODIPUS. 

Color.  Above  claj'  color  lined  with  blackish;  flanks  light  och- 
raceous  buff;  black  line  above  lips  broad;  thigh  patches  large;  under 
parts  white.  Tail  white  with  an  upper  and  under  stripe  extending 
nearly  to  the  pencil,  and  dorsal  stripe  blackish  on  crested  part,  paler 
for  the  basal  two-thirds  of  its  length,  the  ventral  stripe  pale;  the 
white  on  sides  of  tail  reaching  nearly  to  the  tip.  Inner  sides  of  legs 
dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  292;  tail  vertebrae,  173;  hind  foot, 
47;  ear,  14. 

356.  californicus.  {Dipodomys),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890, 
p.  49. 

Type  locality.      Ukiah,  Mendocino  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  color  very  dark;  skull  on  superior  out- 
line arched,  interparietal  not  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Color,  Above  sepia  tinged  with  pale  ochraceous;  sides  paler; 
beneath  white.  Thigh  patches  grading  into  dusky  on  back  of  leg. 
Dark  tail  stripes  black,  meeting  in  front  of  white  pencil. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  302;  tail  vertebra,  183;  hind  foot, 
43;  pencil,  16;  ear,  9. 

62.    Perodipiis. 

I.     i^;    M-  2^=16. 

Perodipus.  Fitzin.  Sitz.  d.  K.  Akad.  d.  Wissench.  1.  Abth.,  1867, 
p.  70. 
Skull  similar  to  that  of  Dipodomys,  with  greatly  developed  mas- 
toids and  thread-like  zygomata;  audital  bullae  in  contact  below  basi- 
sphenoid.  Hind  feet  with  five  claws,  the  first  digit  rudimentary,  but 
having  a  claw  and  reaching  to  the  end  of  the  metatarsal  bones  of  the 
other  digits. 

357-  agilis.  {Dipodiunys),  Gambel,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1848,  p.  77. 

hermanni  a;'  tuagneri,  Le  Conte.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1848,  p.  79. 

Type  locality.      California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Middle  and  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  small,  color  dark;  body  rather  stout. 

Color.  Above  ashy  brown  heavily  lined  with  black,  especially 
on  top  and  sides  of  head  and  lower  back;  sides  yellowish  brown,  spot 
over  eye  and  behind  ear,  side  of  snout,  stripe  on  thighs  and  under 
parts    white.      Fascial    crescent,   black    and   broad,    and  meeting    on 


PERODIPUS. 


Fig.  54.     Perodipus  agilis. 

No.  6554  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row.  Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  7  times.  Enlarged  7  times. 

bridge  of  nose.  Tail  blackish,  and  with  a  blackish  tip;  lateral  white 
stripes  terminate  at  base  of  pencil.  Under  part  of  leg  and  base  of 
foot  dusky,  rest  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebra',  170;  hind  leg, 
39.5;  ear,  14.5. 

358.  streatori.     {I'eroJif'us),    Merr. ,    Proc.   Biol.   Soc.    Wash.,    1894, 

p.   113. 

Type  locality.      Carbondale,  Mariposa  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      West  foot  of  Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  agilis,  but  larger;  tip  of  tail  normally 
white. 

Color.  Above  Isabella  brown,  darker  on  dorsal  region  and  sides 
of  neck,  sides  suffused  with  ochraceous  buff;  the  usual  fascial  cres- 
cent, and  eye  and  ear  spot;  beneath  white.  Dark  tail,  stripes  dusky, 
meeting  and  forming  a  broad  subapical  band;  tip  normallx  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  292;  tail  vertebrae,  179;  hind 
foot,    43. 

359.  chapmani.     {Dipodoiins),  Mearns,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1890,  p.  291. 
Type  locality.     Fort  Verde,  .\rizona. 


238  PERODIPUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Elevated  Central  Tract,  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  More  slender  than  F.  ordi;  tail  longer  and  color 
darker.      Skull  lighter,  smaller. 

Color.  Above  mouse  gray  mixed  with  black  and  buff;  sides  sandy 
buff;  usual  white  line  on  side  of  nose,  white  ear  and  eye  spots,  and 
thigh  stripe;  under  parts  white.  Dorsal  and  ventral  stripes  drab 
gray;  lateral  white  stripes  extending  to  near  end  of  vertebrje. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebra;,  148;  hind 
foot,  38. 

360.  ordi.     {Dipodomys),   Woodh.    Proc.    Acad.     Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1853.  P-  235. 

Type  locality.      El  Paso,  Rio  Grande,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Snake  Plains  and  their  northward  exten- 
sions south  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  medium;  tail  little  shorter  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff,  darkest  on  back  mixed  with 
black  on  rump;  sides  paler;  side  of  nose,  spot  behind  the  ear,  stripe 
across  thigh  and  under  parts  white.  Tail  with  dorsal  and  ventral 
stripes  dusky,  base  of  hairs  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  240;  tail  vertebra,  134;  hind  foot, 
38;  ear  7. 

a. — colwmbianus.  (Ferodipus),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894, 
p.  115. 

Type  locality.      Umatilla,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Plains  of  the  Columbia,  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  F.  ordi,  but  paler;  ears  blackish. 

Color.  Above  clay  color  mixed  with  blackish;  thigh  patches  and 
inner  side  of  leg  tinged  with  ochraceous;  interior  and  upper  border  of 
ear  blackish;  beneath  white;  dusky  stripes  on  upper  and  under  side 
of  tail;  lateral  white  stripes  nearly  meeting  towards  end  of  tail,  tip 
dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  244.5;  tail  vertebrae,  140.5;  hind 
foot,  39. 

361.  richardsoni.     (Dipodops),   Allen,  Amer.    Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,  i8gi, 

p.  277. 

Type  locality.      Beaver  River,  Indian  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territories. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  F.  ordi,  but  larger.  Skull:  rostrum 
robust;  intermastoid  area  quadrate,  lateral  borders  slightly  concave, 
anterior  border  longer  than  posterior. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  huff,  lined  with  black;  sides  paler; 
legs  outside  to  heels  like  sides  of  body;  beneath  white,  as  is  also  the 


PERODIPUS.  2S» 

thigh  stripe.  Dorsal  and  ventral  tail  stripes  plumbeous  black  to  tip; 
lateral  white  stripes  extending  bej'ond  the  vertebrae.  Inside  of  ear 
ochraceous,  mi.xed  with  black;  outside  whitish. 

Mi-asuremeitts.  Total  length,  289;  tail  vertebra',  144.8;  hind  foot, 
40.6;  ear  from  crown,  10.7.  Skull:  total  length,  40.6;  basal  length, 
28.2;  mastoid  breadth,  25.9;  intcrmastoid  area  length,  5.1:  anterior 
border,  3.6;  posterior,  3;  nasals,  14.7. 

362.  sennetti.     {Dipodops),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 

p.  226. 

Type  locality.     Brownsville,  Cameron  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southeastern  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  ordi,  but  darker.  Skull:  rostrum 
broad,  elongated;  mastoid  separated  by  rather  broad  interparietal, 
quadrate  in  shape  and  with  lateral  margins  inclining  inwards;  anterior 
and  posterior  width  about  equal.      Orbital  bridge  of  maxillary  broad. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  ochraceous  buff,  mixed  with  black, 
darkest  on  dorsal  region;  sides  lighter;  flanks  huffy  yellow;  beneath 
white.  Upper  tail  stripe  dusky  brown,  lower  paler,  both  reaching 
end  of  tail;  lateral  white  stripes  continued  beyond  end  of  vertebrs. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  no;  hind  foot, 
35;  ear,  9. 

363.  panamintinus.     {Dipodops),    Merr.,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash., 

iSy4.  ]..   114. 

lype  locality.      Panamint  Mountains,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Panamint  Range,  eastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Largest  of  genus. 

Color.  Above  buffy  clay,  tinged  with  ochraceous:  thigh  patches 
like  back;  inside  of  legs  dusky;  beneath  white;  dark  stripes  on  tail 
light  dusky;  lateral  white  stripes  meeting  on  distal  third;  ear  pos- 
teriorly whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  301;  tail  vertebrn\  183;  hind  foot, 
44;  ear  from  base,  15. 

364.  longipes.     {Dipodops),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  i8go,  p.  72. 
Type  locality.      Echo  Cliffs,  Painted  Desert,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Utah,  Wyoming,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  ordi,  hind  feet  longer,  tail  longer, 
color  pale.  Skull:  zygomatic  breadth  of  the  maxillary  rounded  be- 
low; parietals  without  a  long,  slender  postero-lateral  process. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous  buff  finely  lined  with  black;  eye  and 
ear  spot  white;  beneath  pure  white.  Tail,  upper  and  under  stripes 
grayish  dusky;  the  latter  narrow,    both  continuing  to  the  end  of  pen- 


PERODIPUS. 


MICRODIPODOPS. 


cil,  the  base  of  hairs  of  which  are  white;  lateral  white   stripes   broad 
reaching  basal  part  of  pencil.      Legs,  above  white,  beneath  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  275;  tail  vertebras,  165;  pencil,  25; 
hind  foot,  42;  ear  from  crown,  S. 

365.  compactus.  {Dtpoiio/nys),  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash., 
188S,  p.  160. 

Type  locality.      Padre  Island,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  from  type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  hind  foot  shorter  than  skull;  tail 
equal  in  length  to  the  head  and  body;  color  pale. 

Color.  Above  pale  pinkish  buff  tinged  on  head  and  back  with 
sepia;  beneath  white;  thigh  stripe  white.  Sides  and  distal  half  of 
under  side  of  tail  white;  upper  surface,  including  the  pencil,  and 
proximal  half  of  under  surface  sepia. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  215;  tail  vertebrae,  114;  hind 
foot,  31. 

63.     Microdipodops. 

Microdipodops.     Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1891,  Pt.  5,  p.  115. 

Cranium  similar  to  that  of  Dipodom\s,  but  with  the  tympano-mas- 
toid  much  more  inflated.  Palatal  shelf  extending  posteriorly  to  fora- 
men ovale  with  a  deep  fossa  on  each  side.  Zygomatic  process  of 
maxillary  not  expanded  in  front  of  orbit;  mandible  without  post- 
molar  pit,  and  the  angular  process  truncated.  Mastoids  meet  along 
median  line  and  project  posteriorly,  their  breadth  being  greater  than 
basilar  length.      Molars  rootless;  upper  premolar  with  anterior  prism. 


ftOoo   yocp 


Fig  55.     Microdipodops  megacephalus. 
No.  43193  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Lower  tooth  row.  Upper  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  lo  times.  Enlarged  lo  times. 


MICRODIPODOPS.  PEROGNATHUS.  241 

366.  megacephalus.  ^MicrodipoJops),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1S91, 
Pt.  5,  p.  116. 

Type  locality.     Halleck,  Nevada. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Central  Nevada. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  not  crested  at  tip,  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  length  of  head  and  body.  Hind  feet  long,  furred;  ears  cov- 
ered with  fur.      Other  characters  those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  mi.xed  with  black  and  tinged 
with  olive;  sides  from  nose  and  thigh  pale  ochraceous.  Beneath 
white,  fur  plumbeous  at  base,  except  on  throat  and  breast,  which  are 
white  to  the  roots  of  hairs.  Feet  buffy  white.  Tail,  basal  two-thirds 
like  back,  rest  blackish;  under  sides  pale  buffy  ochraceous  The 
usual  black  crescent  on  face  at  base  of  whiskers  and  buff  patch  be- 
hind the  ears. 

Measurenients.  Total  length,  150;  tail  vertebrcX-,  80;  hind  foot, 
24;  ear  from  crown,  6. 

Sub.   Fam.   II.     Heteromyinae. 

C.  H.  Merriam.      Revision  of  the  North  Anu-rican  Poik^t  .^fic,-.      N. 

Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  i88g,  p.  i. 
W.  H.  Osgood.      Revision  of  the  Pocket  Mice   of  the  genus   J'erog- 

nothiis.      N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18,  igoo. 

(>4.     Perognathus. 

I-  —■'  P-  1^;  M.  ^;  =  20. 

Perognathus.     Wied.,   Nov.    Act.    Acad.    Cars.    Leop.    Carol.,    1839, 

xix,  p.  369.      Type  F.  fascial  us,  Wied. 

.■'  Cricetodipus.      Peale,    Rep.    Mamm.     &     Ornith.     U.    S.    Expl. 

Exped.,  1848,  p.  53,  pi.  13,  fig.  2.     Type  P/  parvus,  Peale. 

Abromxs.     Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1868,  p.  202.      Type  P.  lordi. 

Gray. 
Octognosis.      Coues.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1875,  p.  305. 

Type  P.  Jlarus,  Baird. 
Chaetodipus.      Merr.,    N.    Am.    Faun.,   No.    i,    iS8g,  p.  5.      T)pe 

P.  hispidus?  Baird. 
Skull  depressed  and  flat  above,  nasals  lengthened,  projecting  be- 
yond incisors;  mastoids  less  developed  than  those  of  the  species  of  Dipi- 
domx'inae,  and  in  certain  species  do  not  project  bejond  plane  of  occi- 
put; zygomata  much  as  in  ordinary  rodents.  Occiput  not  emarginate; 
molars  rooted;  no  pit  between  last  lower  molar  and  coronoid  proc- 
ess; tail  moderate;  soles  naked  or  sparsely  haired. 


PEROGNATHUS. 


A.  Perognathus. 
Mastoid  well  developed,  extending  beyond   occipital    line;  inter- 
parietal pentagonal;  mastoid  side   of   parietal  longest;  audital  bullae 
nearly  contiguous  below  basisphenoid. 


Fig.  56.  Perognathus  flavus. 

No.  592  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Enlarged  j4. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  10  times. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  10  times. 


367.  fasciatus.  (Ft-rcgnaf/u/s),  Wied.,  Nov.  Act.  Akad.  Cses.  Leop. 
Carol.,  1839,  p.  369,  pi.  34. 

Type  locality.  Near  junction  of  Yellowstone  and  Missouri  Rivers, 
Montana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  Montana  and  Wyoming  and  western 
North  and  South  Dakota. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  tail  nearly  as  long  as  head  and  body;  ears 
small,  no  antitragal  lobe;  posterior  half  of  soles  haired. 

Color.  Above  blending  of  olive  green  and  olive  gray  tinged  with 
pale  fulvous  and  lined  with  black;  lateral  stripe  pale  fulvous;  feet 
and  under  parts  white;  two  light  yellow  patches  on  ears,  and  one 
larger  behind  ears.  Tail,  slightl)'  paler  beneath  than  above  and 
buffy  on  sides. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  135;  tail  vertebrae,  60;  hind  foot, 
17.5;  ear,  4.5. 

a. — Lnfraluteus.  {Perognathus),  Thomas,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
1893,  p.  405. 

Type  locality.      Loveland,  Larimer  County,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Colorado;  limits  of  range  not  known.  Type 
locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  smaller  than  F.  fasciatus :  pelage  soft.  Soles 
hairy  on  posterior  half. 

Color.      Above  grayish  olivaceous;  sides,   limbs  and  under  parts 


PEROGNATHUS.  243 

(except  throat  and  center  of  neck  and  breast,  which  are  white), 
fulvous;  base  of  fulvous  hair  slaty  gray;  tail  above  yellowish,  beneath 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  117;  tail  vertebrae,  57;  hind  foot, 
16.  Skull:  basilar  length,  17.3;  greatest  medium  length,  21.2;  mas- 
toid breadth,  n ;  nasal  length,  7.7;  interorbital  breadth,  4.9. 

368.  flavescens.  {F,roi-naf/ius),  Merr.,  N.Am.  Faun.,  No.i,  1889,  p.n. 
copii,  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1893,  p.  404. 
lype  locality.      Kennedy,  Nebraska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  extending  pos- 
siblj'  to  Texas,  west  to  Rockj'  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  size  to  P.  fasciatus;  colors  quite  differ- 
ent. Skull  smaller,  cranium  less  arched,  interparietal  broader;  audi- 
ta! bullae  meeting  below  basisphenoid. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  lined  with  blackish:  lateral 
stripe  pale  fulvous:  beneath  white  to  roots  of  hairs.  Around  eyes 
pale  fulvous.      Tail  above  pale  grayish,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  136;  tail  vertebra^,  63;  hind  foot, 
17;  ear,  4. 

369.  merriami.     (Perognat/u/s),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.   Mus.   Nat.  Hist., 

1S92,  p.  45,  pi.  Ill,  fig.  1-6. 

jiavus,  Baird,  N.  Amer.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  423.  (Part.)  Thomas, 
Proc.  Zool.  See,  18SS,  p.  449. 

mearnsi,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.    Hist.,  1S96.  p.  237. 

Type  locality.      Brownsville,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Washburn,  Texas,  to  Roswell,  New  Mexico; 
east  to  San  Antonio,  west  to  Comstock  on  the  Rio  Grande. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  smaller  than  P.  flavescens ;  color  bright,  sides 
golden;  tail  about  equal  to  head  and  body. 

Color.  Autumn  Pelage.  Above  yellow  heavily  lined  with  black; 
sides  golden  sparsely  mixed  with  black;  beneath  white;  thighs  golden, 
feet  white;  subauricular  spot  pure  white;  tail  pale  brownish  yellow 
above,  becoming  blackish  at  tip;  beneath  paler. 

.Measurements.  Total  length,  1 18;  tail  vertebra',  55;  hind  foot.  16; 
ear,  4. 

n.—gilvus.     Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18,  p.  22. 

Type  locality.     Eddy,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Western  Texas  and  southeastern  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  P.  merriami,  paler. 

Color.  "  Paler  and  more  yellowish  than  merriami;  back  and  sides 
well  mixed  with  black:  lateral  line  wide;  postauricular  spots  rather 
prominent;  tail  whitish  below,  slightly  dusky  above.'" 


244  PEROGNATHUS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  ii8;  tail  vertebrae,  58;  hind 
foot,  16.5. 

370.  flavus.     (Perognathus),   Baird,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

i855>  P-  332- 

Type  locality.      El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northeastern  Colorado  and  western  Nebraska  to 
Mexico,  westward  to  central  Arizona,  east  to  western  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  small;  ear  without  antitragal  lobe;  tail  less 
than  head  and  body,  audital  bullae  meeting  below  basisphenoid. 

Color.  Above  pale  fulvous  lined  with  black,  no  lateral  stripe; 
feet  and  under  parts  white;  buff  patch  behind  ear  and  white  one  on 
lower  margin;  orbital  ring  pale  fulvous;  tail  pale  brownish  or  olive 
gray,  of  nearly  same  hue  above  and  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  117;  tail  vertebrae,  71;  hind  foot, 
17;  ear,  4. 

a.—bimaciclatus.  [Perognathus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889, 
p.  12. 

Tvpe  locality.      Fort  Whipple,  Yavapai  County,  Arizona. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Southeastern  Utah  to  central  and  northeastern 
Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  tail  shorter  than  head  and  body;  ear  large, 
no  antitragal  lobe.  Skull:  mastoids  large;  lower  premolar  smaller 
than  last  molar. 

Color.  Above  mixed  buff  and  black,  the  latter  predominating; 
lateral  stripe  buff;  large  postauricular  buff  spot;  feet  and  under  parts 
white;  tail  pale  brown  on  proximal  two-thirds;  distal  third  blackish. 

Mcasurc/iients.  Total  length,  121;  tail  vertebrae,  61 ;  hind  foot, 
17.5;  ear,  5. 

b.—fuli^inosus.  (Perognathus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  1890,  p. 74. 

Type  locality.  Northeast  of  San  Francisco  Mountain,  Arizona. 
Altitude  7,000  feet. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Lava  beds  near  San  Francisco  Mountain,  north- 
ern Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.      Colors  dark,  under  parts  fulvous. 

Color.  Above  sooty  brown  tinged  with  yellowish  brown;  spots 
behind  eyes  and  ears  yellowish;  lateral  stripe  fulvous;  under  parts 
fulvous;  throat  and  breast  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  116;  tail  vertebrx',  58;  hind  foot 
18;  ear,  4. 

371.  apache.    (Perognathus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  i88g,  p.  14. 
flavus,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  1890,  p.  73. 

Txpe  locality.      Keam  Canon,  Apache  County,  Arizona. 


PEROGNATHUS.  245 

Gi-ogr.  Distr.  Eastern  Arizona,  western  New  Mexico  and  south- 
ern Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  as  long  as  head  and  body;  no  anti- 
tragal  lobe;  soles  haired. 

Color.  Above  tawny  ochraceous,  sparingly  lined  with  black; 
fore  legs,  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail  yellowish  above,  whitish 
beneath;  white  spot  on  lower  margin  of  ear. 

Measindtifnts.  Total  length,  150;  tail  vertebno,  79;  hind  foot, 
20;  ear,  7. 

372.  callistus.     {Pcrognathus),  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,    No.   18,  igoo, 

p.  28. 

'J\p(  locality.  Kinney  Ranch,  Green  River  basin,  near  Sweet- 
water County,  Wyoming. 

Gi-ogr.  Distr.     Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Ginl.  Char.      Smaller  than  P.  apache;  color  different. 

Color.  Above  grayish  olive  buff  and  black;  lateral  line  pale  buff; 
under  parts  white;  ears  whitish  exteriorly;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath 
white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  135;  tail  vertebrae,  63;  hind  foot,  18. 

373.  panamintinus.     {Fcro,i;nathtis),  Merr.,  Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Scien. 

Phil.,  1894,  p.  265,  fig.  4. 

Ty/>c  locality.  Perognathus  Flat,  Panamint  Mountains,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Gcox'r.  J)istr.  Panamint  Mountains,  eastern  border  of  California, 
through  southern  Nevada  to  St.  George,  Utah. 

Gcfil.  Char.  Small;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  color  dark; 
skull  long  and  slender. 

Color.  Above  ochraceous,  sometimes  grayish  buff,  lined  with 
black;  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail  dusky  above,  ochraceous 
beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  152  ;  tail  vertebr^f,  78  ;  hind 
foot,  19.8. 

a.—ban^si.  {Perognathus),  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1S98, 
p.  300. 

Type  locality.  Palm  Spring,  Colorado  Desert,  southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Desert  valleys  of  southern  and  southeastern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Genl.   Char.     Smaller  than  P.  panamintinus,  and  paler. 

Color.  Above  pale  vinaceous  buff  faintly  lined  with  black;  feet, 
fore  legs,  and  lower  parts  white.  Tail,  above  dusky,  pencil  pale 
brown,  beneath  white;  ears  with  white  spot  at  base,   and  one  above. 


246  PEROGNATHUS. 

^feasurements.  Total  length,  138;  tail  vertebras,  80;  hind  foot, 
19.      Skull:     greatest  length,  21;  greatest  breadth,  12. 

b.—arenicoln.  {Pt-ri'gnathits),  Stephens,  Proc.  Biol.  See.  Wash., 
1900,  p.  153. 

Type  locality.  San  Felipe  Narrows,  San  Diego  County,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  panainintiiius  bangsi,  but  paler  and 
whiter;  mastoids  greatly  swollen  and  projecting  much  farther  back 
than  the  occiput;  interparietal  very  small. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  141;  tail  vertebrae,  82;hindfoot,  19. 
(Stephens,  1.  c.) 

c. — brevinasus.  {Fi-rcgnat/uis).  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18,  1900, 
p.  30. 

Type  locality.      San  Bernardino,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southwestern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  panamintinus,  but  darker.  Skull 
smaller;  interparietal  smaller,  nasals  shorter;  lower  premolar  larger 
than  last  molar. 

Color.  Above  pinkish  buff  lined  with  black;  lateral  line  pinkish 
buff;  ears  dusky,  orbital  ring  buffy.  Tail,  buffy  white,  faintly  dusky 
above. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  124;  tail  vertebra,  66;  hind 
foot,  17.4.     (Osgood,  1.  c. ) 

374.  nevadensis.  {Perognathus),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1S94,  p.  264,  fig.  3. 

Type  locality.      Halleck,  East  Humboldt  Valley,  Nevada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Central  Nevada  to  southern  Oregon  and  northern 
Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  similar  to  P.  panamintinus,  color  of  sides 
and  belly  alike. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray  mixed  with  black;  lateral  stripe  buffy 
ochraceous  spreading  over  belly.  Tail,  dark  above,  buffy  ochraceous 
below.      Throat  and  pectoral  region  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  127;  tail  vertebrs,  72.4;  hind 
foot,  18.7. 

375.  pacificus.     (Perognathus),  Mearns,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

N.  v.,  1S98,  p.  299. 

Type  locality.  Mouth  of  Tijuana  River,  Mexican  boundary,  San 
Diego,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Edge  of  Pacific  Ocean,  on  a  flat  at  mouth  of 
Tijuana  River. 

Genl.    Char.      Similar    to   P.    brevinasus,    but   smaller,    tail   more 


PEROGNATHUS.  247 

hairy,  lower  premolar  quadrate,  mastoids  moderate;  interparietal 
wider  than  long;  lower  premolar  larger  than  last  molar. 

Color.  Above  pale  ochraceous  drab  lined  with  black.  Spot  at 
base  of  whiskers  and  ears  blackish.  Orbital  area  pale  buff.  Spot 
behind  eye  and  lateral  line  on  body  pale  buff.  Feet  and  under  parts 
white.      Tail,  hoary  at  base,  tip  dusky. 

Measurt-mcnts.  Total  length,  109;  tail  vertebnc,  53;  hind  foot, 
15.5;  ear  from  crown,  4.7. 

376.  amplus.     {Ptroi;nathus),  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,   No.    18,    1900, 

p.  32. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Verde,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  from  type  locality  only. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long,  hairy;  hind  sole  naked  to  pos- 
terior fifth  which  is  hairy;  antitragus  not  lobed;  mastoids  large. 

Color.  Above  pinkish  buff  lined  with  black;  buff  lateral  line; 
under  parts  white;  fore  legs  buff  nearly  to  wrist.  Tail  buff,  mixed 
above  with  black. 

Mt-as!ir,/ini!/s.  Total  length,  155;  tail  vertebra,  80;  hind  foot,  20. 
(Osgood,  1.  c.) 

377.  longimembris.     {Oc/ognnsis),    Coues,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien. 

Phil.,  1S75,  p.  305. 

parvus.  Coues  (nee.  Peale),  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1875, 
p.  303.     True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  p.  474. 

inornalus.      Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889,  p.  15. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Tejon,  Kern  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      San  Joaquin  Valley,  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  ears  without  antitragal  lobe;  tail  longer 
than  head  and  body;   posterior  third  of  soles  haired. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  dusky;  lateral  line  yel- 
lowish brown;  fore  legs,  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail  yellowish, 
dusky  at  tip;  yellow  patch  behind  ear;  ears,  buff  outside,  dusky  in- 
side, white  spot  at  base. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  149;  tail  vertebra,  78;  hind  foot, 
19;   ear.  4.5. 

378.  *parvus.     {Crice/odipus),   Peale,  U.  S.    Expl.    Exped.,    1848,   p. 

53,  pi.  13,  fig.  2.  juv. 

•  The  type  of  this  species  appears  to  be  lost,  and  whether  it  was  a  Pocket  mouse  or  a  Kanga- 
roo rat  is  not  likely  ever  to  be  definitely  determined.  Peale's  description  points  to  both  genera; 
all  the  characters  and  the  color  indicate,  unmistakin^dy.  a  Kangaroo  rat;  but  the  measurements 
being  of  such  cxceidingly  small  dimensions  apparently  point  to  the  Pocket  mice.  Its  identity 
being  therefore  impossible  to  determine  at  present,  it  does  not  seem  judicious  to  assert  that  Peale's 
Cricetodipuf-  fan  us  is  the  same  as  Perognathus  motiticola,  Baird.  a  well-known  species,  and  reduce 
the  latter  to  a  synonym,  as  Mr.  Osgood  has  done  in  his  revision  of  Perognafhtts^  page  34,  for  the 
two  forms  agree  neither  in  color  nor  measurements,  but  better  to  let  Peale's  species  stand  by  itself 
until  happily  the  time  may  arrive  when  its  proper  status  can  be  satisfactorily  ascertained. 


248  PEROGNATHUS. 

parvus.      (Ferognaikiis),  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  425. 

Type  locality.     Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  "Head  ovate,  the  snout  elongate,  pointed  and  cov- 
ered with  hair  excepting  the  nostrils,  which  are  small  and  convolute; 
lips  large,  tumid  and  covered  with  short  hairs;  whiskers  numerous, 
white;  a  tuft  of  white  hairs  or  bristles  on  the  chin;  cheek  pouches 
spacious,  opening  outside  of  the  mouth  and  reaching  from  the  upper 
lip  to  the  throat;  the  cavity  extending  backward  from  the  ears  and 
lined  with  hair;  eyes  medium  size;  ears  small,  round,  and  fringed 
with  hairs;  fore  legs  small,  the  feet  moderate  and  margined  with 
bristly  hairs;  the  nails  short,  curved,  excepting  that  of  the  thumb, 
which  is  orbicular  or  resembling  the  human  thumb  nail;  hind  legs 
long,  the  feet  large  and  strong,  five-toed,  the  middle  one  slightly 
longer  than  the  rest;  inner  toe  shortest,  reaching  only  to  the  end  of 
the  metatarsal  bones  of  the  others;  all  the  nails  short,  pointed  and 
slightly  curved;  tail  long,  tapering,  and  clothed  with  silky  hairs." 

Color.  "Above  sepia  brown,  beneath  white,  a  dark  line  across 
the  cheeks  beneath  the  eyes." 

Measurements.  "Length  of  head  and  body  i  9-10  inch;  head 
from  nose  to  occiput,  9-10  inch;  ears,  3-20  inch;  tail,  2  3-10  inches; 
fore  leg  from  the  elbow,  9-20  inch;  fore  foot,  3-10  inch;  tibia,  7-10 
inch;  hind  foot,  3-10  inch;  metatarsus,  5-10  inch."     (Peale. ) 

Peale  says  of  this  specimen:  "The  formation  of  its  hind  legs 
leaves  but  little  room  to  doubt  that  its  habits  are  similar  to  the  jump- 
ing mice  Mcriones  labradorius  (Richardson),  which  are  inhabitants  of 
the  same  region.  Its  singularly  large  head  which  exceeds  its 
BODY  IN  bulk,  its  ample  cheek  pouches,  long  hind  legs,  and  long  tail 
present  a  general  form  which  is  peculiar  and  altogether  very  remarka- 
ble. *  *  *  *  Xhe  specimen  is  a  female,  and  presents  the  rudi- 
ments of  a  fourth  molar  tooth  in  each  side  of  the  lower  jaw,  which 
would  eventually  have  replaced  the  front  ones,  already  much  worn." 

379.   monticola.   (Perognathus),  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Amer. ,  1857,  p.  422, 
pi.  51. 
parvus,  Osgood,  N.  Amer.  Faun.,  No.  iS,  1900,  p.  34  (nee  Peale). 

Type  locality.  St.  Mary's  Mission,  Montana,  west  of  Rocky 
Mountains?  (Baird).      The  Dalles,  Oregon?  (Osgood). 

Geogr.  Distr.  Valley  of  the  Yakima  River,  Washington,  and 
thence  southeast  to  central  and  southeastern  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  longer  than  head  and  body,  antitragus  lobed; 
bullae  meeting  below  basisphenoid. 

Color.  Above  mixed  cinnamon  and  dusky;  beneath  white;  hairs 
plumbeous  at  base;  lateral  stripe  pale  cinnamon;  outside  of  fore  leg 
dusky;  feet  whitish;  tail  above  like  back,  beneath  like  belly. 


PEROGNATHUS.  240 

Measurements.  Head  and  body,  76;  tail,  7S,  tip  gone;  hind  foot, 
21.     (Baird.) 

a.—mollipilosus.  (^Perognat/ius),  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1875.  P-  296. 
monticola,   Coues,    (nee    Baird),    Proc.    Acad.  Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 
1875,    p.    296.      Townsend,    Proc.    U.    S.    Nat.    Mus.,    1888, 
p.   177. 
Type  locality.      Fort  Crook,  Shasta  County,  California. 
Geogr.  Disir.   Northeastern  California  to  Klamath  Basin,  Oregon. 
Genl.  Char.      Size  small,  tail   longer   than   head   and   body;   anti- 
tragus  lobed;  soles  naked. 

Color.      Above  yellowish  cinnamon  lined  with  blackish;  beneath 
white;  lateral  stripe  pale  fulvous;  tail  above  like  back;  beneath  white. 
Measurements.      Head  and  body,  64:  tail  vertebra-,  82;  hind  foot, 
20.5.     (From  Coues). 

b.—oHvaceus.  (Perognathus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1SS9,  p.  15. 

amanus,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.   i,  iSSg,  p.  16. 

Type  locality.      Kelton,  Utah, 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Utah  and  southern  Idaho  to  Owens 
Valley,  California;  west  to  southern  Oregon  and  northeastern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large  ;  ears  with  antitragal  lobe  as  high  as 
broad,  large;  tail  longer  than  head  and  bod\';  bullae  not  meeting 
below  basisphenoid. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black  and  tinged  with 
olive;  beneath  white;  tail  above,  proximal  half  like  back,  distal  half 
sooty  brown;  beneath  white;  white  spot  on  ear  margin. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1S4;  tail  vertebra',  loi;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear.  5. 

c.^ma^rudensis.  {Perognathus),  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18, 
1900,  p.  38. 

Type  locality.      Mount  Magruder,  Nevada,  8,000  feet  altitude. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Southern  Nevada  and  adjacent  parts  of  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  P.  m.  oliraceus,  but  larger. 

Color.      "Same  as  P.  m.  olivaceus." 

Measurements.  Total  length,  198;  tail  vertebras,  107;  hind 
foot,  26. 

380.  alticola.     {Perognathus),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1893,  p.  412. 
Type  locality.      Squirrel   Inn,    San   Bernardino    Mountains,    Cali- 
fornia. 


250  PEROGNATHUS. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southeastern  California.  Known  from  type 
locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  tail  about  equal  in  length  to  head  and  body; 
ears  white. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  blackish;  base  of  hairs 
plumbeous;  lateral  stripe  tawny.  Legs,  feet  and  under  parts  white; 
tail  above,  proximal  half  tawny,  distal  half  blackish;  beneath  white. 
Ears  white  within  and  without. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  157;  tail  vertebrae,  77;  hind  foot, 
20;  ear,  5. 

381.  lordi.     (Afiromys),  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1868,  p.  202. 
Type  locality.      "British  Columbia." 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  British  Columbia  to  plains  of  the 
Columbia  River,  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  antitragus  pres- 
ent, but  no  anterior  projecting  lobule. 

Color.  Above  slaty  buff  strongly  mixed  with  black;  beneath  buff, 
large  pectoral  and  inguinal  patch  white.  White  spot  at  base  of  ear. 
Fore  feet  buff,  hind  feet  white.  Tail,  basal  half  dusky  mixed  with 
buff,  apical  half  and  tip  black;  beneath  pale  gray. 

Measurements.  Head  and  body,  175;  tail  vertebra;,  91;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear,  6.5. 

a.—colujnbianus.  {Perognatkus),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 
Phil.,  1894,  p.  263,  fig.  2. 

Type  locality.      Pasco,  Plains  of  the  Columbia,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.      Large;  colors  pale;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Above  smoky  gray  mixed  with  blackish,  tinged  with  oli- 
vaceous; faint  lateral  stripe;  tail  above,  pale  on  proximal  half,  darker 
apically. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  187;  tail  vejtebrae,  96;  hind  foot, 
23;  ear  from  anterior  base,  9. 

382.  formosus.     (Pn-ognathus),    Merr.,    N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  11,  1889, 

p.  17. 

Type  locality.     St.  George,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southwestern  Utah,  southern  Nevada  and  adjacent 
portion  of  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  ears  large  with  antitragal  lobe;  tail  crested 
longer  than  head  and  body;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  below 
white;  tail,  proximal  third  above  like  back,  remainder  graduated  sooty 
brown;  beneath  yellowish  white. 


PEROGNATHUS.  251 

Measurements.      Total  length,  195;  tail  vertebra*,  iii;  hind  foot, 
26;  ear,  6. 

A.  Ohaetodipus. 
"  Mastoids  moderately  developed,   not  projecting  behind   plane 
of  occiput;  interparietal  broadly  pentagonal,   or  strap-shaped;  mas- 
toid side  of  parietal  not   longest;   audital   bulla;  separated   anteriorly 
by  full  width  or  nearly  full  width  of  basisphenoid." 


Fig.   57.      PEROGNATHUS   (CHAETODIPUS)    FEMORALIS. 
No.  5065  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  8  times. 


Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  S  times. 


383.  baileyi.     [Poognathits),  Merr.,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.   Scien.    Phil., 

1894,  p.  262,  fig.  I. 

Type  locality.      Magdalena,  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Disir.  Seventy  miles  southwest  of  Tucson,  Arizona,  into 
Sonora,  Mexico  and  northern  Lower  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  tail  very  much  longer  than  head  and  body; 
mastoids  considerably  developed;  bulla  nearly  meeting  below  basi- 
sphenoid; interparietal  pentagonal,  broadest  anteriorly. 

Color.  Above  drab  brown  lined  with  black;  beneath  white;  pale 
lateral  stripe;  tail  above  dusky;  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebra,  122;  hind 
foot,  27. 

384.  hispidus.     {Perognatlii/s),  Baird,   Mamm.    N.  \m.,  1857,  p.  421. 
/ascidtt/s,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  420. 

hispidus,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  421. 
spilotiis,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889,  p.  25. 
Type  locality.      Charco  Escondido,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  and  western  Texas,  north  to  Oklahoma, 
south  to  Mexico. 


252  PEROGNATHUS. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  slightly  shorter  than  head  and  body;  hind  foot 
broad  and  short;  ears  moderate;  antitragus  lobed;  pelage  harsh,  no 
bristles. 

Color.  Above  brownish  black  and  cinnamon  ;  lateral  stripe 
bright  fulvous,  almost  orange;  under  parts,  fore  legs  and  feet  white 
Tail  black  above,  beneath  whitish,  without  crest  or  tuft. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  208  ;  tail  vertebraE",  102  ;  hind 
foot,  24. 

n.—* paradoxus.  {Ferognalhus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  i88g, 
p.  24,  pi.  Ill,  fig.  18. 

latirostris,  Rhoads,  Am.  Nat.,  1894,  xxviii,  p.  185. 

conditi,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  1894.  p.  318. 

Type  locality.     Trego  County,  Kansas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  the  Dakotas  to  Texas,  west  to  base  of 
Rocky  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.      Large;  ears  large  with  antitragal  lobe;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black;  sides  fulvous; 
fore  legs  fulvous  outside;  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail  above  fuli- 
ginous, beneath  white  tinged  with  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  205-242;  (Merr.,  measurements, 
1.  c.  100  mm.,  error;)  tail  vertebra-,  103-iig;  hind  foot,  26;  ears,  5. 

385.  penicillatus.  {Ferognathus),  Woodh.  Proc.  Acad.  Phil.,  1852, 
p.  200. 

Type  locality.  San  Francisco  Mountain,  Arizona?  Little  Colo- 
rado Desert? 

Geogr.  Distr.      Bunkerville,  Nevada,  to  Yuma,  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  much  longer  than  head  and  body, 
crested;  ear  large,  high  antitragal  lobe;  soles  naked.  Cranial  char- 
acters those  of  the  subgenus. 

Color.  Above  gray  suffused  with  yellowish  brown  and  lined  with 
black;  fore  legs,  feet  and  under  parts  white;  lateral  stripe  indistinct 
pale  fulvous;  tail  above  dusky  extending  over  pencil,   beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  210;  tail  vertebrae,  122;  hind  foot, 
23.      Taken  by  collector  in  flesh.      Carriso  Creek,  California. 

a.—an^ustirostris.  (Ferognathus),  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18, 
1900,  p.  47. 

Type  locality.      Carriso  Creek  Desert.  Colorado,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "Colorado  Desert,  south  to  northern  Lower  Cali- 
fornia and  east  to  the  Colorado  River  and  southwestern  Arizona." 


♦Specimens  from  Oklahoma  Territory  are  much  darker  above,  and  the  lateral  stripe  much 
brighter  and  deeper  than  in  the  typical  species,  and  are  intermediate  between  P.  h.taradoxus  and 
P.  hispidus. 


PEROGNATHUS.  253 

Gen!.  Char.  '■'■'EAxnWz.t  \.o  P.  penicillatus,  but  smaller;  color  about 
the  same;  skull  lighter  and  with  longer  and  more  slender  rostrum." 

Color.      "  As  in  P.  penicillatus.^' 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  191;  tail  vertebrae,  105;  hind 
foot,  24.4.      (Dry  skin)."     (Osgood,  1.  c.) 

b.—pricei.  (Perognat/ius),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1894, 
p.  318. 

oiscurus,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  p.  216. 

Type  locality.      Oposura,   Sonora,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  South  central  Arizona  into  northwestern  Mexico, 
west  of  the  Sierra  Madre. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  P.  penicillatus,  but  similar;  no  spines 
on  rump. 

Color.  Above  vinaceous  buff  lined  with  black;  sides  the  same; 
lateral  stripe  hardly  perceptible;  under  parts  white;  ears  like  back; 
tail  dusky  above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  172;  tail  vertebra-,  90;  pencil,  10; 
hind  foot,  23:  ear,  7.5. 

386.  eremicus.     {Perognathus),  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1898,  p.  300. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Hancock,  El  Paso  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Western  Texas,  south  into  central  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.      Small;  color  pale;  skull  rather  heav}-. 

Color.  Above  whitish  drab  tinged  with  fawn  and  lined  with 
dusky;  lateral  stripe  faint;  feet  and  lower  parts  white;  tail  above  and 
tip  pale  brown;  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  163;  tail  vertebrae,  83;  hind  foot, 
22. 1 ;  ear  from  base,  9.  i . 

387.  Stephens!.     {Perognathus),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1894,  p.  267,  fig.  7. 

Type  locality.  Northwest  Arm  of  Death  \'alley  (Mesquite  Valley), 
California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.     Small;  ears  medium,  tragus  higher  than  broad. 

Color.  Above  buffy  drab  to  pale  brown;  fore  legs,  feet  and 
under  parts  white;  tail  above,  including  pencil,  slightly  darker  than 
back,  beneath  white. 

^^easuremcnts.    Total  length,  177;  tail  vertebra-,  96;  hind  foot,  21. 

388.  intermedius.     (Perognathus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  I'aun.,  No.  i,  1889, 

p.  18,  pi.  II,  fig.  13. 
obscurus,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889,  p.  20. 


254  PEROGNATHUS. 

Type  locality.      Mud  Spring,  Mojave  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  into  Mexico.  Exact 
range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  much  longer  than  head  and  body; 
antitragal  lobe  large;  soles  naked. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray  tinged  with  pale  fulvous  and  lined  with 
black;  lateral  line  pale  fulvous;  fore  legs,  feet  and  under  parts  white. 
Tail  above  sooty  brown,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  183;  tail  vertebrae,  106;  pencil,  18; 
hind  foot,  21;  ear,  4.5. 

389.  fallax.     {Perognatlius),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1899,  p.  19, 

pi.  Ill,  fig.  14. 

Type  locality.  Reche  Canon,  southeast  of  Colton,  San  Bernar- 
dino County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southwestern  California,  into  lower  California, 
west  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  ranges. 

Genl.  Char.  Medium;  tail  crested,  longer  than  head  and  body; 
antitragal  lobe  higher  than  broad;  soles  naked.      Bristles  on  rump. 

Color.  Above  dark  grizzled  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black; 
lateral  line  pale  fulvous,  covering  upper  surface  of  fore  leg;  under 
parts  white.      Tail  above  sooty  brown,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  177;  tail  vertebrae,  96;  hind  foot, 
24;  ear,  6. 

390.  femoralis.     (Terognathus),  Allen,   Bull.   Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1891,  p.  281. 

Type  locality.     Dulzura,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  San  Diego  County,  southern  California,  into 
lower  California. 

Genl.   Char.     Tail  much  longer  than  head  and  body;  size  large. 

Color.  Above  grayish  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black;  lateral 
line  fulvous;  fore  legs,  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail  above  rusty 
brown,  including  tip,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  198-241;  tail  vertebra;,  1 12-133; 
hind  foot,  25-27. 

391.  californicus.     {Perognathus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889, 

p.  26. 
armatus,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889,  p.  27. 
Type  locality.      Berkeley,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  California  from  San  Francisco 
Bay  to  Bear  Valley,  San  Benito  Valley,  San  Benito  County. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than   P.  femoralis;    ears    large,    antitragal 


PEROGNATHUS.  HETEROMYS.  255 

lobes  high;  tail  lontjer  than  head  and  body,  crested;  soles  naked; 
skull  long,  narrow;  mastoids  small. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black;  lateral 
stripe  pale  fulvous;  beneath  white.  Tail  above  sooty  black,  beneath 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  195:  tail  vertebra?,  loi;  hind  foot, 
24;  ear,  6.5. 

a.—dispar.  {Ferognathi/s),  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  18,  1900, 
p.  58. 

Type  locality.      Carpentaria,  Santa  Barbara  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "  Coast  Valleys  of  California  from  San  Bernar- 
dino to  San  Benito  County,  and  north  along  the  foothills  of  the  west 
slope  of  the  Sierras  to  Placer  County." 

Genl.  Char.      Larger  than  /'.  californiciis,  and  paler. 

Color.  Above  bister;  lateral  line  pinkish  or  ochraceous  buff; 
under  parts  buffy  white.     Tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  218;  tail  vertebra,  120;  hind 
foot,  27. 

392.  spinatus.  {Perognathus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i,  1889, 
p.  21. 

Ty/<e  locality.  "Twenty-five  miles  below  The  Needles,  Colorado 
River,  California." 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Desert  region  of  southern  California,  south  into 
lower  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body, 
crested,  tufted;  antitragal  lobe  large;  soles  naked;  rump  spinous. 

Color.  Above  drab  gray  lined  with  black;  lateral  stripe  wanting; 
fore  legs,  feet  and  under  parts  white.  Tail  above  dusky,  below 
white;  pencil  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  179;  tail  vertebrae,  104;  pencil,  15; 
hind  foot,  21;  ear  from  crown,  3.5. 

G5.    Heteromys. 

I.    iri;    p.    ^;  M.   t^,   =    20. 

Heteromys.     Desm.,  Mamm.,  1822,  p.  313. 

Molars  rooted;  flattened  spines  mingled  with  the  fur.  Skull 
almost  flat  above,  slightly  arched  in  middle  of  superior  outline, 
nasals  projecting  beyond  incisors;  mastoids  level  with  plane  of  occi- 
put; zygomata  depressed,  but  do  not  dip  to  level  of  palate;  occiput 
horizontal,  flat;  tail  long,  exceeding  body  and  head;  soles  hairy  with 
five  tubercles. 


HETEROMYS. 


odom    oooto 


Fig.  58.  Heteromys  alleni. 

No.  326S  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  fize. 

Lower  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  7  times. 


Upper  tooth  row. 
Enlarged  7  times. 


393.  alleni.  {Heteromxs),  Coues,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  i88i, 
viii,  p.  187. 

Type  locality.      Hacienda  Angostura,  Rio  Verde,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Mexico,  northward  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Grande  in  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Soles  hairy,  five  tuberculated;  tail  long;  pelage 
coarse,  with  flattened  spines  intermixed  in  the  hairs.  Incisors 
yellow. 

Color.  Above  blackish;  the  hairs  having  buff  bases  and  tips 
black,  the  lighter  color  showing  amid  the  darker  one.  Lateral  line 
from  nose  to  thighs  bright  buff;  under  parts  white.  Upper  parts  of 
fore  legs  and  thighs  like  back;  feet  white.  Ears  like  back,  lips  white. 
Tail  bicolor,  above  black,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  238-260;  tail  1 15-136;  hind  foot, 
28-30. 

Fam.  VII.     Zapodidae. 

E.  A.  Preble.  Revision  of  the  Jumping  Mice  of  the  genus  Zapus. 
N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  15,  1899. 

"Super  incisors  compressed,  sulcate;  premolar  small;  molars 
rooted,  cervical  vertebrae  unanchylosed.  Cranial  portion  of  the 
skull  shorter  and  broader  than  in  Muridce.  Auditory  bullse  trans- 
verse without  special  development.  Anteorbital  foramen  large, 
rounded,  with  a  supplementary  nick,  or  additional  foramen  at  its 
lower  portion.  Malar  mounting  the  zygomatic  process  of  maxillary 
to  effect  suture  with  the  lachrymal.  Zygomatic  arch  styloid,  much 
depressed.  Trunk  enlarged  posteriori}-  in  correlation  with  the  short- 
ness of  the  fore  limbs,  and  great  elongation  of   the   hind   ones,    espe- 


HETEROMYS.  ZAPUS.  257 

cially  of  the  pes;  nevertheless  the  pes  with  five  perfect  and  separate 
metatarsals  and  five  functionally  developed  digits,  claws  not  pecu- 
liar. Tail  greatly  exceeding  the  trunk  in  length,  very  slender,  scant 
haired."     (Coues. ) 

Sub.  Fam.    I.     Zapodinae. 

<»(>.     Xapus. 

I.  "=!■  p.  ini;  M.  ^-=3  =  i8. 

I— i'  o-o'  3-3 

Zapus.     Coues,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  i,  2d  ser.,   No.    5,   p. 

253,  1875.      Type,   /).  hudsonius.  Zinim. 
Napcozapus.      Preble,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  15,  i8yg,  p.  33.      Type, 

Z.  insignis.  Miller. 
Eozapus.      Preble,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.    15,    1899,    p.    37.      Type, 

Z.  setchuanits,  Pousargues. 
Internal  cheek  pouches;  first  digit  of  hand  rudimentary,  nail 
flat,  blunt:  palms  and  soles  naked,  granulate,  tuberculate,  save  heel 
which  is  smooth;  meatus  large,  antitragus  much  developed.  Pelage 
coarse.  Skull  delicate,  papery  construction;  anteorbital  foramen 
very  large  and  obliquely  oval;  malar  extended  until  sutured  with  the 
lachrymal;  zygomatic  arch  slender,  depressed;  bullaj  short,  placed 
transversely:  rostrum  attenuate  anteriorly;  interorbital  constriction 
moderate;  no  post-orbital  process;  interparietal  large,  nearly  stjuare; 
mastoids  moderate;  pterygoid  fossa  wide;  pterygoid  long,  straight, 
ending  close  to  bulhe;  palate  with  posterior  rounded  arch  ending  op- 
posite last  molars,  and  broadest  anteriorly.  Descending  process  of 
mandible  twisted  diagonally  outward  and  upward;  coronoid  falcate, 
acute,  higher  than  condyle.  Upper  incisors,  sulcata,  short,  stout; 
upper  premolar  absent  in  one  sub-genus. 

A.    Zapus, 

"Premolar    present;  enamel     folds    closelj-    crowded;     tail  not 
tipped  with  white;  ears  rather  long;  lower  parts  white  or  ochraceous." 

394.     hudsonius.     {Dipus),  Zimm.,  Geog.    Gesch.  Mens.  u.  vierfuss, 
Thiere.,  1780,  11,  p.  358. 
labradoiius,   Kerr.,  Anim.  King.,  1792,  p.  276. 
canadensis,   Davies,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.,  1798,  Iv,  p.  167. 
americanus,  Wagl.,  Nat.  Syst.  Amph.,  1830,  p.  23. 
viicroctphalus,   Harlan,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  1839,  p.  i. 
acadictis,  Dawson,  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.,  N.  S.,  1856,  in,  p.  2. 
hardyi,  Batchelder,  Proc.  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1899,  i,  p.  5. 
Type  locality.      Hudson  Bay. 


Fig.  59.     Zapus  hudsonius. 
No.  10902  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Enlarged  'A- 

Upper  tooth  row.  Lower  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  8  times.  Enlarged  8  times. 


Geogr.  Distr.  Hudson  Bay  south  to  New  Jersey,  mountains  of 
North  Carolina  west  to  Iowa  and  Missouri  and  northwest  to  Alaska. 

Genl.   Char.      Medium  size;  molars  and  incisive  foramina  small. 

Color.  Sutnmcr  Pelage.  Above  ochraceous  lined  with  black; 
dorsal  stripe  darker;  beneath  white;  tail  grayish  brown  above,  whitish 
beneath;  feet  white. 

Fall  Pelage.      Sides  duller,  more  yellow,  dorsal  area  indistinct. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  209;  tail  vertebrae,  124;  hind 
foot,  20.5. 

a.—ladas.  (Za/ius),  Bangs,  Proc.  New.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  i,  1899, 
p.  10. 

Ty/>e  locality.      Regoulette,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  Quebec,  north  to  Hamilton  Inlet,  Lab- 
rador. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  Z.  hudsonius,  hind  foot  and  tail  longer; 
color  darker;  skull  and  zygomata  longer,  brain  case  higher  and 
longer;  rostrum  longer;  bullae  longer. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Dorsal  area  mixed  with  ochraceous;  less 
conspicuous;  sides  ochraceous  buff;  beneath  white  tinged  with  buff; 
tail  dusky  above,  whitish  beneath.      Feet  white. 

Fall  Pelage.      Above  yellowish,  dorsal  area  very  indistinct. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  238;  tail  vertebra?,  153;  hind  foot,  32. 


b.—alascensis.     {Zapus),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  223. 

Type  locality.      Yakutat,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Yakutat  Bay  north  to  Yukon  River;  limits  un- 
known. 

Genl.  Char.     Larger  and  darker  than  typical  Z.  hudsonius. 

Color.  Dorsal  area  distinct,  dark  mixed  with  brownish;  sides 
dark  ochraceous  mixed  with  black;  beneath  white;  tail  bicolor. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  218;  tail  vertebra',  132;  hind 
foot,  31.5. 

c.—americanus.    {Dipus),  Barton,  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  1799,  Iv,  p.  115. 

Type  locality.      Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  north  to  southern 
Connecticut  and  valley  of  lower  Hudson. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  and  smaller  than  Z.  hudsonius;  dorsal 
area  less  distinct. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  deep  ochraceous;  dorsal  area  in- 
distinct mixed  with  black;  ear  nearly  black;  sides  of  head  paler,  feet 
and  under  parts  white  tinged  with  ochraceous. 

Fall  Pelage.  Dorsal  area  mixed  with  yellowish;  sides  dull  yel- 
lowish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  191. 3;  tail  vertebrEt,  115.4;  hind 
foot,  28.3. 

d. — campestris.    (Zapus),  Preble,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1899,  No.  15,  p.  20. 

Type  locality.      Bear  Lodge  Mountains,  Wyoming. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Great  Plains  from  Manitoba  south  to  Nebraska, 
west  to  Colorada  and  Wyoming. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  Z.  hudsonius.  and  brighter.  Skull  gen- 
erally larger  in  relative  proportions. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Dorsal  area  distinct,  suffused  with  och- 
raceous buff;  sides  ochraceous  buff;  feet  and  under  parts  white;  tail 
dark  gray  above,,  yellowish  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  222  ;  tail  vertebra',  185  ;  hind 
foot,   30.5. 

395.  tenellus.  {Zapus),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  No.  xi, 
p.  103. 

Type  locality.      Kamloops,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.      Small;  ears  large;  color  dark. 

Color.  Pall  Pelage.  Similar  to  Z.  hudsonius  but  darker;  dorsal 
area  as  in  species  mentioned;  sides  olive  yellowish,  lined  with  black; 
tail  bicolor;  outside  of  fore  leg  and  thigh  dusky;  feet  and  lower  parts 
whitish. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  208  ;  tail  vertebrae,  128  ;  hind 
foot,  30.5. 

396.  princeps.     {Zapi/s),    Allen,    Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1893, 

p.   71. 

Type  locality.      Florida,  LaPlata  County,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountain  region  from  New  Mexico  north 
to  Henry  House,  Alberta. 

Genl.  Char.      Large;  skull  broad  and  large. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  yellowish  brown  mixed  with 
black,  sides  j'ellowish  brown  sparsely  mixed  with  blackish;  lateral 
stripe  clear  yellowish  brown;  hind  feet  grayish  white;  tail  pale  brown 
above,  grayish  white  beneath. 

Fall  Pelage.      Dorsal  area  blacker;  sides  yellower. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  245 ;  tail  vertebrae,  147  ;  hind 
foot,    32. 

a  .—minor.    {Zapus),  Preble,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  15,  1899,  p.  23. 

Type  locality.      Wingard,  near  Carlton  House,  Saskatchewan. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Saskatchewan  Plains;   range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  Z.  princeps,  hut  smaller,  darker;  rostrum 
more  deflected,  nasals  narrow  anteriorly;  brain  case  higher;  inter- 
pterygoid  fossa  shallower. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  219;  tail  vertebrae,  131  ;  hind 
foot,   29.9. 

b. — ore^onus.    (Zapus),  Preble,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1899,  No.  15,  p.  24. 

Type  locality.      Elgin,  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Blue  Mountains,  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  Z.  princeps. 

Color.  ^'  Early  Summer  Pelage.  Very  similar  to  Z. //■;>;<;v/.f,  but 
slightly  lighter  on  sides,  especially  anteriorly;  dorsal  area  and  head 
more  finely  flecked  with  color  of  sides,  the  head  especially  presenting 
a  grayish  appearance;  beneath  pure  white;  whitish  edging  of  ears 
very  indistinct."     (Preble,  1.  c.) 

Measurements .  Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebrae,  154;  hind 
foot,  33. 

397.  major.     {Zapus),   Preble,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1899,  No.    15,    p.    24. 
Type  locality.      Warner  Mountains,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  but  larger  than  Z.  princeps. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  ochraceous  buff  lined  with  black, 
heaviest  on  dorsal  area;  sides  same  color  with  less  black;  tail  not 
sharply  bicolor;  lower  parts  and  feet  whitish. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  255;  tail  vertebra:',  155:  hind 
foot,  35. 

398.  nevadensis.     {Zapus),   Preble,    N.    Am.    Faun.,    1899,    No.    15, 

P-  25- 

Type  locality.      Ruby  Mountains,  Nevada. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  from  tj'pe  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.      Large,  color  pale. 

Color.  Dorsal  area  pale  yellowish  brown,  lined  with  black;  side 
pale  ochraceous  buff;  cheeks  buffy  white  mixed  with  black;  beneath 
pure  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  242;  tail  vertebra',  150;  hind 
foot,  33. 

399.  trinotatus.     (Zapus),    Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.    Nat.    Scien.   Phil., 

1894,  p.  421. 

imperator,  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1899,  i,  p.  228, 
Zoology. 

Type  locality.  Lulu  Island,  mouth  of  Fraser  River,  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  southern  British  Columbia,  Wash- 
ington, Oregon  west  of  Cascade  Mountains,  northern  California  to 
Humboldt  Bay. 

Genl.    Char.      Large,  color  bright. 

Color.  Summer.  Above  brownish  black  and  buff;  sides  yellow- 
ish buff,  sparsely  streaked  with  black;  inner  side  of  legs,  feet  and 
under  parts  pure  white.      Tail,  dark  brown  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  241;  tail  vertebrae,  141;  hind  foot, 
28.      (Spec,  from  Olympic  Mts.) 

a.—alleni.  {Zapus),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1898,  i.  p.  212, 
Zoology. 

Type  locality.      Pyramid  Peak,  Lake  Tahoe,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mount  Shasta  southward  in  Sierra  Nevada  to 
Monmouth  and  north  fork  of  Kern  River,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  Z.  trinotatus,  color  lighter;  skull  smaller. 
Tip  of  tail  white. 

Color.  Above  brownish  black  lined  with  deep  fulvous;  sides, 
outside  of  fore  legs,  thighs  and  rump,  bright  orange  yellow  sparsely 
lined  with  black.  Under  parts,  hind  legs  and  feet  pure  white.  Tail, 
brown  above,  white  beneath  and  white  at  tip. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  234;  tail,  143;  hind  foot,  32; 
ear,  14. 


b.—montanus.  (Zapiis),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897, 
p.  104. 

Type  locality.     Crater  Lake,  Mount  Mazama,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Cascade  Range  in  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  Z.  trinotatiis,  colors  duller,  skull 
smaller. 

Color.  Suiiiiinr  Pelage.  Dorsal  area  grizzled  dusky  and  yellow; 
sides  ochraceous  buff  lined  with  black;  outsides  of  legs  dusky  to 
heels;  beneath  white.  Tail,  above  dark  gray,  beneath  whitish;  feet 
soiled  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  228;  tail  vertebra,  135;  hind 
foot,  31. 

400.  orarius.     (Zapus),  Preble,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  15,  1899,  p.  29. 
Type  locality.      Point  Reyes,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  of  California,  Point  Reyes  north  to  Mad 
River,  Humboldt  Bay. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium,  lower  parts  suffused  with  color  of 
sides. 

Color.  Above  dark  ochraceous  lined  with  black,  sides  similarly 
colored;  legs  ochraceous;  feet  yellowish  white;  beneath  strongly 
suffused  with  ochraceous.  Tail,  above  grayish,  beneath  yellowish 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebra;,  127;  hind 
foot,  30. 

401.  pacificus.     {Zapus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  104. 
Type  locality.      Prospect,  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southeastern  Oregon  and  northwestern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Genl.  Char.      Large,  tail  one-half  longer  than  head  and  body. 

Color.  Albinistic?  "  Dorsal  area  not  sharply  defined,  but  so 
strongly  suffused  with  yellowish  that  the  yellow  predominates  over 
the  black;  sides  buffy  yellow  moderately  lined  with  black  hairs;  inner 
sides  of  legs  only  slightly  darkened,  tail  sharply  bicolor;  grayish 
above,  white  beneath;  fore  and  hind  feet  soiled  white."  (Mer- 
riam,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  225;  tail  vertebrae,  141;  hind  foot, 
31.  Skull:  basilar  length,  17.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  12;  mastoid 
breadth,  10;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5. 

402.  saltator.     {Zapus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1899,  p.  3. 
Type  locality.     Telegraph  Creek,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Telegraph  Creek  south  to  mouth  of  Skeena  River 

and  Tsimshian  Peninsula;  limits  of  range  unknown. 


Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  Z.  tn'notatus,  but  of  smaller  size. 

Color.  Fall  Pelage.  Dorsal  area  darkest  and  mixed  with  yellow- 
ish; sides  yellowish  lined  with  black;  under  parts  and  feet  white;  tail 
above  dusky,  beneath  gray. 

^fcasurements.  Total  length,  245  ;  tail  vertebra',  145  ;  hind 
foot,    32. 

B. 


Premolar  absent;  sulcus  on  inner  side   of  upper  molars  deeper; 
first  and  second  molars  equal  in  size;  skull  rather  stout  relatively. 


Fig.  60.     Napeozapus  insignis. 

No.  98799  U.  S.  Nat'l  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Upper  tooth  row.  Lower  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  8  times.  Enlarged  8  times. 


403.  insignis.     {Zapus),  Miller,  Am.  Nat.,  1891,  p.  472. 

labradorius,  {Meriottis),  Dawson,  Edin.  New  Phil.  Jour.,  N.  S., 
1856,  III,  p.  2.      (nee  Kerr.) 

Type  locality.      Restigouche  River,  New  Brunswick. 

Geogr.  Disir.      Eastern  Canada  south  to  western  Maryland. 

Genl.  Char.      Large;  pale  coloration;   tail  white-tipped. 

Color.  Dorsal  stripe  black  mixed  with  buffy-yellow;  sides  buffy- 
yellow  tinged  with  clay  color;  cheeks,  fore  neck  and  lateral  line  of 
body  yellow;  ears  like  back  on  outside,  inside  buffy-yellow;  beneath 
white;   tail  above  dark  brown,  tip  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  238;  tail  vertebrae,  146.7;  hind 
foot,  31. 1. 

a.—rnanensis.     {Za/<us),  Preble,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1899,  p.  35. 

Type  locality.      Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  Z.  /«j-/i,v//y,  and  darker  colored.  Skull 
smaller. 


264  ZAPUS.  ERETHIZON. 

Color.  Above  "darker  than  Z.  insignis;  sides  tawny  ochraceous; 
beneath  white;  amount  of  white  on  tail  averaging  less  than  in  Z.  in- 
signis." 

Measurements.  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebra?,  131;  hind  foot, 
29.5.  Skull:  basilar  length,  18.8;  zygomatic  breadth,  11. 7;  mastoid 
breadth,  10. i;  interorbital  constriction,  4.7. 

fe. — (ihietorum..    (Zapus')^  Preble,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  15,  i8gg,  p.  36. 

Type  locality.  Peninsula  Harbor,  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
Ontario. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  typical  Z.  insignis.  Comparative  dif- 
ferences in  skull  and  that  of  Z.  insignis;  molar  series  longer  and 
heavier;  interorbital  constriction  greater;  ventral  border  of  ptery- 
goids nearly  on  plane  of  palate;  maxillary  process  of  zygoma  shorter; 
mandible  heavier. 

Color.      Indistinguishable  from  Z.  insignis. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  225;  tail  vertebrae,  160;  hind  foot, 
33;  ear,  16.6.  Skull:  basilar  length,  19.4;  zygomatic  breadth,  12.2; 
mastoid  breadth,  10.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4.3. 

Fam.  VIII.    Kretliizoiitidae. 

Form  stout;  long  acute  spines  loosely  attached  to  skin;  skull 
with  facial  portion  short,  and  the  jugal  without  inferior  angle;  molars 
more  or  less  completely  rooted. 

Sub.   Fam.   I.     Erethizontinae. 

67.    Eretliizon. 

I.  i=i;    P.  '— ;   M.  i=i  =  20. 
I— I  I— i'  .-i— 3 

Erethizon.     F.  Cuv.  Mem.  du  Mus. ,  1822,  ix,  p.  426.     Type  H.  dor- 
sat  us,  Linn. 
Echinoprocta.      Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1865,  p.  321. 

Four  toes  on  fore  feet,  five  on  hind  feet,  all  with  strong  claws; 
limbs  short,  strong,  no  naked  mesial  line  on  upper  lip,  which  is 
covered  with  hair  and  notched  above  the  incisors:  tail  short,  thick, 
non-prehensile,  covered  above  with  stiff  hairs  and  spines,  and  on  the 
sides  and  beneath  with  stiff  bristles. 

404.  dorsatus.     {Hystri.x),    Linn.    Syst.   Nat.,    1758,  p.  57,  and  1766, 
I,  p.  76. 
pilosus,  Richard,  (nee  Peale),  Faun.  Bor.  Amer. ,  1829,  214. 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    XXIV. 


Erethizon  DORSATUS. 
No.  5359  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    M  na'-  size. 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLIwuiS 

URSANA 


ERETHIZON.  035 

hiidsoniiis,  DeKay,  N.  Y.  Zool.,  i,  1842,  p.  27,  pi.  xxv,  fig.  i, 
pi.  viii,  2,  a.  />.  c. 

Type  locality.      Eastern  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Canada  west  to  Saskatchewan  Plains,  south  to 
central  Maine  and  northern  New  Hampshire  and  west  of  Connecticut 
Kiver  nearly  to  border  of  Massachusetts.  Formerly  it  extended  along 
the  Alleghanies  through  Pennsylvania  into  Virginia  and  possibly  to 
Kentucky.      North  it  goes  to  the  limit  of  trees. 

Genl.  Char.  Light  tips  of  long  hairs  of  dorsal  surface  yellowish 
white;  average  length  of  nasals  usually  equal  the  interorbital  breadth, 
or  about  one-third  the  length  of  skull.  Nasal  not  extending  to 
orbits,  or  one-third  length  of  skull. 

Color.  Brownish  black  varied  with  yellowish  white;  (juills  white 
at  base  with  terminal  third  usually  black;  a  few  are  sometimes  all 
black  or  all  white;  length  of  quills  very  variable;  beneath  brownish 
black. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  900  to  1200:    tail  vertebra?,  150. 

405.  epixanthus.     {Erithn'zon),    Brandt,    M(§m.   Acad.    St.    Petersb., 
1S35,  p.  389,  pi.  I,  9. 
pilosus,  Peale  (ntcRich.),  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.  Mamm.,  1848,  p.  46. 

Type  locality.      California  and  Unalaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  upper  Missouri  south  in  the  mountains  to 
New  Mexico,  west  to  the  Pacific,  northward  from  California  to 
Alaska,  probably  to  the  tree  limit. 

Genl.  Char.  Light  tips  of  long  hairs  of  dorsal  surface  greenish 
yellow;  average  length  of  nasals  exceed  interorbital  breadth,  or  over 
one-third  the  length  of  skull.  Nasals  extending  backwards  to  the 
orbits,  or  two-fifths  length  of  skull. 

Color.  Similar  to  E.  dorsatus,  except  tips  of  long  hairs  are 
greenish  yellow  instead  of  yellowish  white.  Central  line  of  belly 
sooty  brown.  Spines  yellowish  on  the  back,  on  the  sides  whitish 
tipped  with  brown. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  825;  tail  vertebra,  165. 

a.     couesi.    (Erithrizon),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. ,  1897,  p.  723. 

7y/>e  locality.      Fort  Whipple,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

Genl  Char.  Smaller  than /".  <f//.V(Z«M//j^,  paler  coloration;  audital 
bulla;  greatly  developed. 

Color.  Above  brown,  dorsum  covered  with  white  quills  tipped 
with  brown;  long  stiff  hairs  whitish  at  base.  Muzzle,  feet  and  under 
parts  brown  mixed  with  gray. 

Measurements.      Skull:   total  length,  86;  audital   bulla:,  21  x  16.7. 


266  ERETHIZON.  OCHOTONA. 

b.—  myops.    {Enthrhon),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  igoo,  p.  27. 

Type  locality.      Portage  Bay,  Alaska  Peninsula. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  E.  epixanthus ;  tail  and  hind  feet  shorter; 
face  whiter;  zygomata  bowed  outward,  outer  side  convex;  breadth 
between  squamosal  anteriorly,  greater  than  that  of  occiput;  outer 
wall  of  anteorbital  vacuity  straight,  vertical. 

Color.  Similar  to  E.  epixanthus,  but  flanks  and  sides  of  tail  more 
yellow  and  fore  part  of  head  grayish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  630. 

Fam.  IX.     Ochotonidae. 

Form  arvicoline;  limbs  subequal;  external  tail  wanting.  Skull 
flat,  depressed;  no  postorbital  processes;  molars  rootless;  clavicles 
well  developed. 

68.    Ochotona. 

I.  i=i;  P.  ?=";  M.  2=^  =  24. 
i-i'        2—2'         3—3         ^ 

Ochotona.     Link,   Beitr.  Nat.,  1795,  11,  p.  74. 

Lagomys.     Cuv.  Regn.  Anim.,  1817,  i,  p.  219. 

Ogotoma.     Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1867,  xx,  p.  220. 

Superior  outline  of  skull  arched,  occipital  region  only  slightly 
depressed;  postorbital  processes  wanting,  and  the  paroccipital  pro- 
cesses undeveloped;  malar  prolonged  almost  to  auditory  opening; 
orbits  open  upwards,  placing  the  zygomata  on  a  higher  level;  occi- 
pital plane  perpendicular,  foramen  magnum  very  large;  audital  bullae 
greatly  developed  and  extending  backward  to  level  of  occipital  plane; 
pterygoid  fossa  broad  and  deep,  narrowing  posteriorly;  vomer  joins 
basisphenoid;  palate  wider  than  long,  merely  a  narrow  bridge  ter- 
minating posteriorly  in  a  rounded  arch.  Skull  above  broad  pos- 
teriorly with  a  slight  sagittal  crest,  narrowing  anteriorly;  anteorbital 
constriction  considerable;  nasals  extending  backwards  to  orbits,  trun- 
cated posteriorly,  widest  anteriorly.  Condyloid  part  of  under  jaw 
broad,  quadrate,  and  slopes  but  little  backward;  coronoid  process  is 
a  mere  tubercle,  and  there  is  a  second  smaller  tubercle  near  last 
molar.  Mental  foramen  situated  nearly  opposite  middle  molar 
instead  of  being  in  fore  part  of  jaw.  Upper  incisor  broad,  long  and 
with  a  deep  groove  on  outer  side,  dividing  each  tooth  into  unequal 
halves,  and  terminating  in  two  points,  the  cutting  edge  being  deeply 
notched  and  gauge-shaped  instead  of  chisel-shaped.  Lower  molars 
are  deeply  grooved  on  the  sides,  causing  the  salient  angles  to  be  very 
prominent;  first  molar  has  two  grooves  on  outer  surface;  last  molar 


OCHOTONA. 


with  one  external  and  one  internal  salient  angle.  Body  nearly  tail- 
less; toes,  five  in  front;  four  behind  with  short  nails;  and  there  is  a 
prominent  pad  at  base  of  each  toe. 


Fig.    61.      OCHOTONA    PRINCEPS. 

No.  37  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Upper  tooth  row.  Lower  tooth  row. 

Enlarged  5  times.  Enlarged  5  limes. 


406.  princeps.     (/.epus),  Richards,  Zool.  Jour.,  1828,  p.  520. 

Type  locality.  River  of  the  mountains,  or  south  branch  of  the 
Mackenzie. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountains  in  British  Columbia,  northward 
to  south  branch  of  the  Mackenzie  River. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  yellowish  brown;  ears  large,  nearly  round; 
head  broad,  forehead  arched;  buUtc  large. 

Color.  Head  and  shoulders  yellowish  brown;  rest  of  upper  parts 
grayish  black;  sides  yellowish  brown;  under  parts  smoke  gray  tinged 
on  chest  and  parts  of  belly  with  brown.  Ears  bordered  with  white; 
feet  white,  soles  dusky  brown. 

.^ft-asurements.      Totallength,  172;  hind  foot,  27;  ear,  25. 

407.  schisticeps.    {/.agomys),  Merr,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  2,  18S9,  p.  11. 
Ty/re  locality.      Donner,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  California. 


268  OCHOTONA. 

Geiil.  Char.  Head  gray;  anterior  margin  of  palate  produced  for- 
ward in  a  sharp  point;  supraoccipital  appears  in  the  vault  of  the 
cranium  as  a  narrow  bridge  between  the  mastoids. 

Color.  Top  of  head  from  nose  to  nape,  slate  graj;  rest  of  upper 
parts  suffused  with  fulvous  deepest  on  sides;  black  tipped  hairs  dis- 
tributed over  back.  Feet  and  under  parts  white  washed  with  fulvous; 
soles  of  hind  feet  dusky;  fore  feet  yellowish  white. 

Mcasiiremetits.  Total  length,  i88;  tail  vertebra,  9.5;  hind  foot, 
29.5;  ear  from  crown,  6. 

408.  collaris.    (Zi^^'^wrj-),  Nelson  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1893,  p.  117. 
Type  locality.      Near  head  of  Tanana  River,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Dislr.  Mountains  south  of  Fort  Yukon  from  head  of 
Tanana  River  to  the  Chigmit  Mountains  near  the  head  of  Bristol  Bay, 
Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Ears  thickly  haired,  iron  gray  collar;  palatine 
bridge  broad  and  heavy  and  slightly  concave  on  both  borders,  "  angu- 
lar process  of  mandible  terminates  in  a  short  point  rising  vertically 
behind  the  concavit}'  of  the  notch." 

Color.  Above  nearly  uniform  grizzled  gray,  tinged  with  yellow- 
ish on  crown  and  back.  A  broad  iron-gray  collar  on  back  and  sides 
of  neck,  chin  and  throat  white.  Back  of  ear  a  pale  ashy  patch;  a 
dull  gray  band  behind  white  throat;  yellowish  spot  on  each  side  of 
throat;  feet,  legs  and  under  parts  white;  soles  of  feet  smoky  brown; 
margin  of  ear  pale  grayish  white;  the  interior  has  a  yellowish  band 
across  middle  and  a  black  bar  along  edge. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  182;  hind  foot,  28.3;  ear,  19.  i. 

409.  cuppes.     {Ochotona),  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Engl.  Zool.  Club,  1899, 

p.  40. 

Type  locality.      Monishe  Divide,  Gold  Range,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Dislr.     Gold  Range,  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  "Colors  dark  with  much  tawny  on  head,  neck  and 
under  parts;  skull  similar  to  that  of  O.  minimus,  with  short  nasals 
and  rostrum,  rather  large  audital  bulla;,  and  short  palatine  fossa." 

Color.  Above  rich  brown;  cheeks,  sides  of  neck  and  lower  sides 
tawny  ochraceous  mixed  with  black;  patch  of  buff  behind  ears;  chin 
buffy,  band  beneath  neck  tawny  ochraceous;  under  parts  dull  och- 
raceous, base  of  fur  slate  gray;  feet  above  buffy;  soles  dusky;  border 
of  ears  white;  grayish  band  inside  below  border. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  190:  hind  foot,  30. 

410.  saxatilis.     {Ochotona),  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1899, 

p.  41. 
Type  locality.    Snowy  Range,  Montgomery  Park  County,  Colorado. 


OCHOTONA.  LEPUS.  209 

Geogr.  Distr.      Snowy  Range,  Colorado;  limits  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Large;  color  pale;  "skull  wide  between  orbits; 
nasals  and  rostrum  very  long;  palatine  fossa  long  and  narrow-;  palatal 
bridge  narrow,  its  anterior  edge  falling  far  back." 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black  on  head 
and  back;  cheeks,  sides  of  neck  and  sides  tinged  with  buff;  under 
parts  buffy  white  to  deep  buff;  feet  buff,  soles  dusky;  ear  bordered 
with  white,  grizzled  gray  inside. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  182;  hind  foot,  30.5. 

411.  minimus.     {Lagonns),  Lord,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1863,  p.  98. 

Type  loeality.  Ptarmigan  Hill,  Cascade  Range,  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  British  Columbia  near  boundary  line:  limits  of 
range  unknown. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Small;  color  dark;  skull  smaller  relatively  in  all  its 
parts  than  that  of  O.  princeps. 

Color.  Above  dark  gray  tinged  with  yellow,  most  perceptible 
about  shoulders;  sides  and  belly  dirty  white;  feet  yellowish  brown; 
ear  black  inside,  bordered  with  white  outside. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  164;  ear  from  base  behind,  25. 

*Fam.  IX.     Leporidae. 

Hind  legs  greatly  elongated;  ears  very  long;  tail  rudimentary, 
bushy;  skull  flat;  postorbital  processes  well  developed;  rami  of  man- 
dible flat,  deep;  facial  surface  of  maxilla  perforated;  all  openings 
large;  palate  a  mere  bridge  between  molars;  clavicles  imperfect. 

(59.     Lepus. 

I.    ?=H;     p.    3i:_3;     M.    i=^    =    28. 
I— l'  2—2'  3—3 

Lepus.     Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  p.  57.     Type  Z.  timidus. 

Hydrolagus.  Gray,  Ana.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1867,  xx,  p.  221  (nee 
Gill,  Pise,  1862). 

Silvilagus.     Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1867,  xx,  p.  222. 

Mierotolagus.    Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1895,  p.  552. 

Limnolagus.     Mearns,  Science,  N.  S. ,  1897,  v,  p.  393. 

Microlagus.  Trouess.  Cat.  Mamni.  vivent.  quam  fossil.,  1S97,  3, 
p.  66. 

Skull  high,  superior  outline  much  curved,  especially  at  occipital 
region;  postorbital  processes  in  the  majority  of  species  long,  more  or 
less  divergent,  flanking  a  deep,  wide  notch,  their  posterior  extremi- 

•This  Family  is  greatly  in  need  o(  a  careful,  impartial  revision. 


ties  not  completely  fused  with  skull  (exceptions  to  this  are  the  swamp 
hares  which  have  this  process  anchylosed  to  the  cranium  by  its  tip,  or 
its  internal  margin);  all  the  openings  of  the  skull  are  large;  facial  sur- 
face of  the  maxilla  reticulated;  orbits  very  large,  meeting  in  the  mesial 
line  of  the  cranium;  teeth  more  numerous  than  in  any  other  family  of 
rodents;  second  pair  of  upper  incisors  small,  situated  behind  the 
chief  pair;  the  latter  is  grooved  deeply  in  front,  and  all  are  deeply 
implanted  in  the  jaws;  molars  rootless;  third  upper  molar  minute; 
last  lower  molar  larger,  but  still  much  the  smallest  of  the  lower  series. 
The  scapula  ends  in  a  process,  which  has  near  its  termination  a  band 
directed  at  right  angles  to  the  scapula;  tibia  and  fibia  always  anchy- 
losed; front  feet  with  five  toes,  hind  feet  with  four.  A  patch  of  hair- 
covered  skin  on  inner  surface  of  cheeks  extending  backward  from  the 
angle  of  mouth.     Hind  legs  elongated,  in  some  species  greatly  so. 

412.  arcticus.  {Lepus),  Leach,  in  Ross  Voy.  Arct.,  Reg.,  11,  1819, 
App.,  iv,  p.  151. 

glacialis,  Leach,  in  Ross  Voy.  Arct.,  Reg.,  11,  iSig,  App.,  iv, 
p.  170. 

timidus  'liar,  arcticus,  Allen,  Mod.  Rod.,  1876,  p.  288. 

Type  locality.      Shores  of  Baffin  Bay. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Newfoundland,  Labrador,  west  shore  of  Hudson 
Bay,  north  shore  of  Great  Slave  Lake  and  Barren  Grounds  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean;  west  of  the  mountains  in  the  Upper  Yukon  Valley. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  very  large;  ears  four-fifths  the  length  of  head; 
hind  foot  longer  than  the  head.  Total  length  of  skull  twice  the 
greatest  breadth. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  White,  mixed  sparingly  with  brown  and 
gray,  the  long  hairs  black  pointed.  Face  and  ears  tawny  gray,  the 
latter  with  black  tips.      Pelage  white  to  the  base. 

Winter  Pelage.  Pure  white.  Specimens  from  more  southern 
localities  are  darker  in  summer,  intergrading  into  L.  a.  bangsi. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  660;  hind  foot,  147;  ear,  118. 
Specimen  from  Baffin  Bay. 

a.— bangsi.    (Lepus),  Rhoads,  Am.  Nat.,  1896,  p.  236. 

Type  locality.      Codry,  Newfoundland. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Newfoundland,  northern  Labrador;  limits  not 
determined. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  as  compared  with  the  European  hare, 
the  ears  are  shorter,  skull  broader,  and  frontals  narrower. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  grizzled  gray  tinged  with  tawny; 
crown  and  cheeks  grizzled  buffy  gray;  chin,  underneath  head,  pec- 
toral band,  lower  sides,  edges  of  rump  and  fore  legs  plumbeous  gray 


lined  with  white;  under  parts  white;  tail  white.  Outer  sides  of  legs 
and  feet  tawny  gray;  ears  black,  grayish  at  base  bordered  posteriorly 
with  white.      Whiskers  equallj'  white  and  black. 

Afeasurtinents.  Total  length,  626;  tail  vertebrae,  63;  hind  foot, 
160;  ear  from  crown,  85. 

413.  labradorius.     (Lepus)^    Miller,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,    1899, 

p.  39- 

Type  locality.      Fort  Chimo,  Ungava,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Ungava,  Labrador;  limits  of  range  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  Z.<i. /^i/^js.o/ from  Newfoundland,  hind  foot 
shorter,  ears  longer.  Audital  bullae  more  inflated,  rising  above  the 
surface  of  the  basioccipital  and  of  the  highest  point  of  the  occipital 
condyle. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  hair  brown  tinged  with  bluish 
gray  and  frosted  with  whitish;  head  pale  hair  brown,  darkest  on 
crown  and  forehead.  Ears  black  at  tip;  grizzled  black  and  hair 
brown  anteriorly,  whitish  behind.  Rump  and  sides  gray;  beneath 
white.  Fuet  white  tinged  with  brown;  soles  umber  brown.  Tail 
white. 

Measurements.  Hind  foot,  142;  ear  from  crown,  105;  to  end  of 
hairs,  no. 

414.  green  land  icus.     [Lepus),  Rhoads,  Amer.  Nat.,  1896,  p.  254. 
Type  locality.      Robinson  Bay,  North  Greenland. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Greenland;  possibly  Iceland  and  Spitzbergen. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  incisors  very  long  and  slender;  "face  of 
upper  incisors  multistriate,  the  normal  sulcus  so  filled  with  dentine 
in  adults  as  to  obliterate  the  depression." 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  White  suffused  with  light  tawny  and 
sprinkled  with  gray  on  top  of  head  and  ears.  Scattering  black  and 
gray  hairs  on  back.     Sides,  under  parts  and  tail  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  skeleton  from  nasals  to  last  caudal 
vertebrae,  519;  hind  foot,  145;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  ear  from  crown,  100. 
(Dry  skin. ) 

415.  tschukschorum.     {f.cpus),    Nordquist,   Vega  Exped.,    11,   1883, 

p.  84,  figs.  8,  9,  10. 

Type  locality.  Pitlekaj,  lat.  67°  N.,  long.  173"  W.,  northeast 
Siberia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northwest  Alaska,  from  mouth  of  Kuskoquim 
River  to  Arctic  Ocean;  Siberia. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  timidus,  but  larger  head;  ears  shorter, 
black  on  tips  much  less.      Nasals  smaller  and  narrower,   postorbital 


processes  more  developed;  upper  incisors  long  and  wide.  (Nord- 
quist.) 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above,  head  and  body  blackish  brown; 
sides  of  head,  neck  and  body  grayish  brown.  Dorsal  line  smoky 
black  tipped  with  tawny;  rump  black.  Orbital  ring  white;  cheek  and 
nose  rusty  black;  chin,  throat,  lower  part  of  neck,  rest  of  under  parts 
and  lower  parts  of  limbs  white;  fore  feet  tawny  gray,  hind  feet  whit- 
ish. Ears  brownish  black  mixed  with  tawny;  tawny  gray  and  black 
inside;  posterior  borders  white,  tips  black.  Whiskers  white.  Some 
black  hairs  at  base  of  tail  above. 

Pelage.  Entirely  white  except  black  tips  to  ears,  and  soles  of 
feet,  which  are  yellowish  white.      Weight  12-14.5  pounds. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  610-710;  tail  vertebrae,  70-80;  hind 
foot,  170-179;  ear,  130-135.  Skull:  greatest  length,  108-115.5; 
greatest  breadth,  55-5-56;  length  of  nasal,  41.5-46;  breadth  of  nasals 
at  base,  23-25;  width  upper  incisor  at  tip,  2.6;  alveolar  width  of  upper 
incisor,  3;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  20. 

416.  othus.     {Lepus),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.   Scien.,    igoo,  p.  28. 
Type  locality.      St.  Michaels,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  winter  pelage  white  except  tips  of  ears, 
which  are  black. 

Skull,  as  compared  with  L.  tschukshorum,  differs  in  having  the 
"  frontals  slightly  broader  interorbitally;  nasals  narrower  and  less 
flattened;  supraoccipital  shield  narrower,  much  longer  than  broad; 
jugal  decidedly  narrower,  longer  posteriorly,  and  with  muscular 
impression  on  outer  face  decidedly  narrower  anteriorly;  basioccipital 
narrower;  incisive  vacuity  smaller." 

Measurements.  "Hind  foot,  174.  Skull:  basal  length,  86.5; 
zygomatic  breadth  anteriorly,  49;  at  widest  point,  52;  postpalatal 
length,  46.5;  greatest  breadth  across  postorbital  processes,  39;  great- 
est breadth  of  nasals  posteriorly,  22;  anteriorly,  20."     (Merr.) 

417.  poadromus.    (Lepus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900,  p.  29. 
Type  locality.      Stepovak  Bay,  Alaska  Peninsula. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  L.  othus;  hind  feet  and  tail  shorter; 
skull  narrower. 

Color.  Head  fulvous;  orbital  ring  buffy;  ears  fulvous  and  black 
anteriorly,  white  posteriorly,  with  basal  third  of  anterior  margin 
white;  back,  sides  and  hind  legs  gray  mixed  with  black  and  buff;  fore 
legs  grizzled  grayish  fulvous;  dull  fulvous  on  upper  side  of  feet;  hind 
feet  white.  Tail  dusky  on  upper  median  line,  rest  grayish  white; 
grayish  collar  on  throat;  breast,  middle  of  belly  and  inner  sides  of 
legs  white. 


Measurements.  Hind  foot,  152;  ear  from  notcli,  80.  Skull: 
basal  length,  82;  z\gomatic  breadth  anteriorly,  47.5;  postpalatal 
length,  43  ;  breadth  across  postorbital  processes,  37;  breadth  of 
nasals  posteriorly,  20;  anteriorly,  16. 

418.  americanus.     (Lepus),  Erxleb.,  Syst.  Regn.  Anim.,  1777,  p.  330. 

hiidsonius,  Pall.,  Glir.,  1778,  p.  30. 

nanus,  Schreb.  Saug.,  1792.  11,  pi.  234  B. 

campestris,  Hayden,  Am.  Nat.,  iii,  1869,  p.  115,  [Par/im.) 

borealis,  Schinz,  Synop.,  11,  1845,  p.  286. 

Type  locality.      Hudson  Bay? 

Geogr.  Distr.  From  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  north- 
ward to  the  limit  of  trees,  and  westward  to  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Hairs  in  winter  with  a  narrow  middle  band  of  red- 
dish brown;  size  medium. 

Color.  Above  reddish  or  cinnamon  brown;  beneath  white;  ears 
black  at  tip  behind,  extending  down  margins;  posterior  edge  white. 
Tail  above  sooty  brown,  beneath  grayish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  634;  tail  vertebrae,  97;  hind  foot, 
142:  height  of  ear,  108. 

a.—  phaeonofus.  {Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mns.  Nat.  Hist.,  1899, 
pi.  II. 

Type  locality.      Hallock,  Kittson  County,  Minnesota. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Central  and  northern  Minnesota;  limits  of  range 
unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  L.  americanus,  but  smaller  and  grayer. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  pale  yellowish  gray  mixed  with 
black;  top  of  head  suffused  with  fulvous;  median  black  dorsal  line, 
indistinct;  beneath  white,  pectoral  band  brown. 

Winter  Pelage.  Like  L.  americanus,  save  the  extent  of  fulvous 
under  fur  is  less  and  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  488;  tail  vertebra;,  56;  ear  from 
crown,  88;  hind  foot,  139. 

b.—vir§inianu,8.  [Lepus),  Harlan,  Faun.  Amer. ,  1825,  p.  196,  nee 
p.  310. 

Type  locality.     Blue  Mountain,  Pennsylvania. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Atlantic  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Connecticut, 
and  in  the  Alleghanies  south  to  \'irginia;  through  the  northern  part 
of  the  border  tier  of  States  and  the  southern  half  of  Canada;  west  to 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  northern  Minnesota  to  the  Mis- 
souri River. 

Genl.    Char.      Winter    Pelage.     White   at   surface,    plumbeous  at 


base  with  a  broad  reddish  brown  band  between,  showing  through  to 
the  surface.      As  large  or  even  larger  than  L.  amrricarius. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  General  color  cinnamon  brown,  more 
reddish  than  L.  americanus,  beneath  white. 

Winter  Fclage.  Frequently  less  complete  than  in  L.  americanus, 
and  the  brown  color  visible  through  the  surface,  and  sometimes  the 
color  of  the  summer  pelage  predominates  even  in  midwinter.  Again 
specimens  are  found  that  are  perfectly  white  save  the  black  tips  of 
the  ears. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  from  350-500;  hind  foot,  117-140; 
length  of  ear,  60-90. 

c.—struthopus.     (Lepus),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  81. 

Type  locality.      Digby,  Nova  Scotia. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Province  of  Nova  Scotia,  limits  of  range  un- 
known. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  L.  a.  virginianus ;  hind  foot  shorter:  color 
darker,  rarely  with  reddish  brown  shades. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  varying  from  raw  umber  to 
bister,  sometimes  shaded  on  head,  neck  and  flank  with  dull  ferrugi- 
nous; back  lined  with  black;  chin  and  belly  white;  ear  brown,  tips 
black,  border  yellow;  feet  dusky.      Winter  Pelage.   White. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  474.77;  tail  vertebra?,  49.83;  hind 
foot,  27.38. 

d.—bairdi.     (£e/>us),  Hayden,  Am.  Nat.,  1870,  iii,  p.  115. 

Ty/e  locality.      Wind  River  Mountains. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Higher  portion  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from 
Great  Slave  Lake,  Arctic  America,  south  to  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Winter  Pelage.  Sometimes  hairs  almost  pure  white 
to  the  base;  generally  the  base  is  light  plumbeous,  of  small  extent, 
and  the  middle  band  a  pale  fulvous  or  salmon. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  pale  grayish  brown  mixed  with 
black;  black  sometimes  predominating;  under  fur  whitish;  middle 
brown  band  nearly  obsolete;  feet  and  under  parts  white;  ears  black, 
tinged  with  whitish,  the  borders  white.  Top  of  head  rufous.  Winter 
Pelage.    White. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  360-460;  tail  vertebra?,  44;  hind 
foot,  140;  ear,  82. 

e. — ivashingtoni.    {Lepus),  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855, 

P-  333>  Pl-  15- 
Type  locality.      Washington,  vicinity  of  Puget  Sound. 
Geogr.  Distr.     North  latitude  55''  south  to  mouth  of  Willamette 
River,  Oregon. 


Gi'til.  Char.  Small:  represents  L.  a.  virginianns  on  Pacific  coast, 
with  a  more  reddish  tint.  In  the  vicinity  of  Puget  Sound  this  hare 
does  not  turn  white  in  winter. 

Color.  Upper  parts,  throat  and  sides  of  head  and  body  and 
outer  surface  of  limbs  reddish  brown,  lined  with  black  on  the  back; 
beneath  white;  tail  above  lead  color,  below  rustj-  white.  Under  fur 
on  back  plumbeous;  ears  black  at  tip  and  on  the  posterior  margin  of 
the  inner  surface;  rest  pale  reddish  brown.  In  the  northern  part  of 
its  dispersion  this  species  turns  white  in  winter. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  481;  hind  foot,  no;  ear,  81. 

f.—cohtmbiensis.  {Lepus),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1S95,  p.  242. 

Type  locality.      Vernon,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arid  interior  basin  of  southern  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  equal  to  L.  anuricaniis ;  color  grayish,  with 
absence  of  rufous  above. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  pale  tawny  gray,  blackish  on 
rump;  crown  cheeks,  legs  and  feet  light  rusty;  under  parts  white, 
grading  into  bluish  gray  on  lower  abdomen.  Tail  above  tawny  gray, 
below  bluish  gray;  ears  at  base  rusty;  anterior  terminal  border, 
black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  465;  tail  vertebra'.  43;  hind  foot, 
140;  ear,  72. 

^. — dalli.    (Lepus),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Wash.  .Vcad.  Scien.,  1900,  p.  29. 

Type  locality.      Nulato  River,  .A.laska. 

Cranial  Char.  Subspecies  onlj'  known  from  skull.  Compared 
with  typical  L.  americanus,  "the  skull  of  L.  dalli  is  very  much  larger; 
rostrum,  nasals  and  incisive  vacuity  decidedly  longer;  jugal  longer 
and  more  expanded  posteriorly;  molariform  teeth  larger."  (Merr.,  I.e.) 

Measurements.  Skull:  basal  length,  65;  zygomatic  breadth  ante- 
riorly, 37.5;  at  middle,  38;  postpalatal  length,  33.5;  frontal  breadth 
across  middle  of  postorbital  processes,  21;  breadth  of  nasals  poste- 
riorly, 15;  anteriorly,  11. 

h. — nvacfarlani.  {Lepus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900, 
p.  30. 

Type  locality.  Fort  Anderson,  north  of  Great  Bear  Lake,  Arctic 
America. 

Cranial  Char.  "  Skull  similar  to  typical  /..  amnicanus.  but  larger 
and  heavier;  nasals  broad;  brain  case  less  flat;  supraoccipital  shield 
narrower  and  tapering  posteriorly ;  mandible,  molars  and  lower 
incisors  large." 

Measurements.      Basal  length,  67;  zygomatic    breadth   anteriorly. 


38.5;  at  middle,  41;  postpalatal  length,  34.5;  frontal  breadth  across 
middle  of  postorbital  processes,  21;  breadth  of  nasals  posteriorly, 
17.5;  anteriorly,  14.      (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

419.  saliens.     Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1900,  No.  ig,  p.  39. 

Type  locality.  Caribou  Crossing,  between  Lake  Bennett  and 
Lake  Tagish. 

Gcogr.  Distr.      Limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  Z.  <?.  (^(7/Vv//,  but  more  yellowish.  Audital 
bulla?  very  large. 

Color.  Worn  Spring  Pelage.  Above  black  and  yellowish  buff;  ill 
defined  black  dorsal  stripe;  edge  of  thighs,  outer  side  of  fore  legs 
and  pectoral  band  buff;  head  and  ears  buff,  with  black  intermingled; 
ears  margined  with  white;  nose  gray;  feet  white,  mixed  with  rufous; 
under  parts  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  395;  hind  foot,  134;  ear  from  crown, 
74.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  77;  zygomatic  breadth,  38;  nasals, 
33;  molar  series,  15.     (Osgood.) 

420.  bishopi.     (Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1899,  p.  11. 
Type  locality.     Mill  Lake,  Turtle  Mountains,  North  Dakota. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Limits  of  range  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  ears  very  small;  hind  foot  not  so  long  as 
that  of  L.  americanus. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  grayish  brown  tinged  with  yellow- 
ish; blackish  dorsal  stripe;  head  yellowish  brown;  sides  pale  buffy 
gray;  beneath  white;  pectoral  band  pale  yellowish  brown;  outside  of 
fore  legs  yellowish  brown;  hind  feet  yellowish  brown;  ears  yellowish 
brown  tipped  with  black;  outer  edge  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  350;  tail  vertebra:,  45,  hind  foot, 
115;  ear  from  crown,  55.  Skull:  total  length,  75;  zygomatic  breadth, 
35;  mastoid,  29;  postorbital  constriction,  13;  length  of  nasals,  28. 

421.  klamathensls.     {Lepus),    Merr.,   N.   Am.   Faun.,   No.    16,    1899, 

p.  100. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Klamath,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Oregon,  limits  of  range  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  a.  columbietisis ;  white  stripe  on  hind 
foot;  bullae  small;  outer  face  of  jugal  grooved  anteriorly,  and  upper 
ridge  reaching  anteriorly  beyond  end  of  groove. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  fulvous  and  black;  head,  face 
and  pectoral  collar  dull  fulvous;  chin  throat  and  belly  white;  white 
stripe  along  upper  surface  of  hind  foot. 

Winter  Pelage.  Snow  white;  or  sometimes  with  summer  pelage 
unchanged. 


LIBRARY 

UNIV£RS!1Y  OF  ILLINUIS 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM 


Lepus  (Limnolagus)  TELMALEMONUS. 
No.  191  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  432;  tail  vertel)r;r,  2S;  hind 
foot,   127. 

422.  campestri5.      (/.i/us),    Bachm.    Jour.   Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil., 

1837,  P-  349- 

virginianus,  var.  Harlan,  Faun.  Amer.,  1825,  p.  310.    (nee  p.  196.) 

/ownsendi,  Bachm.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1839,  p.  go, pi.  2. 

Type  locality.      Valley  of  the  Saskatchewan. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Middle  Kansas  northward  to  the  plains  of  the 
Saskatchewan,  and  from  eastern  limits  of  the  Great  Plains  westward 
to  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  /,.  americanus,  hind  feet  longer  than 
ears,  tail  all  white,  long. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Entire  upper  parts,  sides  of  legs,  throat 
and  pectoral  band  yellowish  gray  mixed  with  dark  brown;  sides  paler; 
nape  smoky  white;  under  surface  of  head  and  belly  white;  legs  gray 
tinged  with  rusty;  tail  entirely  white.  Fringe  and  border  of  ears 
white. 

Winter  Pelage.  Pure  white;  in  southern  localities  this  hare  does 
not  always  turn  entirely  white,  and  the  head  and  dorsal  surface  are 
frequently  reddish  brown,  sometimes  almost  a  pinkish  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  630;  tail  vertcbr.r,  95;  hind  foot, 
153;  ear  from  crown  (dried  skin),  125. 

A.  Limnolagas. 

"  Interparietal  present  as  a  distinct  bone  in  adults;  usually- 
developed  from  a  single  ossific  center.  Skull  and  teeth  massive; 
rostral  portion  wide  as  high;  postorbital  process  of  frontals  anchyl- 
osed  with  the  cranium  for  its  entire  length;  frontals  and  parietals 
deeply  pitted;  skull  rather  straight  above,  about  half  as  wide  as  long; 
pelage  liarsh;  head  small;  ear,  tail  and  hind  foot  short,  latter  scantily 
hairi'd."  (Mearns,  Proc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1895,  p.  551,  as  Hvitro- 
lagus.      Gray). 

423.  aquaticus.     (Lepus),  Bach.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1837, 

p.  319,  pi.  22,  fig.  2. 

Type  locality.     Alabama. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Gulf  States  from  Alabama  to  I'exas  and  north- 
ward to  southern  Illinois  in  the  interior,  about  Mound  City  and 
Cairo;  up  the  Ohio  to  the  Wabash  River  and  "on  the  Mississippi  to 
Cape  Girardeau,  and  possiby  higher  where  swamps  extend." 

Genl.  Char.  Large  or  longer  than  /..  americanus,  ears  less  than 
length  of  head:  hind  foot  average  shorter  than  head;  incisors  very 
large. 


Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black;  sides  pale  and 
with  less  black;  breast  dusky  yellowish  brown;  chin  and  belly  white; 
tail  above  dusky  reddish  brown;  beneath  white;  black  spot  on  fore- 
head; feet  dark  chestnut  brown;  ears  dark  brown,  bordered  with  white 
in  front,  with  fulvous  behind.  Sides  of  head  with  sometimes  a  black 
patch  on  cheeks.      Nape  reddish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  530;  tail  vertebrae,  40;  hind  foot, 
119;  ear,  76. 

a.— attwateri.     {Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.    Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1895, 

P-   327- 

Type  locality.  Medina  River,  18  miles  south  of  San  Antonio, 
Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southeastern  Texas,  limits  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  Color  paler  than  those  of  L.  aqiiaticus.  Size 
similar. 

Color.  Above  pale  buffy  gray  lined  with  black;  sides  whitish 
gray  tinged  with  buff;  dorsal  region  tinged  with  yellowish,  darkest  on 
the  rump;  belly  and  inside  of  legs  white.  Back  sometimes  nearly  all 
black;  ears  sparsely  haired,  reddish  brown  outside,  with  a  narrow 
white  border  anteriorly;  curved  black  line  at  corner  of  eye  across 
cheek;  tail  reddish  brown  above,  white  below;  feet  fulvous  above, 
soles  dusky. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  520;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  83;  hind 
foot,  105;  ear,  65. 

424.  telmalemonus.  {Lepus),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1899, 
I,  p.  285,  Zoology. 

Type  locality.      Washita  River,  near  Dougherty,  Indian  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Indian  Territory,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Sexes  unlike.  Male  with  pale  silvery  gray  color; 
female  yellowish  buff;  side  large.  Nasals  very  broad,  16  mm.  pos- 
teriorly. 

Color.  Male.  Sides  of  face  and  flanks  silvery  gray;  upper  parts 
silvery  gray  tinged  with  yellow,  becoming  pale  brown  at  base  of  tail; 
all  the  hairs  tipped  with  black,  bases  plumbeous.  Dorsal  surface  but 
slightly  darker  than  flanks.  Back  of  neck  chestnut.  Nose  to  crown 
light  buff  lined  with  black;  back  of  head  light  gray  with  a  narrow 
black  line  down  the  center.  Around  eye  light  buff  broadest  pos- 
teriorly. Broad  black  lines  across  cheeks.  Upper  and  under  surface 
of  fore  legs  pale  fulvous,  same  spots  on  hind  legs  inclining  to  white. 
Broad  pectoral  band  pale  fulvous.  Rest  of  under  parts  and  inside  of 
legs  white.  Ears  light  buff  heavily  lined  with  black;  inside  pearly 
gray.    Tail  snuff  brown  above,  hairs  tipped  with  fulvous,  beneath  white. 


Female.  General  appearance  pale  yellowish  suffused  with  red- 
dish brown.  Upper  parts  and  Banks  jellowish  buff,  hairs  tipped  with 
amber  brown,  darker  on  dorsal  area,  and  almost  blackish  brown  on 
the  rump.  Head  and  back  of  neck  as  in  the  male.  Ears  like  the 
back  outside,  inside  buff  along  the  margin.  Pectoral  band,  under 
parts,  feet  and  tail  like  the  male. 

Measurements.  Male.  Total  length,  540;  tail,  75;  hind  foot, 
no;  ears  from  notch,  6g. 

Female.      Total  length,  560:  tail,  86;  hind  foot,  no. 

425.  palustris.  {Lepus),  Bachm.  Journ.  Acad.  Phil.,  1837,  p.  194, 
pis.  15,  16. 

doiiglasi,  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat  Hist.,  1837,  p.  586. 

Type  locality.      South  Carolina? 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Carolina  to  Florida,  westward  through  the 
Gulf  States  to  Texas;  south  to  Yucatan. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  oi  L. /.  malliirus,  tail  shorter:  ears  broader, 
more  rounded;  head  larger;  nails  of  toes  exposed;  incisors  and  molars 
broader  and  heavier. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  tinged  with  rufous  or  rusty  (the 
lattt-r  especiallj'  on  the  rump  and  outside  of  legs),  and  heavily  shaded 
with  black:  beneath  grayish  white;  breast  and  sides  yellowish  brown; 
chin  gravish  white;  throat  brownish  gray;  ear  grayish  rufous  lined 
with  black.  Tail  above  rufous  and  black,  beneath  grayish  white. 
Soles  brownish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  444:  tail  vertebra\  38;  hind  foot, 
88;  ear,  64. 

a .—paludicola.  {/.e/us),  Miller  li  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash., 
1894,  p.  105. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Island,  near  Crystal  River,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  palustris,  hind  foot  shorter,  ear  shorter, 
color  darker,  more  rufous.      Rostrum  short,  broad. 

Color.  Above  russet  lined  heavily  with  black,  the  latter  pre- 
dominating on  back  and  sides  of  the  head  and  neck;  nape  patch  rus- 
set; beneath  smoky  gray;  lower  part  of  flanks  light  cinnamon  rufous; 
pectoral  band  wood  brown;  ears  dark  russet,  bordered  anteriorly  with 
white  and  an  inner  line  of  black;  feet  above  pale  russet,  soles  seal 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  438;  tail  vertebra-,  35:  hind  foot,  84; 
ear,  4.5:  (dried  skin). 


B.  Silvilagus. 
"  Interparietal  persistent  as  a  distinct  bone  in  adults;  rostrum 
wider  than  high;  skull  and  teeth  light;  postorbital  process  united 
with  cranium  behind,  inclosing  a  narrow  foramen;  upper  surface  of 
skull  less  pitted;  skull  sometimes  wider  than  half  its  length,  much 
arched:  pelage  softer."     (Mearns.) 

426.  floridanus.  {Lrpus),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1899, 
p.    160. 

Type  locality.     Sebastian  River,  Brevard  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      North  Carolina  to  Florida  west  to  Louisiana. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  f.  mallunis,  Thomas,  but  darker  in 
color. 

Color.  Above  buffy  gray  mixed  with  black;  legs  dark  rufous; 
pectoral  band  broad;  dark  grayish;  ears  broadly  edged  and  tipped 
with  black;  space  about  eye  grayish  white,  not  creamy  white;  under 
parts  grayish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  455;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  65;  hind 
foot,  84;  ear  from  notch,  57. 

a. — mallurus.     {Lepiis),  Thomas  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  i8g8,  p.  320. 

sylvaticus,  Bachm.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1837,  p.  403, 
(nee  Nillson.) 

Type  locality.      Raleigh,  North  Carolina. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  Maine  along  the  coast  to  Florida  and 
the  Gulf  States,  west  to  eastern  Kansas,  Nebraska  and  the  Indian 
Territory.  In  the  states  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  it  grades  into 
Lepus  nuttalli;  and  in  Arizona  into  Lepus  arizotm.  In  the  interior  its 
range  is  limited  apparently  by  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United 
States. 

Genl.  Char.      Hind  foot  and  ears  longer  than  head. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black;  rump  ash,  gray 
and  black;  nape,  fore  legs,  and  outside  of  hind  legs  rusty;  throat 
yellowish  gray;  under  parts  white.  Tail  above  yellowish  brown, 
beneath  white.  Ear  ashy  brown  edged  with  white  posteriorly; 
towards  the  top  black.      Fur  lead  color  at  base. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  477;  tail  vertebrae,  64;  hind  foot, 
142;  ear,  55. 

b.—mearnsi.  (Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1894,  p.  171 
(note). 

Type  locality.      Fort  Snelling,  Minnesota. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Iowa,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  Z.  floridanus  mallurus,  but  larger;  color 
slightly  paler,  especially  on  the  sides  of  the  body. 


FIELD   COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    XXVI. 


LEPUS   AMERICANUS. 
No.  i^Z7  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     Nat.  size. 

Lepus  (Silvilagus)  FLORIOANUS. 
No.  606  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


LIBRAR~^ 
UNlVERSin  Of  iLui-i. 


Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  sparsel)'  mixed  with  black, 
becoming  grayish  on  the  rump;  top  of  head  reddish  brown  finely 
lined  with  black;  sides  and  outside  of  thighs  grayish  white,  mixed 
with  black  and  extending  onto  sides  of  belly;  fore  legs  pale  yellowish; 
hind  legs  and  feet  rufous  brown  on  sides,  whitish  on  upper  surface. 
Tail  blackish  above,  the  hairs  white  tipped,  beneath  pure  white. 
Beneath  head  (chin  and  jaws),  pale  plumbeous,  throat  and  breast 
yellowish  brown;  rest  of  under  parts  white.  Ears  yellowish  brown, 
a  dusky  brown  line  along  outer  edge  to  tip. 

.\rt\isureiiieiils.  Total  length,  475  ;  tail  vertebra,  66  ;  hind 
foot,  105. 

c— transitional  in.    (/.r/i/s),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895, 

P-  405- 

Tv/e  locality.      Liberty  Hill,  New  London  County,  Connecticut. 

Geogr.  Distr.  East  side  of  lower  Hudson  River,  New  York, 
along  the  AUeghanies  to  West  Virginia,  north  to  southern  New 
Hampshire  and  west  to  Hudson  River. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull,  as  compared  with  that  of  /.  floridanus,  is 
shorter  and  broader;  postorbital  process  of  the  frontal  bone  slender 
and  short,  enclosing  (not  always  entirely)  a  foramen;  incisive  foramen 
has  the  two  outer  sides  parallel  for  two-thirds  the  length,  turning 
suddenly  in  and  then  continuing  up  behind  incisors,  making  a  bottle- 
shaped  opening. 

Color.  Above  russet  and  wood  brown  mixed  with  black;  nuchal 
patch  hazel,  as  are  the  outside  of  legs;  pectoral  band  wood  brown; 
under  parts  white;  ears  wood  brown  and  russet,  outer  edge  with  a 
black  margin  fringed  with  yellowish  white.  Tail  sootv  black;  hairs 
tipped  with  pale  brown;  beneath  white. 

Aleasuremenls.  Total  length,  431 ;  tail  vertebra,  52.  5;  hind  foot, 
99;  ear,  58. 

(i.—hachmani.    (Lc/n/s),  Waterh.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1838,  p.  103. 

tr('7,<briilgi-i,  Baird,  Journ.   Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1855,  p.  333. 

Type  locality.  "  S.  W.  coast  of  North  America,  probably  Cali- 
fornia." 

Geogr.  Distr.     Fort  Crook  to  Cape  St.  Lucas,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  f.  auduhoni,  but  smaller;  ears  equal  to 
head  in  length;  hind  feet  short:  tail  almost  rudimentary;  ears  uni- 
formly gray. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  dark  brown;  throat, 
chest  and  sides  paler;  legs  and  hind  feet  whitish,  tinged  with  rufous; 
ears  gray,  at  extreme   base  rusty;  no   black  edging  at  tip;  fur  every- 


where  lead   color  at  base.      Beneath   dusky  gray,  sometimes  whitish; 
nape  rufous;  tail  black,  hairs  tipped  with  pale  brown. 

Measunments.  Total  length,  340;  tail  vertebra?,  30;  hind  foot, 
75;  ear,  61. 

e,—alacer.     (L,/>us),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  136. 

Type-  locality.      Stilwell,  Indian  Territory. 

Gi'ogr.  Distr.  Missouri  south  to  Indian  and  Oklahoma  Territo- 
ries, limits  of  range  unknown. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  of  L.  f.  bachiiiani,  but  darker  in  color;  audital 
bullae  smaller. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown,  lined  with  black;  nape  and  upper 
surface  of  legs  cinnamon  rufous;  sides  and  rump  wood  brown;  pec- 
toral band  wood  brown;  rest  of  under  parts  white. 

Measurements.      Total   length,  370;  tail  vertebrae,  50;    hind  foot, 
95;  ear,  73.      Skull:    occipito-nasal  length,  67.2;  zygomatic  breadth, 
34- 
f.--ubericolor.      {Lrpus),  Miller,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,    1899, 

P-   383- 

Type  locality.      Beaverton,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  Oregon,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Darker  and  redder  than  L.  f.  bachmani. 

Color.  Grizzled  brown  and  black,  darkest  on  the  back;  nape 
chestnut;  ear  blackish,  sprinkled  with  broccoli  brown  and  frosted  on 
the  inside  and  at  base.  Edge  of  ear  wood  brown;  chin,  upper  part 
of  throat  and  belly  cream  buff.  Feet  brown.  Tail  above  brown  and 
black,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  280;  tail  vertebrae,  15;  hind  foot,  75; 
ear  from  crown,  55. 

g.—chapmani .    {Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1899,  p.  12. 

Type  locality.     Corpus  Christi,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Texas,  common  in  chaparral  region  south  of 
Bexar  county. 

Genl.   Char.      Size  small;  sides  and  rump  whitish  gray. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  black,  becoming  grayish  on 
lower  part  of  rump;  sides  paler  and  grayer;  nape  rufous,  grading  into 
dark  chestnut  between  shoulders;  fore  feet  fulvous;  hind  feet  whitish 
above,  pale  fulvous  on  sides.  Tail  above  dark  gray,  hairs  tipped 
with  buff,  beneath  white.  Ears  yellowish  brown,  blackish  on  edge  at 
tip,  fringe  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  407;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  hind  foot,  92; 
ear  from  notch  (skin),  55. 


h.—caniclunis.  {L,pu.<),  Miller,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1899, 
p.  388. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Clark,  Texas. 

Gcogr.  Distr.      Southwestern  Texas,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  /,. /.  chapmani,  Allen,  but  paler  through, 
out;  white  of  bellj-  not  encroached  upon  by  color  of  the  sides. 

Color.  Like*/./,  siibcinctus  Miller,  from  Hacienda  El  Molino, 
Nyrete.  Michoacan,  Mexico.  Back  grizzled  black  and  buffy  white; 
rump  and  tail  paler,  the  terminal  band  of  the  under  fur  (5cru  drab. 
Head  paler  than  back;  ears  pale  gray,  tinted  with  buff  inside.  Bellj' 
pure  white. 

Mtasiiremtnts.  Total  length.  395;  tail  vertebra",  52;  hind  foot, 
87;  ear  from  crown,  72. 

427.  auduboni.     (Lepiis),  Baird,  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  608,  pi.  13,  58. 

J'ype  locality.     San  Francisco,  California. 

Gfogr.  Distr.  Coast  of  California  from  San  Francisco  to  San 
Diego. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  smaller  than  L.  f.  malliirus;  ears  longer  than 
head;  tail  long. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  brown  inixed  with  black;  sides 
paler  with  little  or  no  black;  nape  pale  rufous;  fore  feet,  above  pale 
yellowish  and  rusty;  hind  feet  whitish,  sides  rusty;  pectoral  band 
pale  yellowish  brown.  Under  parts  white.  Ears  dark  brown,  the 
hairs  with  pale  yellowish  tips,  so  that  this  hue  predominates,  grad- 
ing into  black  or  brownish  black  at  tips.  Tail,  above  like  back, 
beneath  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  457;  tail  vertebrjK,  38;  hind  foot, 
8g:  ear  from  notch,  70. 

a.—sanctidieii.  (Lepiis),  Miller,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1899, 
p.  389. 

Type  locality.  Mexican  boundary  line,  San  Diego  County,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southeastern  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  L.  f.  auduboni,  but  paler. 

Color.  Above  grizzle  of  black  and  light  cream  buff;  sides  paler; 
rump  whitish  gray;  nape  ochraceous  buff;  tail,  dark  brown  above, 
white  beneath.  Ears  gray,  lower  half  paler  than  crown  of  head, 
which  is  like  the  back.  Orbital  ring  whitish;  chin  and  throat  white 
tinged  with  plumbeous;  lower  part  of  throat  and  chest  cream  buff. 
Legs  ochraceous  buff;  fore  feet  cream    buff;  hind  feet  white.      White 

*  Proc.  .^cad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1S99,  p.  3S6. 


of  belly  reaching  to  wrists  and  back  of  hind  feet.    Belly  white,  tinged 
with  plumbeous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  385;  tail  vertebrae,  63;  hind  foot, 
85;  ear  from  crown,  78. 

428.  holzerni.     {Lepus),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1895, 

P-  554- 

Type  locality.  Near  the  summit  of  Huachuca  Mountains,  Ari- 
zona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  High  altitude  of  mountains  in  southern  Arizona 
extendmg  into  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  rather  short;  hind  feet  long,  col- 
ors darkest  of  this  style. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  sides  of  head  and  back  vinace- 
ous  cinnamon  mixed  with  gray  and  black;  thighs  and  rump  whitish 
gray  lined  with  black;  beneath  white  tinged  with  yellowish;  pectoral 
band  clay  color;  nape  tawny;  legs  tawny,  inner  side  brownish  white. 
Ears  reddish  brown,  gray  and  black  mixed,  bordered  anteriorly  for 
basal  two-thirds  with  white.  Tail,  above  yellowish  brown  grizzled, 
beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Totallength,  415.2;  tail  vertebrae,  64;  hind  foot, 
99.5;  ear  from  crown,  77.8;  from  notch,  65. 

429.  nuttalii.     [Lepus),  Bachm.,  Joura.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1837, 

p.  345,  pi.  22. 

artemisia,    Bachm.,  Journ.  Acad.    Nat.    Scien.  Phil.,  1839,  p.  94. 

Type  locality.      Plains  of  the  Columbia  near  Walla  Walla. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Oregon,  south  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  Moun- 
tains to  Texas  and  northward  to  the  49th  parallel,  or  from  about  the 
Canadian  boundary  through  the  Dakotas  to  Texas,  and  west  through 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Oregon. 

Genl.   Char.     Size  small,  colors  pale. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  gray  mixed  with  black  and  brown;  rump 
light  gray  and  sides  of  body  whitish  yellow,  nape  pale  cinnamon; 
pectoral  band  light  buff;  rest  of  under  parts  white;  fore  legs  buffy 
white  above;  hind  legs  white.  Tail,  above  like  rump,  beneath  white. 
Ears  pale  yellowish  brown,  edged  with  white. 

Measureme?its.      Total  length,  420;  hind  foot,  500;  ear,  50. 

430.  baileyi.  [Lepus),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  148. 
Type  locality.  Spring  Creek,  east  side  Bighorn  Basin,  Wyoming. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Bighorn  Basin  in  Montana  across  the  Owl  Creek 

Mountains  into  Wind  River  Basin,  and  east  into   northeastern   Wy- 
oming.     The  exact  limits  of  its  range  are  not  yet  determined. 


Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  similar  to  L.  nuttalli,  but  paler;  ears 
and  tail  longer. 

Color.  Above  pale  pinkish  buff  lined  sparsely  with  black;  nape 
pale  fulvous;  rump  grayish  lined  with  black;  under  parts  white; 
pectoral  collar  pale  buffy  fulvous;  legs  pale  fulvous;  feet  whitish; 
ears  same  color  as  the  back,  one-fourth  of  terminal  part  bordered 
with  black.      Tail,  above  grayish,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  4i<S;  tail  vertebra?,  50;  hind  foot, 
100;  ear,  94. 

431.  grangeri.     {Lf/>ns),  Allen,    Bull.    .\m.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    1895, 

p.   264. 

Type  locality.      Hill  City,  Custer  County,  South  Dakota. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mountains  of  South  Dakota,  limits  of  range  not 
known. 

Gent.   Char.     Size  medium;  ears  and  feet  small;  colors  dark. 

Color.  Above  dull  vinaceous  buff,  mixed  with  black  and  gray, 
becoming  pure  gray  on  rump;  sides  yellowish  gray;  beneath  white, 
pectoral  band  grayish  brown.     Ears  dusky  varied  with  gray. 

Mi-asuremt-nts.  Total  length,  353;  tail  vertebra;,  53;  hind  foot, 
go;  ear,  60. 

h.  —  pineiis.    {Lepus),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1894,  p.  348. 

lype  locality.      White  Mountains,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  White  Mountains,  southeastern  Arizona,  limits  of 
range  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  L.  arizontc,  but  darker  in  color. 

Color.  Male  in  fresh  post  breeding  Pelage.  Above  black  and 
whitish  gray  mixed  and  tinged  with  pale  buff;  pectoral  band  plumb- 
eous, hairs  tipped  with  fulvous  gray;  fore  feet  reddish  brown;  hind 
feet  paler. 

Female  in  breeding  Pelage.  Above  as  dark  as  L.  floridaniis;  under 
fur  dark  plumbeous  at  the  base,  the  apical  third  dark  russet  brown; 
over  hair  dusky,  subterminally  broadly  ringed  with  whitish  and  tipped 
with  black,  the  color  of  the  upper  parts  extending  well  on  the  sides 
of  the  abdomen.  Feet  and  ears  as  in  L.  arizome,  but  darker  and 
much  more  heavily  clothed.  Pectoral  band  very  much  darker  and 
the  fur  of  the  ventral  surface  much  more  plumbeous  at  the  base. 
(Allen,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  335;  tail  vertebrae,  40;  hind  foot, 
100;  ear,  69. 

432.  arizonae.     i^Lepus),  Allen,  Rod.,  1877,  p.  332. 

Type  locality.  Beale's  Springs,  50  miles  west  of  Fort  Whipple, 
Arizona. 


Geogr.  Distr.  Deserts  of  Arizona  and  in  the  Chiricahua  and 
Huachuaca,  but  not  the  White  Mountains,  up  to  500  feet. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  /.  iiuttalli,  but  similar:  ears  much 
longer  and  broader. 

Color.  Above  pale  yellowish  gray  mixed  sparingly  with  black; 
nape  yellowish  fulvous;  sides  pale  gray  mixed  sometimes  with  pale 
brown;  chin  white,  pectoral  band  yellowish;  rest  of  under  parts 
white;  feet  pale  yellowish  brown;  tail  above  yellow  brown,  darker 
than  back:  beneath  white.  Ears  pale  grayish  brown,  outer  edge 
whitish.  Winter  specimens  are  heavily  lined  with  black  above  and 
on  sides. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  340-383;  tail  vertebrae,  35-54;  hind 
foot,  76-94;  ear,  69-78. 

a.— major.    {Lepiis),  Mearns,  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1895,  p.  557. 

Type  locality.      Calabasas,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Colorado  Plateau  of  Arizona  southward  along  the 
Mexican  boundary  from  Paso  de  Luis,  Sonora,  to  the  basin  of  the 
Mjmbres,  Chihuahua. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  L.  arizonie,  but  larger,  more  reddish 
and  darker." 

Color.  Above  grayish  drab  tinged  with  cinnamon,  lined  with 
black;  sides  paler;  rump  iron  gray;  nape  and  outer  surface  of  limbs 
dull  cinnamon;  ears  pale  grayish  inside;  drab  mixed  with  gray  and 
black  on  outer  side,  tips  black;  pectoral  band  clay  color;  rest  of  under 
parts  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length  to  end  of  hairs  of  tail,  430;  tail 
vertebrae,  42;  hind  foot,  92;  ear  from  notch,  69. 

b.— minor.    {Leptis),  Mearns,  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1895,  p.  557. 

Type  locality.      El   Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "Plains  of  Colorado  southward  to  the  Rio  Grande, 
and  westward  to  the  elevated  central  tract,  where  it  integrades  with 
L.  a.  major  in  the  pass  between  the  southern  end  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  northern  extremity  of  the  Sierra  Madre. "  (Mearns, 
1.   c.) 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  L.  arizonce;  ears  short,  colors  pale; 
rostrum  more  elongated,  mandible  stouter  and  higher,  and  audital 
bullae  larger. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  lined  with  black;  rump  grayish 
white  lined  with  black;  sides  )'ellowish  gray,  with  a  buff  lateral  line; 
head  gray  tinged  with  yellowish  brown  on  cheeks  and  crown;  nape 
light    cinnamon;    fore    legs    wood    brown;    hind    feet    above    white; 


.  LIBKARY 
UNIVtKiillV  Uh  ILLINUIS 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    XXVII. 


LEPUS    (MiCROLAGUS)    CINERASCENS. 
No.  2<)24  .^m.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Lepus  (Microtolagus)   MERRIAMI. 
No.  8631  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


pectoral  band  yellowish  gray,  rest  of  under  parts  white:  tail  above 
dusky,  hairs  tipped  with  3'ellowish  brown  and  gray,  beneath  white. 
Ears  grayish  white  on  dorsal  surface  behind,  and  gray  mixed  with 
yellowish  brown  and  black  in  front,  basal  two-thirds  of  front  edge 
white,  tips  black. 

}rfasuiements.  Average  total  length,  345;  tail  vertebra',  50.2; 
hind  foot,  83.4;  ear  from  notch,  65.8. 

0.  Brachylagus, 

Brachylagus.     Miller,   Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1900,  p.  157. 

Skull  short  and  deep;  audital  bullae  large;  rostrum  small; 
supraorbital  processes  shorter  than  tooth  row,  their  extremities  free; 
posterior  prism  of  second  lower  premolar  and  first  and  second  lower 
molars  less  than  half  as  large  as  anterior;  ears,  legs  and  tail  short, 
the  latter  not  perfectly  formed.      (Miller.) 

433.  idahoensis.     {Lepus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  i8gi,  p.  75, 

fig.  4,  p.  77. 

Type  locality.     Pahsimeroi  Valley,  Idaho. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Sage  Plains  on  Snake  River,  Idaho,  and  the 
northward  extensions  of  these  plains.  South  into  northern  Nevada 
and  west  into  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  and  hind  legs  short;  tail  rudi- 
mentary. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  drab  gray  mixed  with  black; 
thighs  same  color;  nape  ochraceous  buff;  sides  drab  gray;  pectoral 
band  grayish  buff;  belly  white;  fore  and  hind  feet  ochraceous  buff. 
Ears  buffy  ochraceous  mixed  with  gray  and  black,  bordered  in  front 
with  a  line  of  black. 

Summer  Pelage.  Drab  gray  above  strongly  suffused  with  buff  and 
mixed  with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  290;  tail,  15;  hind  foot,  71;  ear 
from  notch,  42. 

D.    Microlagus. 

"  Ear  longer  than  hind  foot,  tail  short;  skull  narrow,  low  and 
lightly  ossified,  with  postorbital  process  usually  free,  scarcely  touch- 
ing cranium  behind."     (Mearns.) 

434.  cinerascens.     {Lepus),  Allen,   Bull.  Am.  Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,    iii, 

1890,  p.  159. 
Type  locality.     San  Fernando,  Los  Angeles,  California. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Deserts  of  southern  California. 
Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  L.  hachmani,  but  smaller  and  paler. 


Color.  Above  gray  and  blackish  brown  mixed;  nape  pale  rusty; 
dorsal  region  pale  buffy  gray,  sides  pure  gray;  beneath  white;  pec- 
toral band  brownish  gray;  fore  legs  yellowish  brown;  hind  feet  gray- 
ish brown.  Tail,  above  dark  gray,  beneath  white;  ears  brownish 
gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  294;  tail,  24;  hind  foot,  63;  ear 
from  notch,  58. 

E.    Microtolagas, 

Interparietal  obliterated  in  adults,  skull  twice  as  long  as  wide; 
postorbital  processes  large,  arching  and  united  to  cranium  by  a 
suture,  and  enclosing  a  wide  and  long  foramen;  nasals  lengthened; 
upper  front  incisors  without  distinct  lateral  groove.      Ears  very  long. 

435.  alleni.     {Lepiis),    Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890,  11, 

p.  294. 

Type  locality.  Rillito  Station,  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  Ari- 
zona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Desert  region  between  Phcenix  and  Benson,  Ari- 
zona. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large;  ears  large;  fulvous  gular  patch. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  nape  fulvous; 
sides,  hips,  rump  and  outside  of  legs  white,  mixed  with  black,  giving 
a  gray  effect;  pectoral  band  fulvous,  rest  of  under  parts  white;  head 
pale  yellowish  gray;  feet  white  above.  Tail,  above  gray  with  a  line 
of  plumbeous  black  extending  on  to  the  rump;  beneath  white.  Ears 
whitish  with  fringe  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  643;  tail  vertebrae,  69;  hind  foot, 
138;  ear  from  notch,  156. 

436.  callotis.     {Lcpus),  Wagl.,  Syst.  Amph.,  1830,  p.  35. 
nigricaudatus,    Bennett,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1833,  p.  41. 
mcxicanus,   (Licht.),  Richards,  6th  Rep.  Brit.  Ass.,  1837,  p.  150. 
flavigularis,  Wagl.,  Supp.  Schreib.  Saugth.,  iv,  1844,  p.  107. 
Type  locality.      Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Vicinity  of  the  southern  boundary  of  the  United 
States  into  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  similar  to  L.  texcnsis,  Waterh.,  but  the 
black  on  tips  of  ears  almost  obsolete,  quite  so  in  some  specimens, 
the  tips  being  pale  yellowish  or  white. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  of  greater  or  less  intensity, 
mixed  with  black,    sides   paler;  rump   and   thighs   whitish   ash  lined 


with  black  and  with  a  black  line  in  center  of  rump;  nape  black  in 
summer:  beneath  white;  pectoral  collar  and  throat  pale  brownish 
yellow;  outer  surface  of  fore  legs  ashy  gray  lined  faintly  with  black; 
hind  feet  white;  whitish  spot  on  head.  Ear  brownish  yellow,  usually 
darker  toward  tip.  Tail,  above  black,  beneath  brownish  grav. 
Ears,  at  base  black,  remainder  yellowish,  with  tip  whitish;  whiskers 
black. 

j\/easure»unts.  Total  length,  560;  tail  vertebra:,  57;  hind  foot, 
142;  ear,  height  posteriorly,  137. 

437.  gaillardi.     {Lrj>i/s),    Mearns,    Proc.    Nat.    Mus.    Wash.,    1S95, 

p.  560. 

Type  locality.      Plagas  Valley,  near  its  west  fork. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Plain  east  of  the  San  Luis  Mountains,  at  the  head 
of  the  Rio  Yaqui,  and  east  of  that  river's  watershed.  Extent  of  range 
unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  callotis,  but  more  yellowish,  ears 
smaller;  no  black  patch  on  nape.  Skull:  nasals  long  and  very  wide; 
superorbital  processes  elevated,  massive. 

Color.  Head  cream  buff  and  black;  whitish  area  about  eye. 
Nape  ochraceous  buff.  Above  paJe  ochraceous  cinnamon  mixed 
with  black:  rump  and  thighs  white  with  a  few  black  hairs;  sides  and 
under  parts  white;  limbs  white  washed  with  buff  on  outsides;  gular 
patch  buff;  gides  of  neck  and  front  of  shoulders  ochraceous.  Ears 
yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black  anteriorly;  white  posteriorly;  tip 
white;  fringe  on  anterior  edge  ochraceous  buff;  of  tips  and  posterior 
edge  white.  Tail,  above  black  with  many  white-tipped  hairs;  be- 
neath white.  But  little  difference  between  summer  and  winter 
pelage. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  530;  tail  vertebra;,  77;  ear  from 
crown,  146;  hind  foot,  131. 

438.  merriami.     {Lcpi/s),    Mearns,    Proc.    Nat.    Mus.    Wash.,    1895, 

p.  444. 

texensis,  (texianus!  Lepus),  Aud.  &  Bach.,  N.  Am.  Quad.,  in, 
1853,  p.  156,  pi.  cxxxUl.     (nee.  Waterhouse.) 

Type  locality.      Fort  Clark,  Kinney  County,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "  Lower  Gulf  coast  to  mouth  of  Rio  Grande  and 
up  that  stream  to  mouth  of  the  Devil's  River." 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  L.  callotis;  ears  shorter  and  tipped  with 
black. 

Color.  Above  grayish  fawn  mixed  with  black;  nape  black;  sides 
of  rump,  thighs  and  legs  grayish  white  lined  with  black;  a  black  line 


on  middle  of  rump;  gular  area  clay  color;  rest  of  under  parts  white 
except  a  cream  buff  patch  on  sides  of  abdomen,  such  as  are  usually 
seen  before  the  thighs.  Tail,  above  black,  beneath  white.  Ears  on 
anterior  surface  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black,  the  border  buff 
succeeded  by  a  narrow  black  line,  inner  surface  with  base  and  tip 
black,  intermediate  space  grayish  white;  inside  ears  buff  with  an 
elongated  black  patch  near  outer  edge;  the  border  is  white  at  base, 
then  buff,  and  black  at  tip. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  570;  tail  vertebrae,  75;  hind  foot, 
123;  ear  from  crown,  142. 

439.  meianotis.     {Lepus),   Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1890, 

II,  p.  297. 

Type  locality.      Independence,  Kansas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Kansas,  Indian  and  Oklahoma  Territories,  and 
western  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  General  color  above  bright  fulvous,  no  gray  nor 
ashy,  head  brownish  yellow.      Size  large. 

Color.  Above  bright  fulvous  mixed  or  blotched  with  black, 
lower  part  of  throat  and  pectoral  band  dark  fulvous;  sides  of  rump 
and  thighs  yellowish  white,  sometimes  lined  with  black.  Tail,  above 
black,  this  color  extending  in  a  narrow  line  a  short  distance  on  the 
rump;  ears  anteriorly  brown  and  black  mixed;  a  narrow  black  line 
inside  fringe,  which  is  pale  fulvous;  posterior  border  white  to  the  tip, 
which  is  black;  inner  surface  white,  tip  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  590;  tail  vertebrae,  77;  hind  foot, 
130;  ear  from  crown,  142. 

440.  texensis.     (texianusl  Lepus),   Waterh.    (nee    Aud.     &   Bachm.), 

Nat.  Hist.  Mamm.,  11,  1848,  p.  136. 

Type  locality.      Texas?  actual  locality  unknown. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southeastern  Oregon  to  Mexico,  and  from  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  to  eastern  border  of  plains  east  of  Rocky  Moun- 
tains? 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,  color  fulvous,  not  grayish  or  ashy. 

Color.  Head  brownish  yellow;  above  bright  fulvous  mixed  with 
black;  sides  of  rump  and  thighs  white  lined  with  black;  shoulders 
and  pectoral  band  deep  fulvous,  under  parts  white;  ear  fringed  an- 
teriorly with  bright  fulvous.  Tail,  above  black,  beneath  grayish; 
whiskers  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  590  ;  tail  vertebra,  77  ;  hind  foot, 
130;  ear  from  crown,  142. 


a. — ereniicus.    (/^///x),  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1894,  p.  347. 

Type  locality.      Fairbank,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.     White  Mountain  region,   southeastern  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  /,.  iexianust  (it-xensis),  as  restricted  bj' 
Dr.  Mearns,  but  much  smaller." 

Color.      "  No  very  obvious  difference  in  coloration!  "  (Allen,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  565;  tail  vertebras,  74;  hind  foot, 
123;  ear  from  crown,  128. 

b.—^riseus.     {Le/>us),  Mearns,  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1895,  p.  562. 

Ty/ie  locality.      Fort  Hancock,  El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Upper  Rio  Grande  from  Maverick  and  Kinney 
Counties,  Te.xas  to  Grant  County,  New  Mexico,  and  south  into 
Mexico. 

Genl.   Char.      Size  about  equal  to  /.  californicus,  ear  larger. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Above  brownish  gray  lined  with  black; 
rump  and  thighs  gray;  sides  gray  lined  sparsely  with  black  and 
tinged  with  yellowish  brown;  nape  grayish  white.  Top  of  head 
brownish  gray  mixed  with  black;  sides  of  head  and  neck  tinged  with 
yellowish  brown;  gular  patch  grayish  clay  color;  rest  of  under  parts 
white;  legs  gray  tinged  with  clay  color.  Tail,  above  black,  this  color 
extending  over  and  dividing  the  gray  on  the  rump;  beneath  brownish; 
ears  brownish  gray  on  outside  anteriorly,  with  brownish  white 
fringes;  posteriorly  white  tipped  with  black  and  fringed   with   white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  559.2;  tail  vertebrae,  91.5;  hind 
foot,  127;  ear  from  crown,  152.8. 

c. — de.ierticolits.    {/.e/>us),  Mearns,  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1895,  p.  564. 

Ty/re  locality.  Western  edge  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  at  base  of 
Coast  Range  Mountains  in  San  Diego  County.  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Desert  region  between  the  Sonoyta  Valley  of  Ari- 
zona and  Sonora,  and  the  Coast  Range  Mountains  of  California,  and 
Lower  California. 

Genl.   Char.      Size  of  /,.  californicus,  with  large  ears,  colors  pale. 

Color.  Above  clay  color  mixed  with  gray  and  black,  sides  and 
gular  patch  ochraceous;  beneath  tinged  with  ochraceous  buff;  ear 
pale  drab  and  white  as  usually  seen,  tipped  with  black  on  underside. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  560;  tail  vertebra-,  no;  hind  foot, 
125;  ear  from  crown,  158. 

441.  californicus.     {l.cpus),  Bachm.,   Journ.  Acad.  Phil.,  1839,  p.  86. 
bennettii.  Gray,  Zool.  Sulphur,  1844,  p.  36,  pi.   14. 
richardsoni,  Bachm.,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1839,  p.  88. 
Type  locality.     San  Diego,  California. 


Geogr.  Distr.  From  northern  California  along  the  coast  to  Cape 
St.  Lucas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  and  hind  feet  longer  than  the  head; 
hind  feet  shorter  than  ears. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  mixed  with  black;  sides,  rump  and 
thighs  tinged  with  cinnamon;  head  like  back,  darkest  on  the  crown; 
nape  smoky  gray  beneath;  white  in  center  of  belly  and  chin;  chest 
pale  yellowish  brown,  as  are  also  the  fore  legs;  hind  feet  whitish;  tail 
above  black,  this  color  extending  on  to  the  rump  and  dividing  the 
gray  sides;  beneath  pale  buff;  ears  dark  brown  fringed  anteriorly 
with  white  and  with  a  fulvous  white  border  posteriori}',  tips  brownish 
black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  545;  tail  vertebrae,  107;  hind  foot, 
161;  ear  from  notch,  125. 


LIBKARY 
UNlVfcKSllY  (l^  (luNuiS 


-lELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.   X) 


Felis    CONCOLOR. 
No.  20  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    H  nat.  size. 


Order  VII.    Camivora. 

Fam.   I.     Felidae. 

D.  G.  Elliot.      Monograph  of  the  Felida,  Folio,  London,  i8j8-8j. 
St.  G.  Mivart.      The  Cat.,  London,  j88r. 

Claws  retractile,  long,  sharp,  curved,  compressed;  feet  digiti- 
grade,  five  toes  on  fore  feet,  four  on  hind;  soles  hairy;  pads  naked; 
tongue  covered  with  sharp,  horny-like  papillie  pointing  backward; 
onlj'  one  true  molar  on  each  side  above  and  below,  and  two  inferior 
premolars;  upper  carnassial,  (posterior  premolar),  very  large,  with  a 
tri-lobed  blade  and  a  small  inner  tubercle  with  separate  root;  lower 
carnassial,  (true  molar),  a  large,  compressed  sharp  blade  with  two 
subecjual  lobes,  without  inner  cusp;  canines  long,  curved,  acute, 
edges  trenchant.  Skull  short,  broad,  facial  portion  short;  zygomata 
very  wide,  arched;  bulla;  large,  smooth.  Clavicles  not  articulating 
with  scapulas  or  sternum. 

70.    Felis. 

I.  1=3;    C.  i=I;    P.  tJ.   M.  I^  =  30. 

3—3'  1— l'  2-j'  I— I  J 

Felis.     Linn.  Syst.,  1766,  i,  p.  60.     Type  F.  leo. 

Lynx.     Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  i,  p.  437. 

Lynchus.      Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1867,  p.  276. 

Tail  long,  exceeding  half  the  length  of  body  without  head  and 
neck;  anterior  premolar  small. 

442.  concolor.     {Felis),  Linn.,  Mantiss.,  1771,  p.  522. 

discolor,  Schreb.  Siiugth.,  1778,  iii,  tab.  104  B. 
puma,  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  1830,  p.  358,  pi.  cxxxix. 
floridana,  Corj',  Hunt  &  Fish.  Florida,  i8g6,  p.  109. 

coryi.  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1899,  p.  15. 

Type  locality.      Brazil. 

Geogr.  Dis/r.  Canada  from  50°  north  to  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
westward  to  Wyoming,  probably  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

Genl.  Char.  Size. large;  body  long,  legs  short;  tail  more  than 
half  the  length  of  body  and  head;  young  spotted. 

Color.     Variable,  upper  parts  from  yellowish  to  reddish  brown; 

293 


beneath  dirty  white;  black  patch  on  upper  lip  bordered  by  a  white 
space;   back  of  ear  black;  tip  of  tail  dusky. 

Measurements.      Total  length  about  2236;  tail  vertebrae,  815. 

?a.—ore$onensis.    (J^e/Lr.'),  Rafin.  Atlantic  Journ.,  1832,  i,  No.  2,  p.  62. 

JiippoUstes,  {Fells'),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  219. 

olympus,  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  220. 

Type  locality.      Northwest  coast,  east  to  Rocky  Mountains. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Not  entirely  ascertained. 

Geril.  Char.  Size  large,  skull  and  teeth  large,  but  probabl}' vary- 
ing very  considerably  in  size. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  rufous  brown,  varying  in  depths 
and  shade,  deepest  on  back  and  tail;  tip  of  tail  black;  under  parts 
dull  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  2100;  tail  vertebrae,  800;  hind 
foot,  260.  Skull:  basal  length,  160;  zygomatic  breadth,  130;  pala- 
tal length,  76. 

A.  Leopaidus. 

Tail  long,  about  length  of  body.  Posterior  portion  of  premaxilla 
ver}'  narrow  and  lengthened. 

443.  onca.     {Felts),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  1766,  p.  61. 
mexicana,  Hernand.  Thes.  Rer.  Med.  Nov.  Hisp.,  p.  498. 
liernandezi,   Gray,  P.  Z.  S.,  1857,  p.  278,  pi.  xviii. 

Type  locality.      Not  determinable.      "  America  meridionali." 

Geogr.  Distr.      Red  River  of  Louisiana,  southward. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  and  heavier  than  puma;  tail  less  than  half 
the  length  of  head  and  body;  body  spotted. 

Color.  Variable.  Usually  above  brownish  yellow,  beneath  white 
spotted  with  black.  Shoulders,  neck  and  head  covered  with  small  black 
spots;  which  on  the  body,  sometimes  confluent,  form  large  rosettes 
with  one  or  more  spots  in  the  center,  and  ranged  in  from  five  to  seven 
rows  lengthwise.  Black  spot  at  opening  of  mouth;  tail  ringed  with 
black;  lips,  throat,  under  parts  and  under  side  of  tail,  white.  Ear 
behind,  black,  buff  spot  near  tip. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  1900-2500;  tail  about  600. 

444.  pardalis.     {Fells),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1766,  p.  62. 
Type  locality.      Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Texas,  from  Red  River,  southward  to  Buenos 
Ayres,  east  of  the  Andes. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  less  than  the  lynx;  tail  less  than  half  length 
of  head  and  body.      Color  markings  very  irregular. 

Color,      ^'ery  variable.      Typical  style  with  upper  parts  rufous. 


marked  with  black  lines  and  spots,  some  of  the  latter  with  rufous 
centers.  Flanks  and  loins  yellowish  white,  striped  with  rufous,  mar- 
gined with  black;  legs  spotted  with  black  on  light  buff:  feet  buffy 
white;  cheeks  covered  by  two  black  lines;  chin,  throat,  breast  and 
belly  white,  the  last  two  spotted  with  black;  tail  dark  buff,  banded 
and  spotted  with  black,  tip  blackish. 

.\[easurements.     Total  length,  about  970;  tail  vertebra.-,  347. 

445-  jaguarondi.     {Fclis),  Fisch.  Zoogn.,  1814,  p.  228. 

Gfogr.  Dislr.  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  southward  to  Paraguay  east 
of  Andes. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  elongated;  legs  short;  tail  as  long  as  body 
without  head. 

Color.  General  color  grizzled  brownish  graj-,  hairs  annulated 
and  black  tipped.  Tail  like  body.  Some  specimens  black  with 
rufous  tinge,  tips  of  hairs  white. 

Mtasurements.     Total  length,  678:  tail  vertebra?,  365. 

446.  eyra.     {Fe/is),  Fisch.  Zoogn.,  1814,  p.  228. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Brownsville,  Te.\as,  south  to  Paraguay  east  of 
the  Andes. 

Genl.  Char.      Body  long  and  slender;  legs  short,  tail  very  long. 

Color.  Rich  brownish  red;  darkest  on  the  back,  lightest  on 
belly.      Tail  same  color. 

yfeasiiremenls.      Total  length,  670:  tail  vertebra',  230. 

*B.    Lynx. 
Tail    short,    less   than   half   the    length    of    body   without    head; 
anterior  premolar  wanting. 

447.  canadensis.     (Felis),  Desm.  Manim.,  1820,  p.  224. 
Type  locality.     Canada. 

Geogr.  Dislr.  Boreal  America,  latitude  of  Maine  to  60-  north 
latitude  and  from  .\tlantic  to  Pacific  Oceans,  possibly  only  south  of 
.\laska. 

Gtitl.  Char.  Bodj'  stout,  legs  very  long;  feet  very  large;  fur 
dense  and  very  long. 

Color.  Light  gray,  base  of  hairs  rufous,  giving  a  reddish  tinge 
to  the  coat;  top  of  head  and  back  darkest.  Ears  behind  black  with 
a  gray  patch,  and  with  tufts  of  black  hairs  projecting  upwards  from 
the  tips;  under  parts  white. 

Mc-asiinmenls.      Total  length,  766;  tail  vertebra,  129. 

a.—mollipiloxu8.    {Lyn.x),  Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1900, 

P;   48- 

'Several  of  the  varieties  in  this  subgenus  hold  a  very  questionable,  distinctive  rank. 


Type  locality.      Wainwright  Inlet,  Point  Barrow,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  America  south  to  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  F.  (Z.)  canadensis,  but  browner  and  less 
gray.  "Skull  narrower,  higher  and  more  arched  than  L.  canadensis, 
and  much  more  constricted  across  the  frontals  and  between  the  orbits; 
the  postorbital  processes  are  conspicuously  more  slender." 

Color.  "  Browner  and  less  gray  than  true  (Lynx)  canadensis, 
with  a  very  dense,  soft,  wooly  pelage." 

Measurements.  "'Total  length,  1040;  tail  vertebra:-,  130;  hind 
foot,  260."     (Stone  1.  c. ) 

b.—subsolanus.    {Lynx),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  49. 

Type  locality.      Codroy,  Newfoundland. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Newfoundland. 

Genl.    Char.      Size  of  F.  canadensis,  but  darker. 

Color.  Upper  parts  black  and  hazel  mixed;  legs  and  arms  dull 
yellowish  hazel  faintly  spotted  with  darker;  tail  dull  hazel  above, 
dirty  white  beneath,  tip  black;  belly  wood  brown  spotted  with  black, 
long  hairs  dirty  white. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  919;  tail  vertebrae,  109; 
hind  foot,  219;  ear  from  notch.  So. 

448.  rufa.  (Fells),  Guldenst. ,  Nov.  Comm.  Acad.  Petrop.,  1776,  xx, 
p.  499. 

Type  locality.      New  York. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Central  North  .\merica  from  southern  Georgia  to 
Maine. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  moderately  stout,  tail  short,  legs  long;  fur 
soft,  full. 

Color.  Yellowish  brown  spotted  on  sides  with  dark  brown. 
Brown  stripe  on  forehead  and  one  on  back  and  tail.  Under  parts 
yellowish  white  spotted  with  black.  Legs  yellowish  brown  spotted 
with  black  on  outside,  dull  white  on  inner  barred  with  black;  chin 
and  throat  whitish;  breast  white  barred  with  black.  Two  black  bars 
across  cheek. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  750;  tail  vertebra,  107. 

a.—maciolata.    (Felis),  Vig.  &  Horsf.  Zool.  Journ.,    1829,  iv,  p.  381, 

Pl.  13- 
Type  locality.     Mexico? 
Geogr.  Distr.     Texas  to  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Fur  coarse;  distinct  spots  on  back  and  sides. 
Color.     Above  chestnut   brown,    darkest    on    back,   with  rather 
indistinct  spots,  also  on  outer  side  of  legs;  under  parts  white  with 


large  black  spots.      Inside  of  thighs  banded  with  black  and  chestnut. 
Tail  beneath  white,  tip  above  black. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  about  goo;  tail  vertebras,  126. 

b.—fnacintn.    {Lynx),  Rafin.  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  11,  181 7,  p.  46. 

7"i/(-  loealitx.  Borders  of  plains  and  woods  of  the  Columbian 
River. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Oregon  and  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.      Fur  very  full  and  soft,  color  reddish. 

Color.  Rich  chestnut  brown  above,  pale  on  sides  and  throat; 
belly  white  spotted  with  black.     Terminal  third  of  tail  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  890;  tail  vertebrae,  139;  hind  foot, 
129.      (Skin.) 

c. — pallescens.      (Lvn.v),  Merr. ,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  16,  1899,    p.    104. 

T)/e  locality.    Trout  Lake,  base  of  Mount  Adams,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Region  about  Shasta  Mountain,  California,  Ore- 
gon? and  Washington. 

Genl.   Char.      Similar  to  F.  r.  fasciata,  but  smaller  and  paler. 

Color.  General  color  hoary  gray,  paler  than  F.  r.  fasciata,  gray 
ear  patch  larger. 

d .—oculeic.     {Lynx),  Bangs,  Proc.  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Soc. ,  1899,    p.  23. 

Type  locality.     Nicasio,  Marin  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  region  of  California,  north  of  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay. 

Genl.  Char.      Back  dusky;  ferruginous  color  lacking. 

Color.  Upper  parts,  hairs  ringed  with  black  and  grayish  brown, 
often  black  tipped;  back  darker  without  stripes  or  spots;  sides  gray, 
ochraceoiis  buff  of  under  fur  showing  through.  Top  of  head  and 
face  grizzled  gray  lined  and  spotted  with  black;  arms  grayish  brown 
above  spotted  with  brownish  black,  below  white  banded  with  black; 
legs  grayish  brown  on  inside,  spotted  and  banded  with  black.  Tail, 
rusty  brown  above  barred  with  black,  beneath  and  at  tip  white. 
Under  parts  white,  lower  sides  pale  cinnamon  spotted  and  barred 
with  black;  collar  of  ochraceous  buff  on  under  side  of  neck  barred 
with  black. 

Measurements.  "Type.  Total  length,  778;  tail  vertebras,  139.7; 
hind  foot,  158.75;  ear,  72.8." 

e.—hnileyi.      {Lyn.x),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  1890,  p.  79. 

Type  locality.      Moccasin  Spring,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      .Arizona,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  F.  rufa,  but  paler  above  and  having  a 
shorter  tail  I 


Color.  Upper  parts  suffused  with  a  buffy  tint,  dark  markings 
not  extensive.  No  black  on  face  and  forehead,  black  tip  of  tail  very 
narrow. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  745;  tail  vertebrae,  132;  hind 
foot,  165. 

f.—eremica.  (Lynx),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1897,  xx, 
P-  457- 

Type  locality.  Laguna  Station,  Colorado  Desert,  San  Diego 
County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  and  western  desert  tracts  on  the  Mexican 
line. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  pale  yellowish  brown,  spotted  and  striped 
with  brown  and  black;  legs  ochraceous  buff  mixed  with  grayish;  un- 
der parts  white  and  with  inside  of  limbs  spotted  or  banded  with 
black.  Flanks  and  outside  of  limbs  spotted  with  yellowish  brown. 
Tail,  reddish  brown  above,  white  below,  subterminal  spot  of  black, 
rest  barred  with  black;  ears  as  usual. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  925;  tail  vertebrae,  170;  hind 
foot,  185. 

g.— calif ornico .     {Lvnx),  Mearns,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1897,  xx,  p.   458. 

Type  locality.      San  Diego,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Pacific  coast  tract  of  California,  and  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 

Color.  Above  reddish  brown  mixed  with  gray  and  black,  and 
two  interrupted  black  lines  from  shoulder  to  root  of  tail.  Outer 
sides  of  limbs  and  sides  ochraceous  buff  mixed  with  gray  and  spotted 
with  yellowish  brown.  Inner  surface  of  limbs,  under  surface  of 
head  and  body,  and  under  side  of  tail  white,  banded  or  spotted  with 
black.      Chest  with  a  rusty  gray  collar  spotted  with  black. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  752;  tail  vertebrae,  150. 

h.—texensis.     {Lynx),  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  p.  188. 

rufus  var.  maciilatus,  Kerr,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1792,  i,  pt.  i,  No. 
297  (nee  Vig.  &  Horsf.}. 

ru/us  var.  maculatus,  Aud.  &  Bach.,  N.  Am.  Quad.,  11,  1851,  p. 
293,  pi.  xcll  (nee  Vig.  &  Horsf.). 

Type  locality.     Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Texas,  and  New   Mexico   to  southern   California. 

Color.  Above  chestnut  brown,  darkest  on  dorsal  region,  spotted 
and  sprinkled  with  black;  the  spots  largest  and  most  distinct  on 
limbs  and  flanks.      Under  parts  white  with  large  black  spots.      Inside 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSIIY  '.n  IILINUIS 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.   XXIX. 


Canis   LATRANS. 
No.  376  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     ]4  nat.  size. 


of  legs  banded  with   black.      Tail,   above  rusty  gray  or    brown,    tip 
black,  beneath  white.      Ears  black  with  a  central  gray  spot. 
Measurements.      Total  length,  824;  tail  vertebr;i',  115. 

i.—fl^ridana.     {/,yn.x),   Rafin.,  Am.    Month.    Mag.,  11,  1817,  p.  46. 

7y/>t-  locality.      Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Florida  to  Louisiana,  Gulf  coast. 

Genl.  Char.  Slender,  feet  small,  darker  in  color  than  F.  rufa, 
spotted. 

Color.  Above  and  on  sides  gray  without  rufous  tinge,  spotted 
and  lined  on  body  and  head  distinctly  with  black;  dorsal  surface 
mixed  with  black.  Tail,  with  half  rings  above  and  tip  black,  beneath 
white;  under  parts  white  spotted  with  black. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  about  890;  tail,  175. 

449-  gigas.     {Lynx),   Bangs,   Proc.   Biol.    Soc.  Wash.,    1897,   p.  50. 

Type  locality.      Bear  River,   Nova  Scotia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Nova  Scotia,   limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Large,   upper  parts  blackish. 

Color.  Upper  parts  cinnamon  and  black,  latter  color  most 
prominent  on  back;  tail  above  cinnamon  mixed  with  black,  beneath 
white,  tip  black;  under  parts  dull  white  spotted  with  black;  pectoral 
collar  cinnamon;  feet  beneath  black. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  1,001;  tail  vertebrae,  177; 
hind  foot,  200. 

Fam.  II.     Caiiidae. 

St.  George  Mivart,  Monograph  of  the  Canidae,  i8go. 

C.  H.  Merriam,  Review  of  the  Coyotes,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash., 
1897,  p.  19. 

Claws  not  retractile;  feet  digitigrade:  four  toes  on  hind  foot,  five 
on  fore  foot,  one  rudimentary  situated  high  above  the  others,  some- 
times absent.  Bullae  inflated;  paroccipital  process  in  contact  with 
bulla?. 

Sub.   Fam.   I.     Cauinae. 

71.     Caiiis. 

I-  r^  C.    ■=•;  P.  t=4.  M.  ?=?  =  42. 
3-3'         1—1'        4-4'         i-i       ^ 

Canis.     Linn.   Syst.   Nat.,   1766,   i,  p.   56.     Type   C.  lupus. 

Nose  long,  tapering;  jaws  elongated;  postorbital  processes  of  the 
frontals  short;  orbit  open  posteriorly;  brain  case  lengthened,  com- 
pressed anteriorly;  claws  short,  blunt,  slightly  curved.  Upper  car- 
nassial  with  a  strong  blade,  the  middle  lobe  conical,  pointing  back- 
wards,  the  anterior    lobe    nearly   obsolete;    lower   carnassial  with  a 


bilobed  blade,  compressed,   the  hinder    lobe    the   larger,    with    two 
cusps  and  a  raised  interior  border. 

450.  occidentalis.     (Cant's),  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Am.,  1829,  p.  60. 
griseis,  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer. ,  1829,  p.  66. 

alt-r,  Rich.,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  1829,  p.  115. 

occidtntalis  var.  rufus,  Aud.  &  Bach.  N.  A.  Quad.,  1851,  11,  p. 
240,  pi.  IxxxU. 

Type  locality.     Not  given.      Plains  of  Saskatchewan  ? 

Geogr.  Disir.  Western  North  America  to  Nebraska  and  Idaho, 
south  to  Mexico,  north  to  Greenland;  rare  in  United  States  east  of 
the  Mississippi. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  large,  color  usually  light,  white  to  grizzled 
gray. 

Color.  The  color  of  this  species  varies  greatly  from  all  white 
through  different  degrees  of  gray  to  all  black;  majority  gray  and 
white  tinged  with  brown.  Doubtfully  distinct  from  C.  lupus  of  the 
Old  World. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  1,449;  tail  vertebrse,  399. 

451.  nubilus.     (Cants),  Say,   Long's   Exped.    Rocky  Mts.,    1823,    i, 

p.   169. 

Type  locality.      Prairie  near  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Great  Slave  Lake  to  longitude  of  Idaho,  south  to 
Nebraska  and  to  California  ? 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,  color  sooty  or  plumbeous  brown. 

Color.  Say's  description  of  type.  "  Dusky  color,  the  hair  cin- 
ereous at  the  base,  then  brownish  black,  then  gray,  then  black;  the 
gray  of  the  hairs  combining  with  the  black  tip  to  produce  a  mottled 
appearance;  the  gray  predominating  on  the  sides.  Ears  short,  deep 
brownish-black,  with  a  patch  of  gray  hair  within.  The  under  parts 
dusky  ferruginous,  grayish  with  long  hairs  between  the  thighs  and 
with  a  large  white  spot  on  the  breast,  the  ferruginous  color  very 
much  narrowed  on  the  neck,  but  dilated  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
cheeks;  legs  brownish  black  with  a  slight  admixture  of  gray  hairs, 
excepting  on  the  anterior  edge  of  the  hind  thighs;  and  the  lower 
edgings  of  the  toes,  where  the  gray  predominated;  the  tail  was  short, 
fusiform,  a  little  tinged  with  ferruginous,  black  above,  near  the  base, 
and  at  the  tip;  the  top  of  the  trunk  hardly  attaining  the  os  calcis;  the 
longer  hairs  of  the  back,  particularly  over  the  shoulders,  resembled 
a  short,  sparse  mane."  The  specimen  figured  by  Richardson,  Faun. 
Bor.  Am.,  1829,  p.  69,  pi.  3,  Mamm. ,  was  killed  at  Fort  Resolution, 
Great  Slave  Lake,  Lat.  61. 

Mfasurements.     Total  length,  about  1.365;  tail  vertebrae,  273. 


^52-  latrans.  {Cam's),  Say,  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts.,  i,  1S23, 
p.  168. 

7'y/>e  locality.      Council  Bluffs,  Iowa. 

Gfogr.  Distr.  Northern  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  westwards  on 
northern  edge  of  plains  to  Rocky  Mountains  in  Alberta  Province. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  color  pale;  premolar  and  carnassial 
teeth  very  large  and  greatly  swollen. 

Color.  Muzzle  pale  fulvous  sprinkled  with  gray  and  black;  top 
of  head  grizzled  gray;  ears  deep  fulvous,  sprinkled  with  black;  upper 
parts  buffy  gray  and  black;  under  parts  and  upper  lip  whitish;  throat 
hairs  tipped  with  blackish;  color  grizzled,  fore  legs  and  feet  dirty 
white,  clay  color  on  outer  side;  hind  legs  and  feet  fulvous  on  outer 
side,  white  on  inner  and  on  top  of  feet;  tail  tipped  with  black;  under- 
neath white  basally,  pale  fulvous  on  distal  half,  tipped  and  edged 
with  black. 

Measureiiunts.  Total  length,  1,219;  tail  vertebra-,  394;  hind 
foot,  179. 

453.  nebracensis.     {Ciim's),  Merr.,  Science,  1898,  p.  782. 

pallidits.,  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  24  (preoccupied). 

Type  locality.      Johnstown,  Brown  County,  Nebraska. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Great  Plains,  eastern  Colorado  to  Canada. 

Genl.  Char.      Like  C.  latrans,  but  paler;  skull  and  teeth  smaller. 

Color.  Muzzle  ochraceous  buff;  top  of  head  grizzled  grayish 
tinged  with  buff;  ears  buff;  upper  parts  buffy  white,  mixed  with  black; 
under  parts  white;  no  distinct  collar;  fore  and  hind  legs  and  feet 
soiled  white  tinged  with  buff  on  outer  side  of  fore,  and  pale  fulvous 
on  hind,  legs;  tail  pale,  under  side  white  basally,  then  buff  and  tipped 
with  black. 

Measurements.  Smaller  than  C.  latrans,  hind  foot,  (not  in  flesh), 
77.  Basal  length  of  skull,  177;  of  Hensel,  173:  zygomatic  breadth, 
100;  palatal  length,  93;  mastoid  breadth,  63.5;  length  of  crown  of 
upper  carnassial  tooth,  21. 

^54.  lestes.     {Cants),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  25. 

Type  locality.      Togabe  Mountains  near  Cloverdale,  Nevada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  British  Columbia  through  Washington 
and  Oregon  to  the  plateau  of  northern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and 
to  Mexican  boundarj-. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  ears  and  tail  large;  color  similar  to 
C.  latrans;  skull  and  teeth  medium. 

Color.  Muzzle  pale  cinnamon  rufous;  top  of  head  grizzled  gray 
and  ochraceous,  crown,  nape  and  ears  fulvous;  rest  of  upper  parts 
grayish  buffy  mixed  with  black;  under  parts  whitish  tinged  with  buff 


on  belly;  ruff  tipped  with  black;  fore  and  hind  legs  buffy  ochraceous 
on  outer  side,  whitish  on  inner,  and  on  hind  feet;  tail  broadly  tipped 
with  black:  white  beneath  on  basal  third,  ochraceous  on  remainder, 
the  hairs  tipped  with  black  towards  the  black  tip. 

Measuremetits.  Total  length,  1116;  tail  vertebrae,  320;  hind 
foot,  200. 

455.  frustror.     {Canis),  Woodh.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1851, 

p.  147. 

Type  locality.  Port  Gibson,  Neosho  and  Arkansas  Rivers,  Indian 
Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Gulf  region  of  Texas  from  Nueces  Bay  north- 
ward, and  possibly  through  the  States  into  Oklahoma  and  Indian 
Territories. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  C.  pfiiinsuhe  of  Lower  California, 
colors  paler,  ears  shorter,  rostrum  longer. 

Color.  Muzzle  cinnamon  rufous;  top  of  head,  nape  and  ears 
pale  fulvous;  rest  of  upper  parts  buffy  ochraceous  mixed  with  black; 
under  parts  whitish  tinged  with  buff  on  belly;  ruff  tipped  with  black; 
fore  and  hind  legs  and  feet  fulvous  all  round;  upper  surface  of  fore 
legs  and  feet  mixed  with  black,  forming  a  stripe:  outer  face  of  thighs 
sprinkled  with  black  half  way  to  heel;  tail  above  fulvous,  white 
basally,  hairs  of  distal  half  tipped  with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  iigo;  tail  vertebrae,  330;  hind 
foot,  200. 

456.  mearnsi.     {Canis),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  30. 
Type  locality.      Quitobaquita,  Pima  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  Arizona  into  Sonora. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  small:  color  bright;  skull  and  teeth  small. 

Color.  Forehead  grizzled  gray  and  fulvous;  top  of  head,  nape 
and  ears  light  fulvous;  muzzle  cinnampn  rufous;  rest  of  upper  parts 
buffy  ochraceous  mixed  with  black;  under  parts  white,  bell}'  tinged 
with  buffy  ochraceous;  throat  buffy,  hairs  tipped  with  black;  fore  and 
hind  legs  and  feet  bright  orange  fulvous  all  round;  upper  sides  of 
fore  legs  with  black  mixture;  tail  beneath  pale  fulvous,  whitish  at 
base,  remainder  with  black  tipped  hairs:  tip  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  iioo;  tail  vertebrae,  330;  hind 
foot,  180. 

457.  estor.     (Canis),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  31. 
Type  locality.     Noland's  Ranch,  San  Juan  River,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Deserts  of  eastern  California,  Nevada  and  Utah. 
Genl.  Char.      Size   small,  color  pale;  carnassial  and  molar  teeth 
small. 


LIBRARY 

U'JIVfHMIV   :lh    HLIIVUIS 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    XXX. 


VULPES    PENNSYLVANICA. 
No.  100  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     i  nat.  size. 


Color.  Muzzle  pale  fulvous,  top  of  head  gra}'  and  bufl;  ears  and 
nape  ochraceous  buff;  upper  parts  huffy  mixed  with  black;  under 
parts  whitish;  ruff  conspicuously  black  tipped;  outer  side  of  fore  legs 
bright  buff,  pale  on  inner  side,  and  on  fore  feet;  outer  side  of  hind  legs 
and  feet  huffy  ocliraceous;  inner  side  of  hind  leg  and  upper  surface 
of  hind  foot  white;  under  side  of  tail  ochraceous,  white  basally,  hairs 
of  distal  half  tipped  with  black;  tip  of  tail  black. 

Measiirements.  Total  length,  1052;  tail  vertebra',  300:  hind 
foot,  179. 

458.  ochropus.     (Canis),    Eschsch.    Zool.,    Atlas,   iii,  1S29,  pp.   1-2, 
pi.  II. 

Type  locality.      California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      San  Joaquin  Valley,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  C.  lairans,  but  smaller,  darker;  and  more 
highly  colored;  ears  larger;  skull  and  teeth  smaller. 

Color.  Muzzle  grizzled  cinnamon  rufous;  top  of  head  grayish 
fulvous,  rest  of  upper  parts  buffy  ochraceous  mixed  with  black;  under 
parts  whitish,  belly  tinged  with  huff;  grizzled  hairs  of  ruff  tipped  with 
black,  sometimes  going  on  to  breast  as  in  C.  estor  and  C.  mcarnsi; 
fore  and  hind  legs  and  feet  fulvous  all  round,  paler  on  inner  side,  and 
verj'  deep  on  outer  side  of  hind  leg;  upper  side  of  fore  leg  strongly 
marked  with  black;  outer  side  of  thighs  with  black  tipped  hairs;  tail 
beneath  pale  fulvous,  white  basally,  tipped  and  edged  with  black; 
terminal  third  of  under  side  hairs  black  tipped;  extreme  tip  often 
white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  11 10;  tail  vertebrae,  295;  hind 
foot,  180.* 

73.     Viilpes. 
I.  |=_3;  C.  '=^;  p.  i=-n  M.   ?^=  42. 

3—3'  "-1  4-4'  3-3       ^ 

Vulpes,  Briss.,  Reg.  Anim.,  1758,  p.  239. 

Ltucocyon,  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1868,  p.  521. 

Body  rather  short;  legs  short;  tail  long,  bushy,  more  than  half 
the  length  of  body,  fur  soft,  hair  long;  muzzle  elongated,  tapering; 
ears  moderate,  erect;  nasals  not  extending  back  to  maxillaries; 
postorbital  processes  above  concave;  temporal  crests  nearly  in  con- 
tact. 

A.    Vulpes. 
459.  harrimani.     {Vulpes),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.   Acad.    Scien.,    1900, 
p.  14. 

Type  locality.      Kadiak  Island,  Alaska. 


*  It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  tlicsu  varieties  of  tiic  Coyote  hy  any  descriptioQ,  and  still  more 
so  by  the  skins  or  skulls. 


Genl.  Char.  Largest  of  American  foxes.  Skull  large,  postorb- 
ital  processes  slightly  developed. 

Color.  Nose  pale  fulvous  and  white;  head  above  from  eyes  to 
nape  buffy  white,  grizzled  with  j-ellowish  fulvous;  fore  part  of  back 
yellowish  fulvous,  lower  part  buffy  white  and  fulvous;  chin,  throat, 
inguinal  region  and  strip  on  belly  grayish  buff,  rest  of  under  parts 
yellowish  fulvous;  ears  black;  legs  and  feet  pale  fulvous,  with  a 
black  spot  on  upper  surface  of  feet.  Tail,  gray  and  yellowish  ful- 
vous, with  indistinct  black  spot  on  upper  part  of  dorsal  surface;  tip 
buffy  white. 

Afeasuremenis.     Total  length,  1260;  tail  vertebra;,  450;  tail  to  end 
of   hairs,    550.      Skull:    nasal    length,    140;  zygomatic    breadth,    77; 
palatal  length,  74.5;  interorbital  breadth,   27.5;  postorbital  constric- 
tion, 22.5;  breadth  of  rostrum  at  root  of  canines,  26.3. 
460.  pennsylvanica.     [Cants),  Bodd.,  Elench.,  1784,  i,  p.  96. 
ftilva,  Desm.,  Mamm.,  1820,  p.  203. 

dccussata,  Desm.,  Mamm.,  1820,  p.  203. 

Type  locality.     Virginia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Canadian  boundary  to  Georgia,  westward  to  the 
great  plains. 

Genl.  Char.  Colors  various;  hair  long,  silky,  soft;  tail  large, 
bushy. 

Color.  Bright  yellowish  rufous,  darkest  on  back  and  shoulders; 
throat,  neck,  center  of  breast  and  abdomen  dark  gray;  chin,  sides 
of  throat,  insides  of  thighs  near  belly  white;  front  side  of  fore  legs 
and  feet  and  front  of  lower  hind  legs  and  top  of  hind  feet  black. 
Tail  darker  than  the  body,  hairs  terminating  in  black.  Tip  usually 
pale  color,  but  varies  among  individuals.  Ears  black.  Three  styles 
of  coloration  exist:  The  above  or  typical  style; — with  a  dark  cross 
on  the  back  and  shoulders,  known  as  Cross  Fox; — and  all  black  with 
a  white-tipped  tail,  or  Black  Fox. 

Measurements.      Total    length,     920;    tail    vertebrae,     415;    hind 
foot,  140. 
a. — arfentata.     (Cants),  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  1800,  p.  325. 

Type  locality.      Louisiana! 

Geogr.  Distr.      Boreal  regions,  North  America. 

Genl.  Char.  Black,  many  hairs  on  back  and  rump  tipped  with 
grayish  white. 

Color.  Black,  back  and  rump  hoary,  in  some  specimens  the 
terminal  portion  of  hairs  on  head,  neck  and  back  are  white.  Under 
fur  blackish  brown.  Tail  black,  tip  white.  Soles  of  feet  covered 
thickly  with  hair. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  840;   tail  vertebrae,  300. 


b.—macruras.     [Vul/'is),  Baird,  Stansb.  Expl.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852, 
p.  309. 

Type  locality.      Great  Salt  Lake. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Nebraska  to  California  south  to  Oklahoma  Terri- 
tory and  Arizona. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  large;  color  pale;  tail  vertebrae  usually  18 
inches. 

Color.  Similar  to  V.  penns\lvanica;  general  color  pale  ochre 
yellow,  brightest  on  sides;  back  tinged  with  reddish;  lower  part  of 
back  variegated  with  yellowish  white;  dark  yellowish  cross  on  shoul- 
ders; top  of  head  grizzled.  Under  parts  generally  yellowish  white. 
Base  of  ear  yellow,  rest  black.  Tail  dull  yellow  lighter  on  sides, 
hairs  tipped  with  black;  end  of  tail  yellowish  white.  Fore  feet 
black;  hind  feet  with  a  black  line  on  upper  part. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  1265;  tail  vertebrae,  454;  to  end  of 
hairs,  555;  breadth,  224. 
c.—rubricosa.     {Vulpes),  Bangs,  Science,  vii,  1898,  p.  271. 

vafra.  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,   p.    53  (nee  Leidy). 

Type  locality.      Digby,  Nova  Scotia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Nova  Scotia,  northern  eastern  N.  Am.  ? 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  V.  pennsylvanica ;  bright  ferruginous  in 
general  color  instead  of  tawny  ochraceous. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  deep  bright  ferruginous,  some 
hairs  yellow  tipped;  abdomen,  inner  sides  of  flanks  and  upper  lip 
white;  chin,  throat  and  center  of  belh'  grayish  white;  tail  ferrugin- 
ous, hairs  black  tipped,  end  white;  ear  black,  edged  with  yellow; 
fore  legs  and  feet  black;  hind  feet  black  mixed  with  ferruginous; 
narrow  black  line  on  flank. 

Measurements.      Type.      Total  length,    1077;  tail    vertebra,   401; 
hind  foot,  106. 
461.  deletrix.     {Vulpes),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  36. 

Type  locality.      Bay  St.  George,  Newfoundland. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Newfoundland.      Labrador? 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  tail  short;  hind  foot  very  large;  soles 
hairy,  claws  long,  stout;  ears  large,  round,  color  variable. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  ochre  yellow,  dark  on  sides  of  face, 
shoulder  and  inside  flanks.  Under  parts  and  border  of  upper  lip 
white.  Feet  black  above  to  ankle  joint,  beneath  dull  brownish  yel- 
low.     Tail  pale  dull  yellow,  tip  white,  some  hairs  black  tipped. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  959;  tail  vertebra;,  336;  hind 
foot,  161;  ear  from  notch,  79.  Skull:  basal  length,  123.4;  zygomatic 
breadth,  72;  mastoid  breadth,  47;  least  interorbital  width,  26. 2;  length 
of  mandible,  99.8. 


■^62.  velox.  {Cam's),  Say,  in  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts. ,  i,  1823, 
p.  487. 

cinereo-argentatus,  Sabine,  (nee  Erxleb.)  Frank  Journ.,  p.  658. 

microtus,  Reich.  Reg.  Anim.,  p.  10,  figs.  72  and  73. 

Type  locality.      Nebraska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Colorado  and  Nebraska  north  to  the  plains  of  the 
Saskatchewan,  Assiniboia. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  head  short,  broad;  legs  short;  tail  half 
as  long  as  the  body  and  head. 

Color.  Top  of  head,  ears,  upper  part  of  body  and  tail  yellowish 
gray,  darkest  on  back,  hairs  tipped  with  white;  sides  of  neck,  flanks 
and  upper  portion  of  legs  buffy  white,  inclining  to  rufous  where  it 
meets  the  gray  of  upper  parts.  A  black  patch  on  each  side  of 
muzzle,  some  hairs  white  tipped.  Under  part  and  legs  white;  under 
part  of  tail  buff,  tip  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  645  ;  tail  vertebrae,  226  ;  hind 
foot,  95. 

463.  macrotis.     (Vulpes),  Merr.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.    Wash.,    1888,  iv, 

P-  135- 

Type  locality.      Riverside  County,  southern  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  California  south  to  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  long,  broad;  muzzle,  legs  and  tail 
long  and  slender;  tail  longer  than  body.     Soles  of  feet  haired. 

Color.  Upper  parts  grizzled  gray,  palest  on  head,  darkest  on 
back;  sides,  upper  surface  of  legs  and  pectoral  band  pale  fulvous. 
Under  parts  white  mixed  with  pale  ochraceous  buff. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  850;  head  and  body,  510;  tail  verte- 
brae, 290;  to  end  of  hairs,  340;  hind  foot,  no;  height  of  ear  to  crown, 
68.  Skull  occipito-nasal  length,  103;  zygomatic  breadth,  58.2;  inter- 
orbital  constriction,  19.8;  palatal  length,  55.7;  mandible,  83.8;  (Mer- 
riam  1.  c.) 

464.  lagopus.     (Canis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1766,  p.  59. 
Type  locality.     Lapland? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Polar  regions  of  both  hemispheres  from  50°  north 
latitude  to  Arctic  Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  thick,  bushy;  pelage  changing  to 
white  in  winter. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Head  and  upper  parts,  flanks  and  out- 
side of  legs,  brown;  under  parts  and  inside  of  legs  dingy  white;  tail 
brownish  above,  white  beneath,  tip  white. 

Winter  Pelage.      Pure  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  787;  tail  vertebrae,  262;  heel  to  end 
of  claw,  115. 


LIBRARY 
UNlVtRSIIY  Of  ILLIIMUIS 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


[[zoology,    PL.    XXXI. 


Urocyon  cinereo-argenteus  scotii. 
No.'.;574  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     5i  nat.  siz 


465.  hallensis.     {Vu/fes),    Merr.,   Proc.   Wash.   Acad.   Scien.,    1900, 

P-  15- 

Type  locality.      Hall  Island,  Bering  Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  V.  lagopus.  Skull  broader  and  shorter; 
bulla-  large. 

Color.  Head  sooty  mixed  with  white  between  eyes  and  on  sides; 
upper  parts  and  legs  sooty  brown;  sides  and  under  parts  buffy;  chin 
and  upper  part  of  throat  dusky  gray;  ears  dusky  edged  with  buffy 
white;  nose  whitish;  hind  feet  dusky  grizzled  with  white.  Tail  dusky 
above  at  base,  yellowish  buff  distally;  beneath  yellowish  white. 

Mtasuremenls.  Total  length,  825;  tail  vertebra;,  290;  hind 
foot,    140. 

72.     Urocyon. 

I.  t:-^;  C.  '—;  P.  i=i;  M.  ?=?  =  42. 
i~i'       i-i'        4—4'        3—3       ^ 

Urocyon.  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  121.  Type  Cam's  virgin!- 
anus,  Erxleb. 
"Tail  with  a  concealed  mane  of  stiff  hairs,  without  any  soft  fur 
intermixed;  muzzle  short;  temporal  crests  widely  separated.  Upper 
incisors  scarcely  lobed;  postorbital  processes  bent  but  little  down- 
wards, the  anterior  edge  turned  up;  a  longitudinal  shallow  pit  at  its 
base.  Supplementary  tubercle  on  the  lower  sectorial.  The  under 
jaw  with  an  angular  emargination  below."     (Baird,  1.  c.) 

466.  cincreo-argenteus.     {Canis),  Mull.  Natur.  Suppl.,  1776,  p.  29. 
I'irginiiiniis,  Schreb.  Siiugth.,  1778,   iii,  pi.  92  B. 

grisfus,  Bodd.  Elench.  Anim.,  1784,  i,  p.  37. 

7ype  locality.      Unknown.      North  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  North  America  from  Georgia  north  to 
New  England,  west  to  Mississippi  Valley. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  more  than  half  the  length  of  head 
and  body,  bushy. 

Color.  Entire  upper  parts  silver  gray,  extending  over  outer  side 
of  fore  legs;  base  of  ears,  patch  at  side  of  neck,  collar  on  throat, 
interior  surface  of  fore  legs,  and  a  broad  band  along  belly  cinnamon 
rufous.  Rest  of  under  parts,  inside  of  thighs,  and  a  line  down  hind 
legs  grayish  white.  Chin  and  patch  on  nose  near  muzzle'  black. 
Tail  above  silver  gray,  central  portion  and  tip  black,  beneath  light 
chestnut. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  930;  tail  vertebra^  317;  hind 
foot,  135. 

a.—floridanus.    {L'rocyon),   Rhoads,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.  Scien.,  Phil., 
1895,  p.  42. 
Type  locality.     Tarpon  Springs,  Florida. 


Geogr.  Distr.  Florida  generally,  north  into  Georgia  where  it  inter- 
grades  with  U.  cinereo-argenteus. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  hind  foot,  tail  and  ears  shorter,  pelage 
harsher  than  in  U.  cinereo-argenteus. 

Color.  Top  of  head,  upper  parts  and  upper  surface  of  legs  and 
feet  silver  gray;  chin,  whisker  patch,  double  line  from  nose  to  cheeks, 
line  on  upper  part  and  tip  of  tail,  black;  sides  of  neck,  band  on 
throat,  and  under  surface  of  fore  leg  rusty  brown;  throat  and  stripe 
on  cheek  white;  rest  of  under  parts  rusty  fulvous.  Soles  of  feet  cin- 
namon. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  900;  hind  foot,  125;  tail 
vertebrae,  260;  ear  from  crown,  60.     (Dry  skin.)     (Rhoads.) 

b.—scotti.  (C/roeyon),  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 
p.  236. 

Type  locality.      Pinal  County,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  California,  Arizona  and  western  New 
Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  size  and  color  to  U.  cinereo-argenteus. 
Longer  ears  and  tail,  muzzle  more  attenuated,  colors  paler. 

Color.  Hoary,  gray,  sometimes  a  median  black  line  from  head 
to  base  of  tail;  sides  paler.  Lower  jaw  and  sides  of  muzzle  black 
except  white  spot  near  tip;  lower  sides  of  cheeks,  throat,  patch  on 
breast,  and  one  on  belly  white,  sides  of  neck,  hinder  surface  of  legs 
yellowish  fulvous;  anterior  of  fore  legs  hoary;  chest  and  inner  sides 
of  legs  fulvous;  tail  gray  with  a  narrow  black  stripe  above,  and 
beneath  yellowish  fulvous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  9S5;  tail  vertebree,  405;  hind  leg 
from  knee  joint,  240. 

c. — tex^nsis.    ([/rocyon),  Mearns,  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1897,  p.  459. 

Type  locality.      San  Pedro,  Eagle  Pass,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  U.  cinereo-argenteus,  but  paler;  ears 
larger;  tail  longer. 

Color.  Markings  of  the  limbs,  sides  of  neck  and  base  of  ears, 
which  are  chestnut  or  cinnamon  rufous  in  the  typical  form,  are  och- 
raceous.      (Mearns,  I.e.) 

Measurements.  Height  of  ear  above  crown,  80;  hind  foot,  1:28; 
tail  vertebrae,  350. 

d. — calif ornicus .     {Urocyon),  Mearns,  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.,  Wash.,  1897, 
p.  459. 
Type  locality.     San   Jacinto   Mountains,   Riverside  County,  Cali- 
fornia. 


UROCYON.  URSUS.  300 

Geogr.  Distr.      California  to  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  U.  c.  texensis,  with  longer  ears  and 
grayer,  less  fulvous  coloring. 

Color  Like  U.  cinereo-argcntcus,  with  the  color  of  the  back  about 
the  same,  but  the  coloration  as  a  whole  is  paler;  and  the  California 
animals  lack  the  black  down  the  fore  legs. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  890;  tail  vertebra,  330;  hind 
foot,    120.     (Mearns,  1.  c.) 

e.—townsendi.     (i'rocypn),  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  16,  1899,  p.  103. 

Type  locality.      Baird,  Shasta  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Transition  Zone,  Shasta,  California. 

Gfiil.  Char.  Similar  to  U.  californicus,  but  ears  smaller,  fulvous 
tints  darker;  rostrum  broader,  zygomata  broader  anteriorly;  carnas- 
sials  larger  and  thicker. 

Color.  Above  grizzled  gra)'  and  black,  fulvous  coloring  darker 
than  in  U.  californicus.  Sides  of  neck  and  lower  part  of  throat  rufous; 
ears  dark,  grizzled  fulvous,  chin  white.     Tail  like  upper  parts. 

f.—ocythous.    [L'rocvon),  Bangs,  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1899,  p.  43. 

Type  locality.      Platteville,  Wisconsin. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Upper  Mississippi  Valley. 

Gcnl.  Char.      Size  large,  colors  deeper  than  typical  style. 

Color.  As  compared  with  U.  cinereo-argentcus,  back  and  sides 
are  more  yellowish,  not  so  gray;  red  sides  of  neck,  lower  sides,  arms 
and  legs  more  ferruginous;  under  surface  and  sides  of  tail  more  fer- 
ruginous, less  black  and  gray;  outer  surface  of  ear  much  more  fer- 
ruginous without  so  marked  a  dull  grayish,  brown  tip.     (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  1024;  tail  vertebra;,  386; 
hind  foot,  136. 

Fam.  III.     Ursidae. 

C.  H.  Merriam.    Preliminary  Synopsis  of  the  American  Bears.    Proc. 

Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  i8q6,  p.  65. 
True  molars  with  broad  flat  tuberculated   crowns;  fourth   upper 
premolar  with   no  inner   root,   bullae   scarsely  inflated;   soles   naked; 
feet  plantigrade. 

Sub.   Fam.   I.     Ursinae. 

73.     Ursus. 

1.3-';  c.   I^;  P.   '^■,  M.  '—'=42. 
3-3  i-i'         4-4'         3-3     ^ 

Ursus,   Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  i,  p.  47.      Type  U.  arctus,  Linn. 

Thalassarctos.      Gray,  Ann.  of  Phil.,  1825,  p.  62. 

Danis.     Gray,  Ann.  Philos.,  1825,  p.  Iv. 

Euarctos.      Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864,  p.  692. 


Size  large;  bodj'  heavy,  bulky;  three  upper  and  under  anterior 
molars  very  small  with  but  a  single  root  and  frequently  deciduous; 
fourth  upper  premolar  lacks  inner  tubercle  supported  by  a  separate 
root;  fourth  premolar  larger  than  those  before  it,  the  upper  one  has 
three  roots,  the  lower  one  two;  skull  elongate,  feet  broad,  toes 
armed  with  long,  somewhat  curved  claws;  non-retractile;  palms  and 
soles  naked.  Tail  exceedingly  short;  ears  erect,  rather  short, 
hairy. 

A.    Thalassarctus. 

Neck  elongate;  upper  tubercular  molar  elongate;  palate  broad, 
suddenly  contracted  behind  last  molar;  posterior  nasal  aperture  elon- 
gate, narrow;  sides  arched,  contracted  in  middle.  Soles  of  feet  hairj', 
with  small  bald  pads.      Forehead  nearly  on  line  with  nose. 

467.  maritimus.     {C'rsus),  Desm.,  Mamm.,  1820,  p.  165. 
Tj/c-  locality.      Arctic  region. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arctic  regions  of  the  world. 

Genl.  Char.      Head  elongate;  molars  small  and  narrow. 

Color.  White  at  all  seasons;  sometimes  portions  of  the  pelage 
tinged  with  \ellow  or  saffron. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2500-3300.  Skull:  greatest  length, 
407;  greatest  width,  245.  Dimensions  vary  greatly  among  indi- 
viduals. 

B.    Ursus. 

Forehead  concave,  rounded;  brain  case  swollen;  nostrils  ovate 
covered  by  a  lid;  nose  longer  than  broad;  palate  flat;  base  of  toes 
beneath  covered  with  hair. 

468.  middendorffi.     {Ursiis),  Merr.,  Proc.    Biol.   Soc.    Wash.,    1S96, 

p.  69.  pi.  Iv,  figs.  2  and  3;   pi.  v,  fig.  2;   pi.  vi,  fig.    2;  p.  70, 

fig-  7- 

Type  locality.      Kadiak  Island,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Kadiak  Island,  Alaskan  Peninsula,  Kenai  Penin- 
sula, Prince  William  Sound,  Sushitna  and  Kuik  River  regions,  and 
the  Alaskan  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  frontal  region  in  male  considerably 
elevated,  arched  and  rather  narrow;  postzygomatic  part  of  skull 
very  short. 

Color.  The  color  varies  greatly  among  individuals,  being  of 
various  shades  and  combinations  of  dark  and  yellowish  browns. 

Measurements.  Skull:  Front  of  premaxillary  to  end  of  occipital 
crest,  440;  gnathion  to  occipital  condyles,  392;  gnathion  to  basion, 
377;  Hensel,  370;  zygomatic  breadth,  277;  occipito-sphenoid  length, 


D   COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


Z06lOGY,    PL. 


URSUS    (TMALAiSARCTUbl    MARITlMUS. 
No.  34  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    'A  oat.  size. 


I05;  postpalatal  length,  167;  basion  to  plane  of  front  of  last  upper 
molar,  238;  interorbital  breadth,  98;  distance  between  postorbital 
processes,  132.5;  occipito-nasal  length,  358;  height  of  brain  case 
above  pterj-goid,  160;  height  of  brain  case  above  basisphenoid,  123. 
(Merriain.) 

No  measurements  of  the  bod}'  of  this  bear  have  been  recorded, 
but  among  a  number  of  individuals  the  size  varies  greath-,  some  be- 
ing comparatively  small. 

469.  dalli.  {Ursus),  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  71,  figs. 
8,  9,  p.  72;  pi.  V,  fig.  i;   pi.  vi,  fig.  5. 

*si(kensis,  Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  73,  pi.  \i,  fig. 
i;  pi.  V,  fig.  3. 

Type  locality.      Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  country  between  Copper  River  to  and  in- 
cluding Baranof  Island,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  slightly  less  than  the  Kadiak  bear;  skull  long 
and  massive;  frontals  rather  flat  and  only  slightly  elevated  above 
orbits;  postorbital  processes  strongly  developed  and  decurved  in  old 
age;  par-occipital  process  very  large  and  heavy,  but  relatively  short. 
Molariform  teeth  large  and  heavy;  fourth  upper  premolar  extraordi- 
narily large  and  high,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  quadrituberculate  (an 
accessory  cusp  on  inner  side  in  front  of  posterointernal  cusp),  lower 
first  molar  much  as  in  the  grizzlies,  the  interspace  between  anterior 
and  posterior  parts  of  both  on  inner  side  fitted  by  one  or  more  cusp- 
lets;  upper  second  molar  large  and  broad,  with  heel  elongate  and 
broadly  rounded  posteriorly  in  male;  shorter  and  more  obliquely 
truncated  in  female;  fourth  lower  premolar  large  and  high  without 
distinct  heel,  the  main  cusp  occupying  nearly  the  whole  crown  of  the 
tooth;  a  strongly  developed  peg-like  accessory  cusp  usually  present 
on  inner  side  of  main  cusp  a  little  behind  the  middle. 

Mt-asurements  of  Skull  of  Type.  Greatest  length  of  cranium, 
424;  greatest  basal  length,  400;  basal  length,  366;  Hensel,  360;  zygo- 
matic breadth,  269;  occipito-sphenoid  length,  107;  postpalatal 
length,  172;  basion  to  plane  of  foot  of  last  upper  molar,  242;  inter- 
orbital breadth,  92;  distance  between  postorbital  processes,  134; 
occipito-nasal  length,  360;  height  of  brain  case  above  pterygoid,  148; 
height  of  brain  case  above  basisphenoid,  117.      (Merriam.) 

Color.  No  description  of  the  color  of  this  bear  nor  any  meas- 
urements than  those  above  have  been  given. 


*  I  agree  with  Mr.  Lydekker,  P.  Z.  S..  189;.  p.  ^16,  that  the  district  in  which  these  bears  are 
found  is  too  limited  to  admit  of  two  species  so  closely  allied,  and  differences  in  skulls  and  cheek 
teeth  among  individual  mammals  of  the  same  genus  are  easily  found. 


0.  Danis. 
"  Fur  shaggy,  front  claws  much  longer  than  the  hinder,  broadly 
depressed,  whitish;  palate  narrow  and  contracted  behind;  ears  small. 
Hind  foot  elongate." 

470.  horribilis.  {Crsia),  Ord,  Guthr.  Geog.,  2nd  Am.  ed.,  11,  1815, 
pp.  291,  299,  300. 

Type  locality.      Montana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountains  north  of  Wyoming  and  Utah; 
British  Columbia  to  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  fore  claws  very  long  and  straight;  whit- 
ish. Skull:  frontal  region  elevated  above  orbits  highest  behind  post- 
orbital  processes,  concealing  sagittal  crest. 

Color.  Usually  brownish  yellow  with  a  blackish  dorsal  stripe; 
mane  reddish  brown,  darkest  near  tips  of  hairs,  which  are  brownish 
yellow  or  brown;  legs  generally  black  or  blackish  brown. 

Measurements.  Skull:  total  length,  380;  end  of  intermaxillary 
to  end  of  condyle,   262;  greatest  width,  235;  between  orbits,  86. 

a.—alascensis.  (C'rsus),  Merr.,Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  74. 
(in  text.) 

Type  locality.      Norton  Sound,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Not  determined. 

Genl.  Char.  "Compared  with  Rocky  Mountain  Grizzly  it  is 
somewhat  larger,  the  frontal  region  is  furrowed  antero-posteriorly 
between  the  orbits,  the  palate  averages  longer,  and  the  blade  of  the 
coronoid  process  of  the  mandible  is  narrower;  the  first  lower  molar  is 
broader  posteriorly  and  is  much  more  abruptly  and  deeply  narrowed 
on  the  outer  side  immediately  in  front  of  the  posterior  cusp.  Except 
in  a  single  skull  (an  old  male  from  the  Shaktolik  River,  No.  76,470), 
the  combined  length  of  the  basioccipital  and  basisphenoid  along  the 
median  line  is  decidedly  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  palate.  In 
the  Rocky  Mountain  Grizzly  the  occipito-sphenoid  length  is 
decidedly  greater  than  half  the  length  of  the  palate."     (Merriam.) 

b. —horriaeus.  {Ursus),  Baird,  Rept.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Mamm.,  11, 
pp.  24-29,  1859. 

Type  locality.  Copper  mines,  Rio  Mimbres,  Grant  County,  south- 
western New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Colorado  and  southern  Utah,  through  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  frontal  region  highest  between  post- 
orbital  processes;  temporal  impressions  nearly  straight  and  elevated 
anteriorly,  forming  crests. 


COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    X) 


Ursus    HORRIBILUS. 
No.  35  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    H  nat.  siz 


LIBRARY 

UNIVtRSIlY  Of  ILLIi-iUiS 

URBaNA 


LIBRAKV 
UNIVERSIIY  OF  ILLIIMUIS 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.   XXXIV. 


Ursus  (Euarctus)  AMERICANUS. 
No.  36  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    %  nat.  siz 


Measurements.  ''Skull:  total  length,  14.  lo  inches;  end  of  inter- 
maxillary to  end  of  condyle,  13.70;  greatest  width,  7.20;  greatest 
height  above  base  of  cranium,  4.10;  distance  between  orbits,  2.85; 
distance  between  orbital  processes,  3.80;  length  of  nasal  bones,  3.90; 
width  before  nasals,  1.30;  narrowest  part  of  muzzle  behind  canines, 
3.10;  upper  incisors  from  front  to  molars,  3.18;  to  hinder  margin  of 
palate,  7;  width  between  external  edges,  1.80;  upper  molars,  length 
taken  together,  3;  least  distance  between,  1.80;  from  intermaxillary 
to  end  of  nasals,  6.27;  to  commencement  of  orbit,  5.60:  between  post- 
orbital  points  and  occiput,  7.80;  from  postorbital  points  to  end  of 
nasals,  4.94;  end  of  intermaxillaries,  7.40."     (Baird.) 

471.  richardsoni.     {I'rstis),    Mayne-Reid,    Bruin;    The    Grand    Bear 

Hunt,  London,  i860,  Am.  ed.,  1864,  p.  260. 

Type  locality.      Great  Slave  Lake,  Arctic  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Barren  Grounds  between  Hudson  Bay  and 
Mackenzie  River;  hilly  regions  east  and  north  of  Great  Bear  Lake; 
lower  Rockies  west  of  the  l^Iackenzie,  possibly  to  the  upper  tribu- 
taries of  the  Yukon." 

Genl.  Char.  Frontal  shield  of  skull  truncated  posteriorly  by  the 
temporal  crests.  These  begin  on  the  posterior  edge  of  the  postorbi- 
tal processes,  and  go  towards  the  median  line,  and  form  nearly  a 
right  angle  with  the  cranial  axis.  Muzzle  short  and  slightly  upturned. 
Dentition  is  distinctly  of  the  Grizzh'  type. 

Color.  Yellowish  brown,  sometimes  very  light,  giving  a  "  whit- 
ish appearance  to  the  animal." 

Measurements.  Total  length,  5  ft.  2  in.;  tail,  .6;  height  to  top  of 
shoulder,  2  ft.  g;  length  of  sole  of  hind  foot,  .10.  (Rich.  Faun.  Bor. 
Am.,  1829,  p.  24.     Barren  Ground  Bear.) 

D.  Enarctus. 
"  Fur  uniform  throughout,  either  black  or  brownish;  hair  dark- 
est towards  tips;  nose  brown;  feet  moderate;  fore  claws  not  twice  as 
long  as  the  hinder." 

472.  americanus.     (/'/•.v//.f),  Pallas,   Spicil.   Zool.,   fasc.  xiv,  pp.  5-7, 

1780. 

Type  locality.      Eastern  North  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  America  where  forests  exist,  except  per- 
haps in  Louisiana  and  Florida. 

1         Genl.   Char.      Size   moderate;  nails    short;  frontals    usually   ele- 
vated, zygomata  width  considerable;  teeth  rather  small. 

Color.      Black;  nose  tan  color. 

Measurements.      Average  size  of   four  skulls:     Length  of  Hensel, 


254;  postpalatal  length,  ii8;  basion  to  plane  of  front  of  second 
upper  molar,  i68;  zygomatic  breadth,  184;  ratio  of  zygomatic 
breadth  to  basilar  length,  75.      (Merriam.) 

a.—sornbor^eri.     {Ursiis),  Bangs,  Am.  Nat.,  1898,  p.  500. 

Type  locality.      Okak,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Labrador  north  to  the  limit  of  trees. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  compared  with  one  of  U.  amcricanus  from 
Maine  is  "smaller,  shorter  and  broader;  brain  case  short  and  broad; 
zygoma  widely  spread;  frontal  region  low,  broad  and  flat,  with  great 
width  across  postorbital  processes;  nasals  short;  palate  much  shorter 
and  broader;  molar  teeth  longer." 

Color.  No  skins  have  been  obtained,  therefore  the  color  is  un- 
known. 

Measurements.  Basilar  length  of  Hensel,  205;  occipito-nasal 
length,  187.4;  zygomatic  breadth,  129.6;  mastoid  breadth,  51.2;  pal- 
atal length,  1 14.6;  postpalatal  length,  gi;  greatest  length  of  single 
half  of  mandible,  164.      (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

473.  luteolus.     (^Ursus).    Griff.     Cam.     Anim.,    1821,    pp.    236,   237. 

(Col.  pi.) 

Type  locality.      Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Louisiana  to  Texas.      Exact  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  skull  long  and  flat;  fronto-parietal 
region  depressed;  profile  of  top  of  skull  (including  crest)  nearly  a 
straight  line;  sagittal  crest  long  and  high,  about  half  the  length  of 
upper  side  of  skull  in  old  age.      Molars  very  large. 

Color.  Normally  black.  A  specimen  in  Phil.  Zool.  Gardens 
(Forest  and  Stream,  Dec.  16,  1892,  p.  578),  was  rich  reddish  brown, 
almost  bay.  When  worn,  the  coat  became  pale  yellowish  brown, 
uniform  over  all  the  body. 

Measurements.  Skull  of  type.  Gnathion  to  end  of  occipital  crest, 
326;  gnathion  to  basion,  292;  basilar  length  of  Hensel,  288;  zygo- 
matic breadth,  187;  occipito-sphenoid  length,  89;  postpalatal  length, 
134;  basion  to  plane  of  front  of  last  upper  molar,  103;  interorbital 
breadth,  68;  distance  between  postorbital  processes,  97;  occipito- 
nasal  length,  276.      (Merriam.) 

474.  floridanus.     {Ursus),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1896,  p.  81. 
Type  locality.      Key  Biscayne,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Everglades  of  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  (Type.)  Skull  very  long,  high  and  narrow;  frontal 
region  remarkably  elevated,  highest  immediately  behind  postorbital 
processes  (more  than  100  mm.  above  hinder  part  of  palate);  brain 
case  very  long  and  narrow;  interpterygoid   fossa  very  long  (71  mm.); 


basisphenoid  and  palate  deeply  excavated,  the  latter  strongly  arched 
both  antero-posteriorly  and  transversely. 

Color.      Black. 

Mfiisuiements.  (Type  skull.)  Basion  to  gnathion,  2S2;  basion 
to  middle  incisor,  277;  zygomatic  breadth,  igo;  occipito-sphenoid 
length,  91;  basion  to  hinder  edge  of  palate,  133;  basion  to  plane  of 
front  of  last  molar,  186;  interorbital  breadth,  68;  distance  across 
postorbital  processes,  log;  occipito-nasal  length,  290;  greatest  length 
of  skull,  330;  ratio  of  zygomatic  breadth  to  basilar  length,  68.5. 
(Merriam,  1.  c.) 

475.  eminonsi.  (L'lsui),  Dall.  Science  N.  S.,  No.  30,  p.  87,  July 
26,  1895. 

Type  locality.      St.  Elias  Alps.      Yukatat  Bay,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  St.  Elias  range  of  mountains  southeasterly  to 
Juneau;  exact  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  small,  claws  short,  curved. 

Color.  The  general  color  resembles  that  of  the  Silver  Fox.  The 
fur  is  not  very  long,  but  remarkably  soft  and  with  a  rich  under  fur  of 
a  bluish  black  shade,  numbers  of  the  long  hairs  being  white  or  having 
the  distal  half  white  and  the  basal  part  slaty.  The  dorsal  line  from 
the  tip  of  the  nose  to  the  rump,  the  back  of  the  very  short  ears  and 
the  outer  faces  of  the  limbs  are  jet  black.  Numerous  long  white  hairs 
issue  from  the  ears;  black  and  silver  is  the  prevalent  pelage  of  the 
sides,  neck  and  rump;  the  under  surface  of  the  belly  and  the  sinuies 
behind  the  limbs  are  grayish  white,  or  even  nearly  pure  white.  I  am 
told,  in  some  cases.  The  sides  of  the  muzzle  and  the  lower  anterior 
part  of  the  cheek  are  of  a  bright  tan  color,  and  this  character  is  said 
to  be  invariable.  There  is  no  tint  of  brown  elsewhere  in  the  pelage. 
There  is  no  tint  visible  in  the  pelts.  The  claws  are  small,  very  much 
curved,  sharp,  black  above  and  lighter  below.      (Dall,  1.  c.) 

Fam.  I\'.     Procyoiiidao. 

Head  broad  behind,  tapering  rapidly  forward  to  a  narrow  muzzle; 
ears  moderate;  feet  plantigrade;  soles  naked,  skin  papillose;  toes 
free,  capable  of  being  widely  spread;  claws  curved,  acute,  non-re- 
tractible;  tail  moderately  long,  semi-bushy,  generally  annulated;  body 
rather  stout;  legs  moderately  long. 

Sub.  Fam.   I.     Procyoninae. 

American  species  have  the  alisphenoid  canal  wanting  in  the 
skull. 


316  BASSARISCUS. 

74.     Bassariscvis. 

I.  3=3       Q       LZI;     p.     4=4       M      =— =  =  40 

3—3  I— I  4-4'  2—2  T^ 

Bassariscus.     Coues,  Science,  1887,  9,  p.  516. 

Bassaris,  (Licht),  Wagl.,  Isis,  1831,  p.  512  (nee.  Hoebner,  Lept., 
1816-21). 

Head  short,  muzzle  pointed;  ears  large;  pads  naked;  soles  hairy; 
body  slender,  elongated;  tail  long  as  body,   annulated. 

476.  astutus.     {Bassans),  Licht.,  Wagler,  Isis,  1831,  p.  513. 

Type  locality.      Mexico. 

Geogr.  Disir.      California,  Texas,  Arizona,  New  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  slender,  elongate;  muzzle  pointed,  tail  long, 
bushy;  claws  half  retractile;  skull  long,  slender;  postorbital  process 
of  frontal  bone  short;  upper  sectorial  with  inner  cusp  much  devel- 
oped; anterior  cusp  of  lower  sectorial  shortest. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown  and  gray  mixed;  below  white. 
Legs  and  feet  like  the  body.  Tail,  white  with  six  or  eight  alternate 
black  rings. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  720;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  360. 
Skull:  occiput  to  incisors,  79;  Hensel,  69;  zygomatic  width,  47;  mas- 
toid width,  35;  occipito-sphenoid  length,  35;  width  of  orbital  con- 
striction, 21. 

a.— raptor.     {Bassaris),  Baird,  Rep.  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Mamm., 
1859,  ">  P-  19- 

Type  locality.      California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      California  and  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  B.  astutus.  Skull  more  slender,  nasals 
narrower  and  more  pointed;  postorbital  processes  of  frontal  bone 
lengthened;  sectorials  smaller  and  the  inner  cusp  of  upper  one  not 
so  much  developed.      Orbital  constriction  very  great. 

Color.  Upper  part  of  the  body  brownish  yellow,  darker  than 
B.  astutus,  and  not  inclined  to  gray,  many  black  hairs  being  inter- 
spersed among  the  others.  Beneath  buffy  white.  Tail,  with  black 
and  white  rings,  much  broader  than  those  in  the  allied  species. 

Measurements.     Total  length,   717;    tail,  365;  hind  leg,   70;  ear, 
47.     Skull:   occiput  to  incisors,  78;  Hensel,  69;  zygomatic  width,  68; 
mastoid  width,  35;  width  at  orbital  constriction,  16. 
b.—flavus.     (Bassariscus),    Rhoades,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Scien.   Phila. , 
1893,  p.  417. 

Type  locality.     Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  smaller  than  B.  astutus;  tail  shorter  than  body, 
often  entirely  encircled  by  the  black  rings. 


Field  Columbian  museum. 


Z06lOGY,    PL.    XXXV 


Bassariscus  astutus  raptor. 

No.  115  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


SHY  OF  ILLINOIS 
URBAN A 


BASSARISCUS.  PROCYON.  317 

Color.  Above  blackish  tawny,  darkest  on  median  line;  sides 
yellowisli;  beneath  tawny,  lightest  on  throat  and  neck.  Tawny  spots 
above  and  below  eyes,  and  at  ear. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  680-800;  tail,  304-380;  hind  foot, 
55-60.  Skull:  total  length,  80;  greatest  breadth,  50;  interorbital 
constriction,  ao;  tip  to  tip  of  postorbital  process,  30. 

c.—ore^oniLS.  (Bassariseus),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1893,  p.  416. 

Type  locality.     Rogue  River?  Oregon. 

Color.  Above,  "  dorsal  region  intense  black,  quite  obscuring 
the  brownish  gray  ground  color.  Below  it  is  strongly  brownish  yel- 
low, deepest  on  the  throat  and  chin."     (Rhoads,  1.  c.) 

75.     Prooyoii. 

I.fc^;  c.   i=i;  P.  i=i;  M.  ?=?  =  40. 
i—y  I— i'  4—4'  2—2     ^ 

Procyon.     Storr,    Prod.    Meth.    Mamm.,    1780,  p.    35.     Type    Urstis 
lotor,  Linn. 
Body  stout;  tail   moderately  long,    semi-bushy,    annulated;  ears 
short,  hairy;  soles  naked;  muzzle  acuminate. 

477.  lotor.     (L^rsus),  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,    i,  p.  48. 

Tyf-e  locality.      Atlantic  States? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  America  from  Canada  to  western  Georgia, 
and  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  north  of  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Feet  plantigrade.  Tail,  moderate  in  length,  cylin- 
drical, bushy,  not  tapering;  rest  of  characters  same  as  the  generic. 
Hind  feet  not  exceeding  four  inches. 

Color.  Grayish  white,  tips  of  long  hairs  black.  Black  patch 
on  cheek,  paler  one  beneath  the  jaw,  and  one  behind  ear.  Muzzle 
and  back  of  cheek  patch  white.  Tail  bluish  with  black  and  white 
rings. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  775;  tail,  262;  hind  leg,  105; 
ear,  50.     Measurements  vary  greatly  among  individuals. 

a-~hernandezi.      (Frocron),  Wagl.,  Isis,  1831,  p.  5x4. 
psora,  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1842,  i,  p.  580. 

nivca.  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1837,  p.  261. 

Type  locality.      Mexico? 

Geogr.  Distr.  In  the  United  States,  from  Texas  to  the  Pacific, 
and  north  to  Puget  Sound. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  tail  tapering,  and  the  black  rings  only 
half  as  wide  as  the  rusty  whitish  interspace.  Hind  feet  exceeding 
four  inches,  above  dark  brown. 


PROCYON. 


Fig.  62.     Procyon  lotor. 
No.  2539  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    H  Nat.  size. 

Color.  Very  similar  to  P.  lotor,  but  recognizable  by  the  narrow 
black  rings  on  the  tail,  and  the  dark  brown  feet,  and  in  its  generally 
larger  size. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  533;  tail,  143;  ear,  35;  hind  foot,  80; 
fore  foot,  60. 

b.—pallidus.     Merr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1900,  p.  151. 

TyJ>e  locality.     New  River,  Colorado  Desert,  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  medium,  colors  pale. 

Color.  Pale  gray,  black  markings  on  head  narrow;  no  j^ellow 
suffusion  anywhere  perceptible. 


PROCYON.  TAXIDEA.  310 

Measurements.  Total  length,  855;  tail  vertebra',  295;  hind 
foot,  128. 

c.—pacificus.    (Pronvri),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faim.,  No.  16,  1899,  p.  107. 

Ty/e  locality.      Kechelus  Lake,  Cascade  Mountains,  Washington. 

Gcoi^r.  Distr.  Puget  Sound,  and  basal  slopes  of  northern  Cas- 
cades. 

Color.  Above  dark  gray  mixed  with  black;  beneath  sooty 
plumbeous  sprinkled  with  white  hairs;  black  rings  on  tail  continu- 
ous; pale  rings  obscured  above  with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  940;  tail  vertebra',  310;  hind 
foot,  115. 

d.—elucus.  [Frocyon).  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 
x.wiii,  p.  219. 

Type  locality.      Oak  Lodge,  Brevard  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  Georgia  and  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  rather  larger  than  /'.  lotor.  tail  usually  longer; 
ears  more  rounded,  skull  not  so  constricted  behind  postorbital  proc- 
esses, frontal  region  high  and  arched. 

Color.  Variable;  under  fur  mouse-gray  to  yellowish  drab  gray, 
long  hairs  above  ringed  with  dull  yellow  and  black;  above  shoulders 
large  patch  of  orange  rufous,  some  hairs  black  tipped;  rest  of  pelage 
dull  yellow,  ochraceous  on  cheeks,  sides  of  throat,  vent  antl  root  of 
tail;  lips  and  chin  dull  yellow.  Usual  black  band  on  cheeks.  Tail 
ringed  with  ochraceous  blackish  brown. 

.Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  892;  tail  vertebras,  286; 
hind  foot,  125.  Skull:  basal  length,  109.6;  zygomatic  breadth,  81.2; 
mastoid  breadth,  64.6;  postorbital  processes,  24.8;  mandible  length, 
88.4.     (Bangs  1.  c.) 

Earn.  V.    91u!«teli4lae. 

A  single  tubercular  molar  tooth  on  either  side  of  both  jaws;  in 
upper  molar  the  inner  tubercular  portion  longest  in  the  antero-pos- 
terior  direction;  bulla;  slightly  inflated;  palate  extending  beyond  the 
last  molars;  feet  five-toed,  plantigrade,  or  digitigrade.      No  Caicum. 

Sub.  Fam.   I.     Melinae. 
Large  quadrate  posterior  upper  molar;  molars  in  jaws  unequal. 

76.    Taxidea. 

I.  ^;  C.  ^;  P.  ]^;  M.   ;_;  =  34- 
Taxidea.     Waterh.  Proc.  Zool.   Soc,    1838,  p.  154.     Type  .1/.  ameri- 
cana,  Bodd. 


TAXIDEA. 


Body  stout,  strong,  depressed;  tail  short;  upper  carnassial 
largest  in  proportion  to  other  teeth;  upper  molar  triangular,  the  apex 
turned  backward;  fore  claws  very  large,  strong.  Skull  wedge-shaped, 
widest  posteriorly. 


Fig.  63.    Taxidea  americana. 
;  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     H  Nat.  size. 


478.  americana.     (A/c/es),  Bodd.  Elench.  Anim.,  1787,  i,  p.  136. 
labradoria,  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  1788,  i,  p.  102. 
jeffersoni,  Harlan,  Faun.  Am.,  1825,  p.  309. 


Type  locality.      Hudson  Bay. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Hudson  Bay.  north  latitude  58°  in  British  North 
America,  and  in  the  United  States  from  Wisconsin  south  to  Okla- 
homa Territory,  west  to  Rocky  Mountains.  Formerly  as  far  east  as 
Ohio. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  stout,  depressed;  tail  short;  fore  claws  long; 
occipital  region  of  skull  very  wide,  lambdoidal  crest  greatly  devel- 
oped, sagittal  but  slightly. 

Color.  Head  hoary  brown,  sometimes  grayish;  snout  and  patch 
behind  the  ears  black.  Line  from  nose  to  nape  white.  Cheeks 
white,  legs  black. 

Measurements.      Head  and  body,  about  340;  tail  vertebra>,  140. 

a.^neglecta  [Taxidia],  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y., 
1891,  p.  250. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Crook,  northern  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      California. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  F.  americana.  tail  longer.  Skull  nar- 
rower, more  restricted  in  the  interorbital  region,  bony  palate  slightly 
longer,  bulla-  considerably  larger. 

Color.  Dark  markings  of  head  more  brownish  than  T.  americana, 
light  areas  yellowish  instead  of  whitish;  feet  and  lower  part  of  legs 
dark  brown  instead  of  glossy  black;  hairs  of  upper  surface  ochraceous 
buff  banded  subbasally  with  grayish  drab,  subspirally  with  black,  and 
broadly  tipped  with  yellowish  gray;  tail  tawny  ochraceous,  the  hair 
pointed  with  grayish  above  except  at  the  tip,  which  is  dark  brown; 
end  of  chin  light  brown;  under  side  of  head  and  neck  yellowish  clay- 
color;  chest  and  sides  of  abdomen  tawny  ochraceous,  creamy  white 
in  the  middle  of  the  abdomen,  claws  horn  color. 

Measurements.  Skull:  occipital  condyle  to  front  of  premaxillae, 
118;  basilar  length  of  Hensel,  106;  occipito-nasal  length,  loi;  inter- 
zygomatic  breadth,  75;  intermastoid  breadth,  71;  across  postorbital 
processes,  31 ;  alveolar  rim  of  incisors  to  postpalatal  notch,  59. 5;  post- 
palatal  notch  to  foramen  magnum,  46;  height  of  cranium  at  plane  of 
audital  meatus,  40;  length  of  pterygoid  fossa,  13.      (Mearns.) 

b.—berlandieri.    [Taxidra),  Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  205. 

Type  locality.      Llano,  Estacado,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Texas,  Oklahoma  Territory,  Arizona,  and  New 
Mexico  to  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  A  conspicuous  white  stripe  from  nose  along  entire 
body  to  the  tail. 

Color.  Reddish  gray;  blackish  brown  on  head,  and  same  color 
on  neck  and  back  along  the  median  "white  stripe,  the  hairs  tipped  with 


332  TAXIDEA.  MEPHITIS. 

white,  giving  this  part  a  grizzled  appearance.  Cheeks  white  with  a 
black  patch  in  front  of  ear.  Under  parts  buff,  except  throat  and  chin, 
which  are  white.     Legs  black,  tail  like  the  back. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  710;  tail  vertebrae,  120;  hindleg,  103. 

77.     Mephitis. 

I.   3=;5;   c.   ■=?;  P.  ^;   M.   ^^  =  34. 
3-3'  i-i'         3-3'  2-2      ■'^ 

Mephitis.     Cuv.  Le^.  Anatom.  Comp.,  1800,  p.  i. 

Upper   posterior   molar  larger  than  the  carnassial,  subquadrate; 

palate  reaching  to  hinder  border  of  last  molar;   body  elongate;  limbs 

moderate  subplantigrade;  head  small;  nose  pointed;  tail  long,  bushy; 

anal  glands  greatly  developed. 

479.  mephitica.     {Viverra),  Shaw,  Mus.  Lever.,  1792,  p.  171. 

chinga.  Tied.  Zool.,  1808,  i,  p.  362. 

macruia,  Aud.  &  Bach,  (nee  Licht),  Quad.  N.  Am.,  iii,  pi.  102. 

varians,  Gray  (nee  Baird),  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1837,  p.  581. 

Type  locality.     Unknown. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario,  south  and  west  to 
Virginia  and  Indiana. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large,  tail  penicillated;  heel  hairy. 

Color.  Black;  narrow  frontal  line,  triangular  nuchal  patch,  a 
line  on  both  sides  of  back  nearly  to  tail,  and  end  of  tail  white.  Mark- 
ings vary  considerably  among  individuals. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  682;  tail  vertebrae,  171;  hind  foot, 
83.  Skull:  basilar  length,  71.6;  occipito-nasal  length,  74.6;  zygomatic 
breadth,  52;  mastoid  breadth,  43.8;  mandible,  52.8. 

a. — hudsonia.    {Mephitis),  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Am.  Mamm.,  1829,  p.  55. 

Type  locality.      Hudson  Bay? 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  of  Canada,  Hudson  Bay  westward  to  plains 
of  the  Saskatchewan? 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  color  and  markings  to  M.  mephitica,  but 
larger,  palate  without  median  spine.      End  of  tail  blunt,  bushy. 

Color.  A  narrow  white  mesial  line  runs  from  the  tip  of  the  nose 
to  the  occiput,  where  it  dilates  into  a  broad  white  mark.  It  is  again 
narrowed,  and  continues  so  until  it  passes  the  shoulders,  when  it 
forks,  the  branches  running  along  the  sides,  and  becoming  much 
broader  as  they  recede  from  each  other.  They  approach  posteriorly 
and  unite  on  the  rump,  becoming  at  the  same  time  narrower.  In 
some  few  specimens  the  white  stripes  do  not  unite  behind,  but  dis- 
appear on  the  fianks.  The  black  dorsal  space  included  by  the  stripes 
is  egg-shaped,  the  narrow  end  of  which   is  towards  the   shoulders. 


Fig.  46.     Mephitis  mephitica. 

No.  107  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

The  sides  of  the  head  and  all  the   under  parts   are   black.     The  hair 
on  the  body  is  long.     The  tail  is  covered  with  very  long  hair  and  has 


MEPHITIS. 


generally  two  broad  longitudinal  white  stripes  above  on  a  black 
ground.  Sometimes  the  black  and  white  colors  of  the  tail  are  irregu- 
larly mixed.      Its  under  surface  is  black.      (Richardsoni,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  600;  tail  vertebrae,  255;  hind 
foot,  83. 

h. — scrutator.    {Mephitis),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.Wash.,  1896,  p.  141. 

Type  locality.      Cartville,  Acadia  Parish,  Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Mississippi  Valley  to  Indian  Territory;  from 
Louisiana  eastward  across  Alleghanies  to  Virginia,  merging  north- 
ward into  M.  mephitica. 

Genl.  Char.  Small;  tail  medium  penicillated;  feet  small.  Skull: 
palate  ending  in  medium  spine. 

Color.  Color  and  markings  as  in  true  M.  mephitica,  but  much 
more  variable.  The  two  lateral  white  stripes  are  often  so  wide  as  to 
meet  on  the  back  for  nearly  their  whole  length,  forming  the  predom- 
inating color  of  the  upper  parts.  In  other  specimens  the  lateral 
stripes  are  reduced  to  two  small  points  of  white  projecting  backward 
from  the  nuchal  patch,  the  rest  of  the  upper  parts,  except  the  frontal 
stripe  and  nuchal  patch  being  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  580;  tail  vertebrae,  208;  hind  foot, 
64.  Skull:  basilar  length,  60;  occipito-nasal  length,  63.2;  zygo- 
matic breadth,  44;  mastoid  breadth,  35;  length  of  mandible,  45.6. 
(Bangs,  1.  c.) 

480.  elongata.     {Mephitis'),    Bangs,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,    1896, 

p.   142. 

Type  locality.      Micco,  Brevard  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Peninsular  Florida,  and  southern  Georgia,  west- 
ern limit  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  tail  long,  penicillated;  feet  long  and 
slender,  markings  variable.      Skull,  median  spine  at  end  of  palate. 

Color.  Color  and  markings  as  in  M.  m.  scrutator,  and  with  like 
variations,  some  being  all  black  save  tip  of  tail  and  nuchal  patch, 
while  another  has  most  of  the  tail  and  the  back,  except  the  jnediaa 
line  on  the  rump  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  719;  tail  vertebrae,  321;  hind  foot, 
76.  Basilar  length  of  skull,  66.4;  occipito-nasal  length,  71;  zygo- 
matic breadth,  49.2;  mastoid  breadth,  40;  mandible  greatest 
length,  50.8. 

481.  occidentalis.     {Mephitis),  Baird,  Mamm.   N.  Am.,   1857,   p.    195 

(fig.  cran.). 
Type  locality.      Petaluma?  California. 
Geogr.  Distr.      California,  Oregon  and  Washington. 


MEPHITIS.  325 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  vertebr.-c  two-thirds  the  length  of  head  and 
body.  Bony  palate  with  small,  narrow  emargination  in  the  middle 
of  its  posterior  edge.  Color  black,  with  a  white  nuchal  patch, 
bifurcating  behind  and  reaching  to  the  tail,  which  is  entirely  black. 

Color.  Black,  narrow  line  of  white  on  the  forehead  between 
the  eyes;  a  nuchal  patch  commences  behind  the  ears  and  extends 
to  the  shoulders,  then  bifurcates  into  two  narrow  lines,  which  ex- 
tend along  the  side  of  the  back,  diverging  most  in  its  middle  por- 
tion, and  approximating  the  base  of  the  tail,  opposite  which  it 
abruptly  ceases,  the  two  an  inch  or  more  apart.  The  exterior  of 
the  tail  is  entirely  black;  the  bases  of  all  the  hairs  are  white,  this 
color  reaching  nearer  to  the  end  of  the  hairs  along  the  median  por- 
tion. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  800;  tail  vertebra',  312;  hind  foot, 
76;  length  of  skull,  80;  width,  51. 

483.  milleri.  {Mrphitis),  Mearns,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xx,  1897, 
p.  467- 

Type  locality.      Fort  Lowell,  near  Tucson,  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  slender,  longer  than  head  and  body;  nape 
with  a  hood  of  spreading,  elongated  hair. 

Color.  Black  with  white  stripe  low  down  on  the  sides  from  the 
ear  to  the  tail.  Head  with  a  narrow  white  stripe  above  and  all 
around  subterminally;  tail  black,  base  of  hairs  white,  under  side  all 
white,  except  the  terminal  black  ring;  tuft  at  end  white.  Feet  and 
under  parts  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  790;  tail  vertebrre,  435;  hind 
foot,  73. 

483.  mesomelas.  {Mephitis),  Licht.,  Darst.  N.  Saugth.,  1S27,  pi.  45, 
fig-  2. 

Type  locality.      Louisiana. 

Gco^^r.  Distr.  Northern  and  eastern  Texas,  Oklahoma  and 
Louisiana. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  tail  bushy,  truncated,  no  white  at  end. 
Skull  long  and  narrow;  dentition  heavy. 

Color.  Black,  narrow  white  frontal  stripe,  not  reaching  nuchal 
patch,  which  is  broad,  square  in  front,  narrowing  posteriorly.  Be- 
hind the  shoulders  it  separates  into  two  broad,  white  bands,  which 
pass  along  the  flanks  to  root  of  tail.  Tail  has  the  hairs  white  for 
basal  half,  rest  black.      Some  hairs  are  all  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  731;  tail  vertebra^',  229;  tail  to  end 
of  hairs,  299.  Skull:  occipital  condyle  to  anterior  border  of  pre- 
maxilla;,     74;  basilar    length,    66;    zygomatic    breadth,    46;  mastoid 


326  MEPHITIS. 

breadth,  38.5;  palatal  length,  27.5;  ptengoid  fossa,  16.5;  height  of 
cranium  at  basisphenoid,  23.5;  length  of  tooth  row,  24;  length  of 
mandibular  ramus,  50. 

484.  estor.     {Mephitis),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  1890,  p.  81,  pi. 

X,  fig.  I. 

Type  locality.      San  Francisco  Mountain,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  short;  soles  naked.  Skull:  palate 
not  reaching  posterior  line  of  the  last  molar;  distinct  pit  between  the 
bullae  and  postglenoid  process  absent. 

Color.  Narrow  frontal  stripe  and  nuchal  patch  white,  the  latter 
occupying  entire  occipital  region,  and  extending  narrowly  on  the 
shoulders,  then  expanding  over  all  the  lower  back  and  rump  (some- 
times in  the  center  of  the  back  a  narrow  black  stripe  appears  amid 
the  white),  and  then  continues  over  the  tail,  extending  beyond  the 
tip.  Through  this  thin  white  "veil"  the  black  beneath  shows 
through;  under  parts  black  with  white  patches  on  throat. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  640;  tail  vertebra;,  256;  pencil,  140; 
hind  foot,  67. 

485.  spissigrada.     {Mephitis),  Bangs,  Proc.    Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 

P-  31- 

Type  locality.     Sumas,  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  long:  tail  long,  heel  densely  hairy;  palate 
short,  the  notch  a  smooth  curve,  and  not  reaching  beyond  posterior 
line  of  last  molar. 

Color.  Black;  frontal  stripe,  nuchal  stripe,  and  lateral  stripes 
white,  the  latter  extending  from  nuchal  patch  to  and  down  sides  of 
tail,  and  overhanging  the  blunt  tip. 

Measurements.  Skull:  Basal  length,  68;  occipito-nasal  length, 
69.6;  zygomatic  breadth,  49.6;  mastoid  breadth,  41;  single  half  of 
mandible,  50.      (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

486.  faetulenta.     {Mephitis),   Elliot,  Field  Columb.  Mus.  Pub.,  1899, 

I,  p.  269,   Zool. 

Type  locality.     The  Lagune  near  Port  Angeles,  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Differs  from  J/,  spissigrada  in  having  the  pterygoid 
fossa  longer;  basi-occipital  narrower  and  shorter;  palatal  arch  notched 
in  the  center;  posterior  portion  of  parietals  constricted  and  with  an 
abrupt  slope  to  the  squamosal;  longer  and  narrower  nasals,  and 
larger  bullae.  Heels  slightly  hairy;  claws  long,  white  with  dark 
brown  tips  on  fore  feet,  reddish  on  hind  feet. 

Color.  Black;  narrow  line  between  eyes;  nuchal  patch,  stripe  to 
shoulders,  and  lateral  stripes  extending  to  end  of  tail  white.      Towards 


MEPHITIS.  SPILOGALB.  327 

the  terminal  portion  the  white  covers  the  entire  width  of  the  tail,  ex- 
tending beyond  blunt  black  tip. 

Mt-asurements.  Total  length,  nose  to  end  of  hairs  of  tail,  770; 
tail  to  end  of  hairs,  300:  hind  foot,  70.  (Skin.)  Skull:  Occipito- 
nasal  length,  70;  nasals  iS;  zygomatic  width,  47;  mastoid  breadth, 
40;  length  of  pterygoid  fossa,  16;     basi-occipital,  12. 

487.  avia.     {^Mephitis),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  32. 
Type  locality.      San  Jose,  Illinois. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Central  prairie  region  between  the  range  of  J/,  m. 
hudsonia  on  the  north,  and  M.  in.  soutator  on  east  and  south. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  very  short;  heel  hairy  with  a  nar- 
row medial  naked  stripe.  Skull  highly  arched  in  frontal  region,  pal- 
late  without  median  spine;  mastoid  and  paroccipital  processes  much 
reduced;  bulla-  inflated.      Sagittal  crest  high. 

Color.  Black;  the  usual  white  frontal  stripe,  nuchal  patch,  and 
two  lateral  stripes.  Tail  very  short  and  bushy,  black  externally, 
most  of  the  hairs  white  at  base. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  675  ;  tail  vertebra;,  190  ;  hind 
foot,  65. 

78.     Spilogale. 

I.  3=3;  c.  "=•;    P.  3z:3    M    tn  ^ 
3—3         I— I  3—3  2—2       ■'^ 

Spilogale.     Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1865,  p.  150. 

"Head  conical.  Nose  short  with  a  distinct  central  groove; 
muzzle  small,  bald,  rather  notched  in  front;  nostrils  lateral.  Tail 
short,  cylindrical,  bushy,  not  so  long  as  the  body,  ending  in  a  long 
pencil  of  hair.  Hind  foot  moderate;  sole  bald,  flat,  the:  front  portion 
divided  into  four  oblong  pads,  the  central  one  small  and  triangular,  be- 
fore the  others,  hinder  part  narrow;  front  claws  elongate,  brown. 
False  grinders,  -.;;  upper  tubercular  grinder  square,  moderate  sized." 
(Gray,  1.  c.) 

488.  putorlus.     (Viverra),   Linn.    Syst.   Nat.,    1758,  p.  44.      Type  f. 

americanus  siriatus.      Catesby. 

Type  locality.     Carolina  or  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Florida? 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  shorter  than  head  and  body;  white 
patch  outside  the  thigh,  and  none  on  upper  side  of  foot. 

Color.  Black  with  the  white  stripes  and  spots  usually  seen  on 
members  of  this  genus,  but  in  addition  a  patch  on  thigh  and  on  foot 
as  stated  above;  sometimes  the  rump  spots  and  leg  stripe  are  con- 
tinuous; upper  surface  of  basal  portion  of  tail  is  white,  being  covered 
by  the  united  stripes  on  the  rump. 


SPILOGALE. 


Fig.  65.    Spilogale  putorius. 

No.  622  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 

Measurements.      Total    length,     372;    tail    vertebrae,     129;    hind 
foot,  39. 

489.  interrupta.     (Mephitis),  Rafin.  Ann.  Nat.,  1820,  i,  p.  3. 

I'iiolor,  Gray,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1837,  i,  p.  583. 

quaterlinearis,  Winans,  Coues  Fur-bear.  Anim.,  1877,  p.  239. 

Type  locality.      Upper  Missouri? 

Geogr.  Disir.      Kansas,  Oklahoma  Territory,  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.      Tail  large,  black,  slender  white  tuft  at  tip.      White 
markings  on  body  limited  in  extent;  postorbital  processes  small. 

Color.      Black;  small  spot  on  forehead  and  crescent  before  ears; 


SPILOGALE.  329 

two  Stripes  from  nape,  one  from  each  ear  to  middle  of  back;  one 
broad  lateral  stripe  from  behind  each  fore  leg  joining  a  broad  patch 
on  side  below  the  back  stripes;  two  patches  on  middle  of  back;  inter- 
rupted rather  broad  band  across  rump;  and  patch  on  rump  either  siile 
of  base  of  tail  white.  Tail  black,  tuft  at  tip  extending  beyond  end  of 
tail  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  538;  tail  vertebrae,  215;  hind 
foot,  47. 

490.  ringens.     (Spilogale),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  9. 
Type  locality.     Greensborough,  Hale  County,  Alabama. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Alabama,  western  Georgia,  north  to  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  \'irginia. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  S.  putorius,  tail  vertebr.x  shorter  than 
head  and  body;  no  white  on  legs  and  feet;  white  of  tail  over  one-third 
apical  portion  above,  and  one-half  below. 

Color.  Black.  Small  frontal  spot;  crescent  in  front  of  ears  not 
continuous,  with  lateral  stripe;  four  narrow  stripes  running  from 
behind  ears  and  nape  to  middle  of  back;  lateral  stripe  from  shoulders 
curving  on  to  back;  two  on  rump,  and  one  on  either  side  of  the  root 
of  the  tail,  and  a  large  one  in  front  of  each  thigh,  sometimes  joining 
by  an  irregular  broken  line  on  the  back,    and  tip  of  tail  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  460;  tail  vertebra-,  165;  hind  foot, 
45;  pencil,  MS. 

491.  indianola.     (Spilogale),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  10. 
Type  locality.     Indianola,  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  White  stripes  narrow  and  restricted;  terminal  third 
of  tail  white. 

Color.  Black,  minute  spot  on  forehead,  narrow  crescent  in 
front  of  ears,  two  very  narrow  lines  from  nape  to  rump,  interrupted 
on  shoulders  and  middle  of  the  back,  two  wider  but  slender  lateral 
stripes  from  back  of  ear  to  lower  part  of  flanks;  short  stripe  from 
behind  shoulder,  sometimes  connecting  with  a  large  spot  on  lower 
part  of  rianks,  and  extending  on  to  the  back,  large  spot  in  front  of 
thighs,  two  long  spots  on  middle  of  rump  and  a  small  round  one 
on  each  side  of  rump,  and  terminal  third  of  tail  white. 

Measurements.  From  skin  possibly  a  little  stretched.  Total 
length,  630;  tail  to  end  of  hairs,  280;  hind  foot,  45. 

492.  leucoparia.     {Spilogale),    Merr.,    N.    Am.   Faun.,    No.    4,    1890, 

p.  II. 
Type  locality.     Mason,  Mason  County,  Texas. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Texas. 


330  8PILOCALE. 

Gcnl.  Char.  White  markings  on  back  equaling  the  black  area; 
middle  dorsal  stripes  continuous  posteriorly  with  anterior  transverse 
stripes,  which  last  are  confluent  with  posterior  transverse  stripes; 
under  jaw  straight  or  nearly  so  below;  bullae  large;  mastoid  capsules 
inflated. 

Color.  Black,  with  the  usual  style  of  white  markings.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  peculiarities  mentioned  among  the  general  characters, 
the  following  are  added:  Lumbar  spots  generally  confluent  with  the 
posterior  transverse  stripes.  The  tail  spots  are  sometimes  confluent 
posteriorly,  forming  a  narrow  band  across  the  base  of  the  tail.  No 
white  on  thighs,  and  only  rarely  a  few  white  hairs  on  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  foot.      (Merriam.) 

Measurements.      Total  length,  400;  hind  foot,  45. 

493-  gracilis.     {SpilogaW),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  12. 

Type  loealiiy.      Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium.  Skull  broad  and  flat;  fronto-parietal 
region  depressed.      Postorbital  constriction  very  great. 

Color.  Pattern  similar  to  other  species  of  the  genus  in  black 
and  white.  External  lateral  stripe  very  large  and  broad,  and  broadly 
confluent  with  the  anterior  transverse  stripe,  which  in  turn  is  some- 
times narrowly  confluent  with  the  inner  dorsal  stripe.  Exposed 
white  of  tail  occupies  nearly  the  whole  of  the  terminal  half  above  and 
the  terminal  two-thirds  below.      (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  400;  tail  vertebrae,  142;  pencil, 
100;  hind  foot,  46. 

494.  saxatilis.     ySpilogale'),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,   No.  4,  189,  p.  12. 

Type  locality.     Provo,  Utah. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Utah. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body;  lateral 
stripe  nearly  obsolete. 

Color.  Black  and  white,  similar  in  distribution  to  the  general 
style  of  the  animals  of  this  genus,  with  the  following  differences,  as 
indicated  by  its  describer  (1.  c).  External  lateral  stripe  nearly  obso- 
lete, and  barely  or  not  continuous  with  anterior  transverse  stripe. 
In  the  type  none  of  the  markings  are  confluent,  but  in  another  speci- 
men the  anterior  transverse  stripes  and  the  caudal  spots  meet  indis- 
tinctly across  the  base  of  the  tail.  All  other  spots  and  markings  are 
distinct. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  450;  tail  vertebrae,  176;  pencil, 
100;  hind  foot,  49. 


SPILOGALE. 


495.  phenax.     {Sj>i/oga/t).    Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  13. 

Type  locality.      Nicasio,  Marion  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      California. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  large.  Skull  without  postorbital  constriction; 
postorbital  processes  most  largely  developed  of  all  the  species. 

Color.  "  Resembles  .S".  saxati/is,  but  lateral  stripes  are  broader; 
lumbar  spots  inclined  to  become  confluent  with  posterior  transverse 
stripes,  other  markings  normal.  Considerable  white  in  patches  about 
the  chin  and  angles  of  the  mouth.  Exposed  white  portion  of  tail  oc- 
cupying terminal  third  above,  and  terminal  half  below." 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  434;  tail  vertebrae,  120;  hind 
foot,  51;  ear,  29.  Skull:  interorbital  breadth,  29.4;  across  postorbi- 
tal processes,  37;  molars,  41.6;  mastoids,  64;  brain  case,  49." 
(Merr.,  1.  c.) 

a.--latifrons.      {Spilogale).  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  15. 

yV/t'  locality.      Roseburg,  Douglas  County,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  "  Similar  to  S.  phenax,  but  much  smaller.  Skull  is 
broader  interorbitally  across  the  postorbital  processes,  as  well  as 
across  the  brain  case,  mastoids  and  palate.  Last  lower  molar  smaller 
than  S.  phenax." 

Color.  No  peculiarities  in  the  markings  appear,  except  the  white 
under  the  chin,  which  is  much  less  extensive  than  in  6'.  phenax. 

Measurements.  "  Total  length,  335;  tail  vertebrae,  130;  pencil, 
90;  hind  foot,  40.  Skull:  interorbital  breadth,  32.4;  across  post- 
orbital processes,  38.9;  across  molars,  43.2;  across  mastoids,  65.5; 
brain  case,  55.1."     (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

b.—arizonne.  (Spilogale),  Mearns,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 
p.  256. 

Type  locality.      Fort  \'erde,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Central  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  ,$■.  phenax,  feet  longer,  fur  finer  and 
softer.  Skull  smaller  and  relatively  broader  than  in  S.  phenax,  with 
more  spreading  and  higher  zygomatic  arches;  postorbital  constriction 
marked;  postorbital  processes  but  slightly  developed. 

Color.  Pattern  similar  to  .S'.  phenax ;  usually  without  the  white 
markings  on  chin,  but  retaining  those  at  angle  of  the  mouth;  white 
stripes  averaging  a  trifle  narrower,  and  snowy  instead  of  creamy 
white;  rump  spots  smaller,  and  those  on  sides  of  tail  at  base  only 
confluent  above  in  one  specimen,  black  areas  faded  to  brownish  and 
grayish  black,  instead  of  glossy  black,  especially  below. 


332  SPILOGALK. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  445;  head  and  body,  305; 
tail  vertebrae,  160;  end  of  hairs,  260;  hind  foot,  50.     (Mearns,  1.  c.) 

496.  olympica.     (Spilogalr),    Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.   Mus,   1899, 

I,  p.  270,  Zool. 

Type  locality.  Lake  Sutherland,  Olympic  Mountains,  Wash- 
ington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwest  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  long  and  broad;  outline  of  occipital  region 
greatly  curved,  and  a  deep  indentation  at  the  posterior  termination 
of  the  sagittal  crest,  which  barely  arises  above  the  plane  of  the  skull. 
The  frontals  are  longer  than  in  S.  latifnms,  the  nasals  shorter;  a  longer 
palatal  bone  and  pterygoid  fossa.  Bullae  less  inflated.  Last  molar 
nearer  the  palatal  notch. 

Color.  Similar  to  S.  latifrons,  but  differs  as  follows:  White  mark 
on  forehead  is  long,  comparatively  narrow,  diminishing  gradually, 
and  ending  in  a  point  posteriorly,  and  reaching  nearly  to  aline  drawn 
across  head  from  base  of  ears.  White  stripe  behind  eyes  and  along 
the  back  is  much  broader  and  more  extensive  in  front  of  ears.  A 
moderately  broad  line  commences  just  back  of  shoulder  and  runs 
parallel  with  the  lateral  line  above  described  and  crosses  up  to  the 
back  in  front  of  hips.  The  corresponding  line  in  .S.  latifrons  is  merely 
a  broad  patch  from  back  to  front  of  hips.  General  color  is  a  clear 
black,  the  markings  pure  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  320;  tail  vertebrae,  104;  pencil,  60; 
hind  foot,  41. 

497.  atnbavarlis.     {Spilogale),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc,  i8g8,  p.  222. 
Mephitis  bicolor.      Allen,    (nee.   Gray),    Bull.    Mus.   Comp.   Zool., 

1871,  p.   169. 

Spilogale putorius.  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  7,  (nee 
Linn.). 

Type  locality     Oak  Lodge,  Brevard  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      East  Peninsula.      Indian  River,  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  hind  foot  small,  tail  very  short,  all  the 
white  markings  e.xtensive;  pelage  short  and  very  soft;  skull  small, 
narrow  and  high. 

Color.  All  the  white  stripes  and  marks  large  and  conspicuous; 
in  addition  to  usual  markings  there  are  white  spots  on  outside  of 
thigh,  on  upper  surface  of  foot  and  at  base  of  tail;  along  white  pencil 
at  end  of  tail. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  381;  tail  vertebrae,  147;  hind 
foot,  39.5.  Skull;  basal  length,  46;  zygomatic  breadth,  33;  mastoid 
breadth,  27.8;  across  postorbital  processes,  16.8.      (Bangs,  1.  c.) 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSIIY  Oh  ILLINUIS 
UKbrtNA 


FIELD  COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.   XXXVI. 


GULO     LUSCUS. 
No.  30  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     %  nat.  siz 


SPILOGALE.  GULO.  MUSTELA.  333 

Sub.  Fam.   II.     Mustelinae. 

Sectorial  of  lower  jaw  followed  by  a  tubercular  molar;  phalanges 
bent  up,  withdrawing  claws  into  sheaths. 

79.     Gulo. 

I.   3=l3;    C.    5Zli;    P.   ^^;  M.   '^  =  38. 

3—3'  I— l'  4-4'  2-2  -' 

Qulo.     Storr.  Prod.  Meth.  Anim.,  1780.      Type  Wrsns   lusciis.      Linn. 

Size  large,  stout,  bear-like;  legs  short,  stout;  tail  siiort,  bushy; 
soles  hairy,  naked  pads  six;  claws  strong,  curved,  acute.  Skull 
massive,  superior  outline  arched;  occipital  sloping  rapidly;  zygomata 
powerful,  widely  divergent,  high  posteriorly;  paroccipitals  and  mas- 
toids enlarged;  bulla?  inflated  on  interior  half,  laterally  elongated 
into  auditory  tubes;  orbital  constriction  slight;  palate  broad,  the 
sides  straight;  pterygoids  stout  at  base,  but  terminating  in  slender 
hamular  processes;  lambdoidal  crests  strong  and  flaring;  sagittal 
crest  in  old  individuals  high,  thin.  Rostrum  short,  stout,  truncated 
anteriorly.  Lower  sectorial  without  internal  cusp;  anterior  lower 
premolar  with  main  cusps  subequal  in  size  and  elevation. 

498.   luscus.     {Ursiis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  i,  p.  71. 

Type  locality.     Europe. 

Geogr.  Disir.  Boreal  North  America  from  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
Oceans,  south  to  the  basin  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  stout,  legs  short,  tail  short,  skull  massive; 
characters  those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Deep  purplish  brown  or  blackish  brown;  bands  of  chest- 
nut brown  begin  at  the  shoulders,  pass  along  the  sides,  and  meet  on 
rump  at  base  of  tail,  enclosing  a  pale  dorsal  area;  on  throat  and 
chest  are  one  or  more  light  spots;  a  hoary  patch  on  front  and  sides 
of  head;  legs,  feet  and  under  parts  blackish;  claws  whitish. 

Mc-asurements.  Total  length,  865-1080;  tail  vertebra',  188-235; 
hind  foot,  164-180;  ear,  50. 

80.    Mustelji. 

L  3il3:  c.  '=';  P.  ^;  M.  i=l  =  38. 

3—3'  ■— I  4—4  2-2  ■' 

Mustela.     Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  i,  p.  66.     Type  M.  lutra. 

Body  long  and  slender;  limbs  short,  digitigrade;  tail  moderate, 
bushy;  soles  furred,  pads  naked;  claws  compressed,  acute,  semi- 
retractile;  lower  sectorial  usually  with  small  internal  cusp;  upper  car- 
nassial  with  one  close  to  anterior  edge;  orbital  constriction  considera- 
ble; superior  outline  of  skull  arched;  zygomatic  arch  high  posteriorly. 


MUSTELA. 


Fig.  66.    MusTELA  Americana. 

No.  8231  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


499.  americana.     {Mus/ela),  Turton,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1806,  p.  60. 
martcs,  Forst.  Phil.  Trans.,  1772,  p.  372. 

vulpina,    Rafin.    Am.    Journ.    Sci.,    1819,    i,    p.  82.      Upper  Mis- 
souri. 


MUSTELA.  885 

hucopus,  Kuhl,  Beitr. ,  1820,  p.  74. 

huro,  F.  Cuv.  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  1823,  p.  256. 

zibellina.  Pall.  Zool.  Ross.  Asiat. ,  1831,  i,  p.  82. 

Type  locality.      Upper  Missouri? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Boreal  North  America  west  to  Rocky  Mountains, 
south  to  New  York. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  half  the  length  of  body,  bushy;  ears  large, 
broad;  soles  of  feet  hidden  in  hair;  body  long,  legs  short.  Skull  long 
and  slender,  anteorbital  constriction  considerable;  auditory  bullae 
large;  zygomatic  arch  non-vertical,  highest  posteriorly.  Last  molar 
small;  inner  cusp  of  lower  second  molar  wanting  or  rudimentary. 

Color.  Head  grayish  brown,  darkest  on  the  nose,  which  is  more 
of  a  smoke  brown.  Throat  and  spot  on  breast  rich  orange.  General 
tint  of  the  body  orange  brown  clouded  with  black  or  blackish  brown 
on  the  back  and  belly.  Legs  and  feet  and  upper  part  of  tail  black. 
Under  part  of  tail,  save  tip,  rufous.  The  color  of  this  species  varies 
greatly,  but  the  above  may  be  regarded  as  the  general  style.  Claws 
white. 

Measuriiiunts.  Totallength,  465;  tail,  136:  hind  foot,  66.  Skull: 
occipito-nasal  length,  66;  Hensel,  64;  zygomatic  width,  34;  mastoid 
breadth,  30;  anteorbital  width,  13;  length  of  pterygoid  fossa;  10. 

500.  atrata.     {Mustela),  Bangs,  Am.  Nat.,  1897,  p.  162. 

Type  locality.      Baj'  St.  George,  Newfoundland. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Newfoundland. 

Genl.  Char.  Pelage  dark  colored.  Skull  has  rostrum  narrow; 
bulla;  larger  than  in  .)/.  anitricana :  dentition  weaker. 

Color.  ''Deep  chocolate,  becoming  black  on  back,  head,  arms, 
legs,  rump  and  tail;  a  few  white  hairs  scattered  along  the  back;  chest 
and  under  side  of  neck  irregularly  blotched  with  orange;  a  median 
line  of  orange  on  belly;  ears  black,  narrowly  bordered  all  around  with 
dull  white;  a  patch  of  yellowish  white  hairs  in  front  of  opening  of 
ear." 

Measurements.  ''Total  length,  548;  tail  vertebrae.  185;  hind  foot, 
89;  ear  from  notch,  43.  Skull:  basilar  length,  69.2;  zygomatic 
breadth,  42;  mastoid  breadth,  34.2;  across  roots  of  canine  teeth,  14.2; 
length  of  mandible,  49.6."     (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

a. — caurina.    {Mustila),  Merr. ,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  27. 

Type  locality.     Gray's  Harbor,  Chehalis  County,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northwest  coast  of  California  to  Puget  Sound, 
possibly  farther  north. 

Gtnl.  Char.      Color  of  pelage  similar   to  .1/.  awtruana.      Skull   is 


336  MUSTELA. 

broader  and  shorter;  audital  bullae  shorter  and  less  inflated,  frontals 
broader;  shelf  of  palate  less  produced  behind  plane  of  last  molar;  first 
upper  premolar  smaller  and  more  crowded;  upper  molars  larger; 
upper  sectorial  larger,  with  inner  lobe  larger  and  longer,  projecting 
anteriorly  beyond  the  plane  of  the  anterior  lobe;  lower  sectorial  has 
inner  cusp  wanting.  All  these  as  compared  with  M.  americana. 
Other  minute  variations  in  size  of  remaining  teeth  also  exist. 

Color.  Like  J/,  americana,  the  chief  difference  being  that  the 
irregular  markings  of  the  throat  and  under  surface  generally  are 
orange  red  instead  of  whitish  or  3-ellowish. 

Afeasuremenis.  Skull:  basilar  length,  78;  Hensel,  70.7;  zygo- 
matic breadth,  44.5;  across  postorbital  processes,  22.5;  palatal 
length,  37.6.      (Merr. ,  1.  c.) 

b.—brumalis.    [Mustehi),  Bangs,  Am.  Nat.,  1898,   p.   502,  fig.  p.  503. 

Type  locality.      Okak,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.      North  Labrador. 

Gtnl.  Char.  Skull  large,  rostrum  very  short,  broad;  frontals 
highly  arched,  auditory  bullae  very  large  and  deep;  dentition  extremely 
heavy  throughout,  the  last  upper  molar  in  particular  being  very  large; 
the  tooth  row  a  good  deal  crowded. 

Color.      No  skin  obtained. 

Measurements.  Skull:  basilar  length  of  Hensel,  78.6;  zygomatic 
breadth,  51;  mastoid  breadth,  38.8;  interorbital  breadth,  ig.6;  breadth 
between  postorbital  processes,  23.8;  across  canines,  17.2;  greatest 
length  of  auditory  bulls,  17.2;  single  half  of  mandible,  58.4;  front  of 
canine  to  back  of  last  molar  (upper  jaw  alveoli),  30.6.      (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

C. — actuosa.    Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1900,  No.  19,  p.  43. 

Type  locality.      Fort   Yukon,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  3f.  a.  bnimalis,  but  larger.  Skull:  audi- 
tal bullae  large  and  lengthened;  dentition  weaker;  last  upper  molar 
smaller. 

Color.  Head,  cheeks  and  throat  pale  grayish  white  mixed  with 
brown;  ears  whitish  within,  brown  without;  rest  of  upper  parts  pale 
ochraceous  buff;  shoulders  grayish;  under  parts  similar  to  the  upper, 
chest  darker;  buffy  white  spot  on  breast;  legs  and  feet  dark  brown; 
tail  brown,  darkest  at  tip. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  665;  tail  vertebra,  223;  hind  foot, 
109.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  85;  zygomatic  breadth,  55;  across 
postorbital  processes,  24;  palatal  length,  44;  length  of  audital 
bullae,  19. 


50I,  pennantii.     {.Vustfhi),  Erxl.,  Syst.    Regn.  Anim.,    1777.  p.  470. 

canadensis,   Schreb.  Siiugth.,  1778,  p.  492,  tab.  cxxxiv. 

melanorhyncha.  Bodd.,  Elench.  Anim.,  1784,  i,  p.  88. 

piscator,  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.  Mamm.,  1800,  i.  p.  414. 

nigra,  Turton,  Linn.,  1806,  p.  60. 

godmani,  Fisch.,  Syn.  Mamm.,  1829,  p.  217. 

Type  locality.     Boreal  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  America  north  of  35°  in  forest-covered 
country,  save  on  the  Pacific  coast  from  California  north,  where  it  is 
supplanted  by  M.  p.  pacifica. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Color  dark;  feet  broad,  flat,  heavily  furred:  claws 
stout,  curved  acute.  Skull  large,  zygomatic  arch  low,  orbital  con- 
striction considerable,  palate  emarginate. 

Color.  Variable,  but  dark.  Some  specimens  are  glossy  black, 
including  the  tail  and  under  parts;  others  are  gray  or  grayish  white 
on  the  head  and  neck,  and  the  base  of  hairs  on  the  tail  dark  chest- 
nut; the  majority  of  examples  have  more  or  less  white  on  the  chin, 
chest  and  abdomen. 

Measuremoits.  Total  length,  920;  tail  vertebrae,  355:  hind 
foot,  94. 

a.— pacifica.     {Musltla),    Rhoads,    Journ.    Am.    Philos.    Soc,    1898, 

P-  435- 

Type  locality.      Lake  Kichelos,  Kittitass   County,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Pacific  slope,  California  to  .\laska. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  very  large  with  relatively  long  nasals.  Pos- 
terior upper  molar  large,  with  spreading  inner  lobe  much  wider  longi- 
tudinally than  outer  section  of  same  tooth,  the  crown  suddenly 
constricted  at  the  middle. 

Color.  Above,  from  between  eyes  to  middle  back,  grizzled,  gray- 
ish ochraceous  heavily  lined  with  black,  becoming  hazel  black  on 
hind  back,  and  dark  black  on  rump,  thighs  and  tail.  Whole  head 
behind  eyes  clove  brown  basally,  strongly  grizzled  with  dirty  white. 
Snout  to  eyes  blackish  seal  brown.  Chin,  throat,  breast  and  belly 
between  dark  chestnut  and  hazel,  obscured  with  black.  Legs  and 
feet  black,  the  fore  legs  showing  the  Vandyke  brown  bases  of  hairs. 
Basal  half  of  hairs  of  anterior  back  are  Prout's  brown  as  contrasted 
with  the  hair  brown  of  J/,  canadensis  (J/,  pennantii). 

Measurements.  Type  relaxed  skin.  Total  length,  1090;  tail, 
350.  Skull:  Hinder  end  of  sagittal  crest  to  front  of  premaxillac,  125; 
zygomatic  width,  73;  mastoid  width,  54;  interorbital  constriction, 
28.5;  postorbital  constriction,  20;  mesial  length  of  nasals,  27. 
(Rhoads,  1.  c.) 


338  PUTORIUS. 

81.    Putorius. 

3—3  I— I  3—3'  a— 2       -"^ 

Putorius.     Cuv.,  Regn.  Anim.,  1817,  i,  p.  147. 

Arctogale.  Kaup  (nee  Peters),  Entw.-Gesch.  und  Naturl.  Syst. 
der  Europ.  Thierw.,  1829,  p.  30. 

Ictis.  Kaup,  Entw.-Gesch.  und  Naturl.  Syst.  der  Europ.  Thierw., 
1829,  p.  40. 

Gale.     Wagn.,  Suppl.  Schreb.  Saugth.,  1841,  ii,  p.  234. 

Lutreola.      Schinz,  Syn.  Mamm.,  1845,  i,  p.  346. 

Neogale.     Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1865,  p.  114. 

Vison.     Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1865,  p.  115. 

Cynomyonax.      Coues,  Fur. Bear.  Anim.,  1877,  p.  147. 

Size  medium,  to  smallest  carnivorous  animal  {P.  rixosus).  Body 
very  slender;  legs  short;  tail  long,  bushy  or  close  haired,  terminat- 
ing in  a  pencil;  ears  large;  soles  haired;  lower  sectorial  without  inner 
cusp;  anteorbital  foramen  small,  opening  over  last  premolar;  ros- 
trum short,  vertically  truncated;  nasals  widening  from  their  base  an- 
teriorly; bullae  flat;  zygomatic  arch  not  usually  elevated  posteriorly. 
Females  much  smaller  than  the  males. 

A.  Lutreola. 
Skull:  superior  outline  rising  gradually  from  nasals  to  occiput; 
audital  bulla  flattened,  the  meatus  tubular;  width  of  anteorbital  con- 
striction and  that  of  nasals  about  equal.  Cusps  of  molars  and  pre- 
molars well  developed,  uppersectorial  has  the  antero-internal  process 
developed  into  a  cusp,  sometimes  having  two  points.  Lower  sec- 
torial has  an  interior  tubercle  rather  strongly  indicated.  Body  stouter 
than  the  weasel;  tail  bushy,  tapering;  ears  small. 

502.  vison.     {Mustfla),  Briss.,  Regn.  Anim.,  1756,  p.  246. 

canadensis,  Erxl.,  Syst.  Nat.,  1777,  1,  p.  455. 

nigresccns,  Aud.  &  Bach.,  N.  Am.  Quad.,  1853,  iii,  p.  104,  pi. 
cxxiv. 

Type  locality.      Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  North  America  through  Canada  to  On- 
tario and  the  Arctic  Sea;  westward  north  of  Gulf  States  to  the  east- 
ern boundaries  of  Pacific  coast. 

Genl.  Char.  Tail  about  half  as  long  as  the  body;  nearly  black; 
color  dark. 

Color.  Body  uniform  chestnut  brown,  with  a  white  spot  on  the 
chin  and  sometimes  on  chest  and  abdomen.  Tail  darker  than  the 
body,  nearly  black. 


PUTORIUS. 


Fig.  67.     Putorius  (Lutreola)  vison. 
No.  8i  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Nat.  si; 


Measuremenls.     Total     length,     584;     tail     vertebra',     178;    hind 
foot,  64. 

a .—lutreocephalus.      (J/us/r/n).  Harlan.  Faun  Am.,  1825,  p.  63. 
Tr/f  locality.      Maryland. 


340  PUTORIUS. 

Geogr.  Disir.  Maine  to  North  Carolina,  confined  to  the  sea  coast 
in  New  England. 

Genl.  Char.      Long  and  heavily  built;  coat  long  and  coarse. 

Color.  Uniform  dark  chestnut  brown,  the  tail  darker.  Chin 
and  usually  some  spots  on  chest  and  belly  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  640;  tail  vertebrae,  214;  hind 
foot,  75. 

b.—vul^iva^us.  {Muste/a),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.. 
1895,  p.  539. 

Tyjye  locality.      Burbridge,  Louisiana. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Shores  of  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  Texas  to  Florida, 
and  probably  the  Atlantic  coast  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
(Bangs.) 

Genl.  Char.  Superior  outline  of  skull  arched;  audital  bullae 
large  and  somewhat  inflated.  Dentition  heavy,  with  last  molar  larger 
than  that  of  P.  vison. 

Color.  Light  lustrous  brown;  end  of  tail  darker.  Chin,  spot  on 
throat  and  some  hairs  on  belly  white. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  567;  tail  vertebrae,  173; 
hind  foot,  71.     (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

c. — ener^umenus.    (Musti-la),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc,  1896,  p.  5,  pL 

II,  fig-  3- 

Ty/>e  locality.      Sumas,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Pacific  coast  from  northern  California  to  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  color  dark.  Skull  large,  broad  across 
mastoids;  interorbital  region  well  arched;  audital  bulla?  very  deep. 

Color.  Uniform  dark  sooty  brown,  becoming  black  on  the  tail. 
Chin  white. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  600;  tail  vertebrae,  205; 
hind  foot,  72.      (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

d.—in^ens.    Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  igoo,  No.  19,  p.  42. 

Ty/e  locality.     Fort  Yukon,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Yukon   region,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large;  similar  to  L.  v.  eitergumcnus,  but  paler. 

Color.      Paler  hues  of  L.  v.  energumenus. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  720;  tail  vertebrae,  180;  hind  foot, 
75.      (Osgood,  1.  c.) 

503.  lutensis.  {Mus/ela),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  1898. 
p.  229. 


PUTORIUS.  341 

Type  locality.     Matanzas  Inlet,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      South  Atlantic  States,  South  Carolina  to  Florida. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  hind  foot  large;  skull  long  and  slender 
with  long  narrow  rostrum  and  frontals;  zj-goma  slender,  close  to  the 
skull  and  slanting  backwards  from  the  rostrum;  dentition  very  heavy 
and  strong. 

Color.  Russet  or  yellowish  clay  color,  usually  some  irregular 
white  markings  on  chin  and  under  parts;  tail  gradually  darkening 
towards  tip  to  dark  reddish  brown. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  574;  tail  vertebrit,  197;  hind 
foot,  68.  Skull:  basal  length,  53.6;  zygomatic  breadth,  31.6;  mas- 
toid breadth,  27.2;  interorbital  width,  12.8;  behind  postorbital  proc- 
esses, 11;  across  postorbital  processes,  14;  postorbital  process  to  end 
of  nasals,  iS.      Single  half  of  mandible,  34.8.      (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

B.  Cynomyonax. 

Skull:  width  of  interorbital  constriction  less  than  that  of  the 
nasals:  postorbital  processes  well  developed;  pter\goids  without 
hamular  processes;  bullae  inflated  but  with  hardly  an\  tubular  pro- 
longation. Size  of  body  large;  tail  one-third  length  of  head  and 
body. 

504.  nigripes.  {Putoriiis),  Aud.  &  Bach.  Quadr.  N.  Am.,  11,  1851, 
p.  297,  pi.  93. 

Type  locality.      Platte  River,  Nebraska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Kansas  to  Montana  antl  North  Dakota  east  of 
Rocky  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Forehead  broad,  arched;  muzzle  short;  ear  short, 
broad  at  base,  triangular,  closely  furred;  feet  covereil  with  hair  above 
and  beneath. 

Color.  Hairs  white  at  roots,  bases  of  longer  hairs  with  a  yellow- 
ish tinge,  the  ends  broadly  reddish  brown:  under  fur  white  tinged 
yellow,  giving  the  back  a  yellowish  brown  appearance,  in  some  parts 
approaching  rufous;  sides  and  rump  lighter,  fading  to  yellowish 
white.  Nose,  ears,  sides  of  head,  throat  and  under  surface  of  neck, 
belly,  and  under  surface  of  tail,  white;  chest  between  fore  legs 
brownish.  Broad  black  patch  on  forehead,  enclosing  ej-es  and  reach- 
ing near  tip  of  nose;  legs  to  near  shoulders  and  hips  brownish  black; 
end  of  tail  black  for  about  two  inches.     (Aud.  &  Bach.,  1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  485;  tail  vertebrae,  133;  hind  foot, 
60.     Skull:  basal  length,  64;  Hensel,  62.5;  breadth  of  zygoma,  43;  of 


PUTORIUS. 


Fig.  68.     Putorius  (cynomyonax)  nigripes. 
No.  1203  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.    Nat.  size. 


mastoids,  37;  across  postorbital  processes,  22.5;  interorbital  width, 
18;  constriction  width,  12.5;  palatal  length,  33. 


PUTORIUS.  343 

0.  Arctogale. 

Body  slender,  attenuate;  neck  long;  ears  large;  tail  slender, 
terete;  limbs  short;  toes  separate.  Skull:  frontal  profile  arched; 
motlerate  interorbital  constriction;  postorbital  processes  slightly 
developed;  pter\goids  with  or  without  hamular  processes. 


H^r* 

^^B 

^K^/jfl  V 

^^H 

^^^^^^^Ki*^^^\2L>    ^      ^^^ 

^^!2^^H 

■^'fv^H 

riH 

^^^XTI 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B    ^^^^\  1 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^r     ^^^^^^^> 

FiG.  69.     PuTOR.LJS  (Arctogale)  cicognani. 
No.  3533  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.    Enlarged  'A- 


344  PUTORIUS. 

505.  cicognani.  {Mustt-hi),  Bon.  Iconog.  Faun.  ItaL,  1838,  i,  fasc. 
xxii,  p.  4. 

ru/garis,  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  Mamm.,  1829,  pp.  45-46.  (nee 
Briss.) 

Type  locality.      Carlton  House?  Arctic  America. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Boreal  forest  covered  parts  of  North  America, 
from  New  England  and  Labrador  to  coast  of  southeastern  Alaska. 
(Juneau,  Wrangel  and  Loring),  and  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
Colorado  (Silverton).  Interior  of  British  Columbia  (Sicamous),  but 
in  the  Puget  Sound  region  is  replaced  by  a  smaller  and  darker  form, 
P.  strcatori.  In  the  United  States  it  is  common  in  New  England  and 
New  York,  and  in  the  forest  covered  parts  of  Minnesota.  Probably 
occurs  also  in  northern  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.      (Merriam.) 

Genl.  Char.  Small,  tail  short.  Skull:  light,  elongated;  zygoma 
narrow,  not  outward  bowed;  audital  bullae  small;  squamosals  inflated. 

Color.  Itt  Summer.  Uniform  dark  brown  except  upper  lips  and 
under  parts,  which  are  yellowish  white.      Tail  tipped  with  black. 

Winter  Pelage.  Pure  white,  rump,  tail  and  under  parts  tinged 
with  yellow.      Tip  of  tail  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  278;  tail  vertebrae,  80;  hind 
foot,   36.5. 

a.—richardsonj .  (JJustelii),  Bon.  in  Charlesw.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
xi,  p.  31,  1838. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Franklin,  Great  Bear  Lake. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Hudson  Bay  to  interior  of  Alaska  and  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  larger  than  P.  cicognani;  tail  with  terminal 
third  black.      Skull:  frontals  narrow,  zygoma  compressed. 

Color.  Dark  chestnut  above,  the  same  hue  extending  over  legs 
and  feet  between  thighs  and  tail.  Rest  of  body  white,  tinged  with 
light  yellow. 

Measurements.     Total   length,  390;  tail  vertebrae,  95;  hindfoot,  45. 

h.—alascensis.  {Putorius),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  11,  p.  12,  pi. 
II,  fig.  2. 

Type  locality.      Juneau,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Alaska;  range  not  known. 

Genl.  Char.  White  tips  to  fore  and  hind  feet  more  extensive. 
Skull:  orbital  region  broad;  constriction  great;  postorbital  processes 
well  developed. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  legs  chocolate  brown;  fore  feet  to  wrists 
and  hind  feet  to  middle  of  upper  side,  upper  lip  and  under  parts  of 
body  white;  terminal  third  of  tail  black. 


PUTORIUS.  345 

Winter  Pelage.      White,  except  end  of  tail  which  is  black. 
Measurements.     Total  length,  335:  tail  vertebra',  95:  hind  foot,  48. 

506.  streatori.     [Putorius),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  11,  1896,  p.  13. 
yV/c  Lnality.      Mount  Vernon,  Skagit  Valle\-,  Washington. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Coast  region  of  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Puget 

Sound. 

Genl.  Char.  Like  /'.  eieognani,  but  smaller  and  darker;  white  on 
belly  restricted. 

Ci'Ior.  Upper  parts  dark  chocolate  brown,  as  are  also  the  upper 
lip  and  feet;  the  head  darkest  in  hue.  This  color  trespasses  on  under 
parts  leaving  a  narrow,  irregular  portion  white. 

Measurements.      Totallength,  270;  tail  vertebra',  83;  hind  foot,  38. 

507.  ri.xo^us.     [Putorius),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1S96,    pp. 

21,   22. 
pusillus,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Manim.,  1857,  pp.  159,  161.     (Part.) 

Type  locality.      Osier,  Saskatchewan,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Dtstr.  Hudson  Bay  to  coast  of  Alaska;  northern  Minne- 
sota to  Montana. 

Genl.  Char.      Smallest  of  the  Weasels,  tail  without  black  tip. 

Color.  Above  dark  reddish  brown,  under  parts  white.  Tail  like 
body. 

Winter  Pelage.      White. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  150;  tail  vertebra'.  31:  hind  foot,  22. 

a.—esklmo.  {Putorius),  Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  Phil.,  1900, 
p.  44. 

Ty/e  locality.      Point  Barrow,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northwestern  Alaska,  limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  larger  than  P.  rixosus,  tail  shorter;  feet 
larger. 

Color.  Brown  with  a  reddish  tinge;  intermediate  between  Prout's 
and  walnut  brown. 

A/easurements.  Totallength,  178-230;  tail,  22-31;  hind  foot,  16- 
23.  Skull:  basal  length,  29-35;  mastoid  breadth,  15. 4-17;  breadth  of 
postorbital  processes,  9.3-1 1;  orbital  breadth,  8-9;  palatal  length, 
12.1-14.4. 

508.  arcticus.     (Puto/ius),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  11,  1896,  p.  15. 
7'y/>e  locality.      Point  Barrow,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Arctic  coast  and  Tundras. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  ear  small;  terminal  half  of  tail  black. 
Skull  broad  and  massive;  postorbital  constriction  considerable;  post- 


PUTORIUS. 


glenoid  space  small  and  hardly  inflated  in  male,  brain  case  subtri- 
angular,  short. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  upper  lip  dark,  yellowish  brown;  chin 
white;  under  parts,  inner  and  posterior  sides  of  fore  legs,  all  of  fore 
feet,  distal  half  and  inner  sides  of  hind  feet,  and  under  side  of  tail 
deep  ochraceous  yellow.      Terminal  half  of  tail   black.      (Merr.  ,1.  c.) 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  380;  tail  vertebrae,  75:  pen- 
cil, 55;  hind  foot,  48. 

a.—kadiacensis.  {Fi/ tortus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  11,  i8g6, 
p.  16. 

Type  locality.      Kadiak  Island,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  P.  arctiais;  smaller  and  narrower 
audital  bullae,  less  spreading  zygomata,  less  divergent  tooth  rows, 
and  decidedly  shorter  postmolar  production  of  palate. 

Color.     Summer  Pelage.      Unknown. 

Winter  Pelage.      Pure  white,  terminal  half  of  the  tail  black. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  318;  tail  vertebrae,  86;  hind  foot,  44. 

509.  noveboracensis.  (Putorius),  DeKay,  Cat.  Mamm.  N.  Y.,  1S40, 
p.  18. 

Type  locality.     New  York  State. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Maine  to  North  Carolina,  west  to  Illinois. 

Genl.  Char.  Great  difference  in  size  of  sexes,  male  large,  tail 
long,  terminal  third  to  half,  black.  Skull:  zygoma  not  bowed  out- 
ward; postorbital  processes  moderate;  audital  bullae  rather  narrow, 
rounded  anteriorly. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts,  encroaching  on  belly,  fore 
and  hind  feet,  and  anal  region  dark  chocolate  brown;  under  parts 
white  tinged  with  yellow.  Tail  like  back,  terminal  third  or  more 
black. 

Winter  Pelage.  White,  tinged  with  yellow  beneath,  end  of  tail 
black. 

Measurements.  Male.  Total  length,  418;  tail  vertebra-,  150; 
hind  foot,  50.  Female.  Total  length,  298;  tail  vertebrae,  92:  hind 
foot,  26. 

a.—notius.     (Putorius),  Bangs,  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1899,  p.  53. 

Type  locality.     Weaverville,  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  middle  States. 

Genl.  Char.  Like  P.  noveboracensis,  but  darker  above  and  yellow 
below. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts  dark  chocolate  brown; 
under  parts  maize  yellow;  apical  half  of  tail  black. 


PUTORIUS.  :U7 

Measurements.  Total  length  (including  pencil),  426;  tail  to  end 
of  hairs,  169;  pencil,  30.     (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

b.—  occisor.   {Pulorius),  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1S99.  p.  54. 

Type  locality.      Bucksport,  Maine. 

Geogr.  Distr.      New  England  States,  Canada?     Limits  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  very  long,  black  tip  short.  Skull 
and  dentition  generally  heavier  than  in  P.  novcboracensis. 

Color.     Sumnitr  Pelage.      Unknown. 

Winter  Pelage.     Pure  white,  pencil  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  454;  tail  vertebra;,  175;  hind 
foot  54.     (Bangs.) 

Dimensions  vary  considerably  among  individuals. 

510.  washingtoni.     {Put,>rii/s),   Merr.,  N.   Am.    Faun..  No.  11,  1896, 

p.  18. 

Type  locality.      Trout  Lake,  Base  of  Mt.  Adams,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Washington,  exact  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  /'.  novcboracensis,  but  with  longer  tail 
and  shorter  black  tip. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts,  including  flanks,  sides  of 
abdomen,  sides  and  upper  parts  of  fore  and  hind  legs  pale  chocolate 
brown;  chin  white.  Under  parts  and  lower  portions  of  fore  and  hind 
legs  and  sides  of  neck  yellow  ochre.  Tail  darker  than  back,  reddish, 
terminal  third  black.  Fore  feet  and  wrists  white.  Hind  feet  dark 
brown. 

Winter  Pelage.  One  style  has  upper  parts  uniform  drab  brown; 
under  parts  suffused  with  yellow.  Other  style  all  white,  tail,  rump 
and  belly  strongly  tinged  with  yellow. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  400;  tail  vertebrae,  180;  hind 
legs,  41 ;  ear,  1 1. 

511.  peninsulae.     (Putorius),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.,  1894, 

pp.  152-155- 

Type  locality.      Hudsons,  north  of  Tarpon  Springs,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Florida  Peninsula. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  bullaj  very  large;  postorbital  processes 
not  prominent. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dull  chocolate  brown,  head  darkest;  under 
parts,  fore  feet  and  hind  toes  yellowish.  Lip  and  chin  whitish; 
brown  spot  at  corners  of  mouth  and  tuft  of  white  hairs  under  ear. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  374;  tail  vertebrae,  127;  hind 
foot,  44.5. 


348  PUTORIUS. 

512.  longicaudus.     {Mush-hj),  Bon.  Charlsw.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  S., 

1838,  pp.  37,  38. 

erminea,  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.   Am.,  1829,  pp.  46-47.      (Part.) 

Type  locality.    Carlton  House,  North  Saskatchewan  River,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Great  Plains,  Kansas,  northward. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  tail  very  long.  Skull  compared  with 
those  of  P.  noveboracoisis  and  P.  ivashingtojii  is  broader  and  shorter, 
with  the  zygomatic  arch  more  spreading;  postorbital  processes  longer; 
postorbital  constriction  deeper;  audital  bullae  broader  and  more  rect- 
angular. 

Color.  Upper  parts  pale  yellowish  brown,  head  darker;  chin  and 
upper  lip  white;  under  parts,  upper  side  of  fore  feet,  inner  side  of 
hind  feet  and  toes  buff  or  ochraceous.  Terminal  part  of  tail  black, 
under  side  yellowish. 

Winter  Pelage.      White. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  450;  tail  vertebras,  165;  hind 
foot,   51. 

a.^oribasus.     [Putorius),  Bangs,  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  1899,  i,  p,  81. 

Type  locality.      Kettle  River,  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.      Like  P.  longicaudus,  but  darker  brown  above. 

Color.  Above  bister,  darkest  on  head;  upper  lip  and  chin  white, 
under  parts,  inside  of  legs,  both  fore  and  hind,  buff  yellow;  feet  above 
whitish;  tail  beneath  for  two-thirds  its  length  buff  yellow,  tip  black. 

Measurements.  Female.  Total  length,  302;  tail  vertebras,  150; 
hind  foot,  46. 

513.  spadix.     {Piitoriiis),   Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.   Soc.  Wash.,    1896,   pp. 

8,9- 

Type  locality.     Fort  Snelling,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Minnesota,  exact  limits  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Like  P.  longicaudus,  but  darker  colored. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts  chocolate  brown,  head 
darker;  chin  and  upper  lip  white;  under  parts,  inside  of  legs,  feet  and 
toes  white  tinged  with  yellow.      Tail  like  neck,  tip  black. 

Winter  Pelage.      Pure  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  450  ;  tail  vertebrae,  171  ;  hind 
foot,   54.      Female  much  smaller. 

514.  saturatus.     (Putorius),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  11,  i8g6,  p.  21. 
Type  locality.      Siskiyou,    Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Oregon,  Washington  and  part  of  British  Colum- 
bia, in  Cascade  and  Siskiyou  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  arizoncnsis,  but  larger  and  darker,  dis- 
tinct spots  behind  corners  of  the  mouth. 


PUTORIUS.  349' 

Color.  Summer  Pchii^c.  Upper  parts  dark  raw  umber  brown, 
darkest  on  head;  terminal  part  of  tail  black;  brown  spot  at  corner 
of  mouth;  outer  side  of  forearm  to  wrist,  and  hind  foot  to  toes  like 
back.  Chin  white.  L'nder  parts  orange  yellow,  including  fore  feet 
and  under  side  of  hind  leg  to  ankle;  under  side  of  tail  golden  chest- 
nut.    Anal  region  chestnut  brown. 

IVinlvr  Pelage.      White. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  423;  tail  vertebrae,  164;  hind 
foot,  48. 

515.  arizonensis.     {Putorius),   Mearns,   Bull.  Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.. 

1S91,  pp.  234,  235. 

Type  locality.      San  Francisco  Forest,  near  Flagstaff,  Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Sierra  Nevada  and  Rocky  Mountains  into  British 
Columbia,  not  north  of  Siskiyou  Mountains,  in  Cascade  Range. 

Genl.  Char.      Like  P.  longicaudus,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts  raw  umber  brown,  darker 
on  head;  terminal  part  of  tail  black;  chin  and  upper  lip  white;  un- 
der parts,  upper  surface  of  fore  feet,  inner  half  of  hind  feet  and  the 
hind  toes  ochraceous  yellow. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  302;  tail  vertebra;,  109; 
liind  limb,  knee  joint  to  end  of  claws,  56. 

516.  alleni.     {Puiorius),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  ii,i8g6,  p.  24. 
Type  locality.     Custer,  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. 

Genl.  Char.  Like  P.  arizonensis:  upper  parts  more  yellow, 
audital  bullae  flatter. 

Color.  Upper  parts  golden  brown  with  an  olivaceous  tinge,  head 
dark  brown;  upper  lip  and  chin  white;  under  parts,  inner  sides  of 
legs,  fore  feet,  hind  toes,  and  under  side  of  tail  deep  buffy  yellow. 

Measurements.  Type.  Totallength,  372;  tail  vertebras,  137;  hind 
foot,  14. 

517.  xanthogenys.     {Mustela),   Gray,  Ann.    Mag.   Nat.    Hist.,    1843. 

p.  118. 

Type  locality.     Southern  California,  near  San  Diego. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Both  sides  of  Sierra  Nevada,  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  medium,  tail  long,  face  with  white  marks. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  parts  raw  umber  brown,  tinged 
with  golden,  head  darker;  rectangular  spot  between  eyes  and  broad 
oblique  band  between  eye  and  ear  whitish;  end  of  tail  black;  brown 
spot  behind  corner  of  mouth;  chin  white;  under  parts,  fore  feet, 
inner  side,  and  toes  of  hind  feet  ochraceous. 

Winter  Pelade.      Drab  brown. 


350  PUTORIUS. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  402;  tail  vertebrae,  156;  hind 
foot,  40.5. 

a.—oregonensis.  {Fu/orius),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  11,  1896, 
P-  25- 

Type  locality.     Grant's  Pass,  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Rogue  River  Valley,  Oregon,  limits  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  xanthogenys,  but  longer  and  darker, 
face  markings  restricted. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  Upper  parts  pale  chocolate  brown, 
slightly  darker  on  head,  a  small  ill-defined  patch  between  eyes,  and 
a  narrow  vertical  bar  between  eye  and  ear  white;  throat  white;  rest 
of  under  parts,  including  fore  feet  and  inner  sides  and  distal  half  of 
hind  feet,  pale  yellowish;  terminal  one-fifth  of  tail  black,  rest  like 
back. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  412;  tail  vertebrae,  155;  hind 
foot,  44.     (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

b.—mundits.     {Pntorius),  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.    Club,    1899, 

p.  56- 

Type  locality.      Point  Reyes,  Marion  Count}',  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  P.  .xanihogenys,  but  similar,  tail 
shorter,  colors  darker. 

Color.  Winter  Pclagf.  Upper  parts  dark  tawny  rust,  dusky  on 
head  and  nose,  brown  spot  at  corner  of  mouth;  facial  markings  as 
in  P.  xanthogcnys,  chin  and  cheeks  j-ellowish  white,  rest  of  under 
parts  and  upper  surface  of  hands,  inner  sides  of  legs,  and  upper 
surface  of  toes  deep  orange  buff. 

Summer  Pt'hrgc.  Very  similar,  but  colors  all  slightly  darker  and 
duller,  and  under  parts  more  inclined,  especially  along  middle  of 
belly,  to  strong  buff  yellow. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  368.3;  tail  vertebras,  141. 3; 
hind  foot,  42.85.  Spec,  from  Nicasio,  Calif.  Total  length,  384;  tail 
vertebra?,  140;  hind  foot,  43.     (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

518.  frenatus.  (Mustela),  Licht.,  Darstell,  neuer  od.  wen.  bekann. 
Siiugeth.,  1832,  pi.  xlii. 

Type  locality.     Valley  of  Mexico,  near  City  of  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  Texas  into  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long;  head  more  or  less  black  with 
white  markings.  Skull  larger  and  massive;  bullae  obliquely  truncated 
anteriorly;  postorbital  constriction  marked. 

Color.  Band  between  eye  and  ear  and  patch  between  ejes 
white.      Top  of  head  from    dark  chestnut    brown  to    black;  rest    of 


PUTORIUS.  351 

upper  parts  rich  brown,  chin  and  throat  whitish,  rest  of  under  parts 
varying  from  ochraceous  yellow  to  orange;  front  feet  to  above  wrists 
from  whitish  yellow  to  orange;  inner  sides  of  hind  legs,  and  hind 
feet  and  the  toes  yellow  or  orange.  The  color  of  feet  is  almost 
always  the  same  as  the  under  parts.  Tail  same  colors  as  back  all 
around,  with  a  short  black  tip. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  male,  455-505;  tail  vertebras,  170- 
203;  hind  foot,  4553. 

a.—neomexicanvis.  [Putorius),  Bart.  &  Cockerell,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  1S98,  p.  188. 

Type  locality.  Shore  of  Armstrong  lake,  Mesilla  Valley,  near  the 
Rio  Grande,  New  Mexico. 

Gcil.  Char.  Similar  to  /'.  freriatus,  but  paler;  white  markings 
on  the  head  more  extensive,  occipital  condjles  more  produced  be- 
hind. 

Cohir.  Head  brownish  black,  a  quadrangular  patch  between 
the  eyes,  joining  broad  bands  between  eyes  and  ears  creamy  white. 
The  bands  grade  into  the  color  of  the  under  parts.  Face  speckled 
with  whitish.  Small  whitish  mark  behind  ears.  Upper  parts  and 
limbs  pale  yellowish  ochre;  under  parts  similar,  but  lighter;  tail 
tinged  with  reddish,  tip  black;  feet  palish. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  500;  tail,  205;  hind  foot,  50. 

519.  haidarum.  {Putorius),  Preble,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898, 
p.    169. 

Type  locality.  Massett,  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  Massett. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  P.  kadiaccnsis,  but  smaller,  more  black 
on  tail;  skull  smaller. 

Color.  Winter  Pelage.  White  slightly  tingetl  posteriorly  and 
beneath  with  saffron  yellow.  Sixty  per  cent  of  terminal  portion  of 
tail  black.  Small  spots  of  summer  fur  just  appearing  on  face,  top  of 
head  and  back,  blackish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  275;  tail  vertebra;,  60;  hind  foot, 
37;  pencil  of  tail,  40.      (Preble,  1.  c.) 

Sub.  Fam.   II.     Lutrinae. 

Body  lengthened,  supple;  tail  long,  tapering,  depressed,  sides 
rounded;  feet  short,  broad,  palmated;  digits  distinct;  center  one  the 
longest,  claws  small.  Head  broad,  muzzle  long;  soles  and  palms 
hairy;  eyes  and  ears  small. 


83.     Liitra. 

I.  -1=3      Q     1=1    p    1=4    M.   1=1  =  36. 

3—3  I— I         3-3'        2—2       -> 

Lutra.  Erxleb.  Syst.  Regn.  Anim.,  1777,  p.  448.  Type  Mustcla 
lutra.  Linn. 
Upper  molar  large  quadrate;  posterior  upper  premolar  triangu- 
lar; skull  depressed,  superior  outline  nearly  straight;  rostrum  short; 
hind  portion  of  skull  dilated;  nostrils  large;  palate  extending  beyond 
molars;  hamular  processes  to  pterygoids. 

520.  canadensis.  (JMusteld),  (Schreb),  Kerr,  Linn.  Anim.  King.,  i, 
1792,  p.  173. 

hiidsonica,  (Lac^p),  F.  Cuv.  Suppl.  Buff.,  i,  1831,  p.  194. 

mollis,  Aud.  &  Bach.  Quadr.,  iii,  1853,  p.  976,  fig.  122. 

destructor,  Barnst.  Canad.  Nat.,  1863,  fig. 

Type  locality.      Unknown. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  North  America,  north  of  North  Carolina 
on  Atlantic  coast. 

Genl.    Char.      Size  large;  under  surface  of  feet  hairy. 

Color.  Dark  liver  brown  above,  pale  on  the  under  parts.  Under 
fur  lighter.      Cheeks,  lips,  chin  and  throat,  whitish  brown. 

Measurements.  Size  very  variable.  Total  length,  966;  tail  verte- 
brae, 315;  hind  foot,  100. 

a. — lataxina.    {Lutra),  F.  Cuv.  Diet,  des  Scien.  Nat.  1823,  p.  242. 

Type  locality.      South  Carolina. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  North  America  from  North  Carolina  to 
Alabama  and  Mississippi.  South  of  Transition  zone  northward  grad- 
ing into  L.  canadeusis. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  feet  sparsely  haired  beneath.  Skull 
small,  teeth  large;  postorbital  processes  weak. 

Color.  Above  dark  vandyke  brown,  tipped  on  head,  neck  and 
shoulders  with  wood  brown;  beneath  breast  to  end  of  tail  broccoli 
brown.      Neck  and  fore  neck  grayish  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  1016;  tail  vertebras,  260;  hind  foot, 
115.  Skull:  occiput  to  anterior  end  of  maxilla,  100;  zygomatic  width, 
69.5;  mastoid  width,  65;  interorbital  constriction,  22.8;  postorbital 
constriction,  20. 

b,—va^a.     {Lutra),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898,  p.  224, 
fig-  P-  225. 
Type  locality.      Mico,  Brevard  County,  Florida. 
Geogr.  Distr.     Eastern  Georgia  and  Florida. 
Genl.   Char.     Size    larger  than   L.    canadensis;    tail  longer;  color 


0    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    X» 


LUTRA   CANADENSIS    SONORA. 
No.  1937  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.     {  nat.  siz 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  Of  ILLiwuiS 

URBAN A 


much  redder,  less  blackish;  skull  larger  and  broader  across  mastoids, 
much  more  constricted  behind  postorbital  processes. 

Color.  Lustrous  chestnut  brown,  somewhat  paler  below;  cheeks, 
lips,  chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  neck  grizzled  yellowish  brown. 

Measurements.  Type  (not  in  the  flesh).  Total  length,  1285;  tail 
vertebra^,  487;  hind  foot,  130.  Skull,  type:  basal  length,  106.6; 
zygomatic  breadth,  71;  mastoid  breadth,  71.2;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 24;  greatest  constriction,  18.6;  across  postorbital  processes, 
35;  last  upper  molar  to  end  of  pterygoid  process,  29.8;  foramen 
magnum  to  end  of  palate,  51.6;  single  half  of  mandible  length,  74.4. 
(Bangs,  1.  c.) 

c. — pcicifica.     (Lutra),    Rhoads,   Trans.    Am.  Phil.   Soc.  U.  S.,    1898, 

P-  431. 

parancnsis  and  atterima,  Thomas,  P.  Z.  S.,  i88g,  p.  igg. 

californica,   Baird   (nee  Gray),  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  187. 

Type  locality.      Lake  Kichelos,  Kittitass  County,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Pacific  slopes;  California  to  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  skull  very  large,  teeth  comparatively 
weak,  interorbital  width  nearly  i  J^  times  postorbital  constriction. 
Audital  bullae  flattened. 

Color.  Lighter  than  /.  canadensis,  and  more  brownish.  Above 
ruddy  seal  brown;  lower  parts  lighter;  throat,  neck  and  breast  pale 
wood  brown.      Ventral  region  very  light. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  11 15;  tail  vertebra;,  419;  hind  foot, 
128.  Skull:  occiput  to  end  of  premaxilla,  115. 5;  zygomatic  width, 
72.5;  mastoid  width,  69;  interorbital  constriction,  25;  postorbital 
constriction,  20. 

(L—sonoru.    (Lutra),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  1898,  p.  431. 

canadensis,  Mearns,  (nee  Kerr),  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 

P-  253- 

Type  locality.  Montezuma  Well,  Beaver  Creek,  Yavapai  County, 
.\rizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Mexico  to  Wyoming. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  hind  foot  long.  Postorbital  processes 
of  skull  attenuated. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown,  changing  to  pale  grayish  brown 
below,  being  whitish  on  undersides  of  head  and  neck.  The  hairs  on 
head  and  neck  above  tipped  with  yellowish  brown. 

.\feasurements.      Total  length,  1300;  tail  vertebra',  472;  ear,  15. 

521.  degener.     {Lutra),   Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1898,  p.  35. 
Type  locality.      Bay  St.  George,  Newfoundland. 
Genl.  Char.      Size  small,  tail  short,   skull  small  and  weak  with 


very  light  zygoma  and  narrow  frontal  and  rostral  regions.  Audital 
bullae  small. 

Color.  Deep  lustrous  seal  brown  to  black  all  over  except  cheeks, 
upper  lips,  chin  and  under  side  of  neck,  which  are  grizzled  brown, 
palest  on  cheeks,  under  fur  light  grayish  brown  at  base  and  gradu- 
ally darkening  to  deep  rich  brown  at  tips. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  998;  tail  vertebrae,  358;  hind  foot, 
126.     Type  young  adult  male. 

83.    Latax. 

I.  £:3   c.  i=l;  p.  3i:3;  M.  "=•  =  32. 

2—2'  1— i'  3—3  s— 2        -' 

Latax.     Gloger,  Nov.  Act.,  Ac.  Caes.  Leop.  Carol.,  1827,  pt.  2,  p.  511. 
Type  M.  luiris,  Linn. 
jPttjiZjOken,  Lehrb.  Naturg,  1816,  Th.  iii,p.986.     (necScopoli.) 
Enhydra,   Flem.,    Phil.    Zool.,    1822,    11,   p.    187.   (nee  Enhydris, 

Merrem,  Amph.,  1820). 
Only  four  incisors  in  lower  jaw;  molars  massive,  cusps  rounded 
smooth;  upper  molar  and  posterior  upper  premolar  somewhat  oval; 
anterior  lower  premolar  largest  of  the  lower  teeth;  skull  similar  to 
that  of  Lutra;  hind  feet  larger,  flat,  fin-like;  fifth  toe  longest,  rest 
diminishing  to  the  first;  claws  moderate;  tail  obtuse,  one-fourth  the 
length  of  head  and  body. 

522.  lutris.     (Mustela),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1766,  p.  66. 

marina,  Erxleb.  Syst.  Regn.,  1777,  p.  445. 

orientalis,  Oken,  Lehrb.  Natur.,  1816,  1 11,  p.  986. 

stelleri.  Less.  Man.  Mamm.,  1827,  p.  156. 

gracilis,  Fisch.  Syn.  Mamm.,  1829,  p.  229. 

Type  locality.      "America  Septentrionali." 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Pacific,  south  to  California?  Nearly  extinct 
on  American  shores. 

Genl.  Char.  Hind  feet  very  broad,  webbed  soles  furry;  fore  feet 
very  small,  palms  naked;  tail  flattish,  smooth,  one-fourth  length  of 
body.      Only  four  lower  incisors. 

Color.  Adult.  Black,  frosted  with  white  tipped  hairs;  head  and 
neck  grayish  white  or  yellowish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  1050;  tail  vertebrae,  330;  hind 
foot,  150;  width,  100.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  iii;Hensel,  109; 
zygomatic  width,  98;  interorbital  constriction,  28;  mastoid  breadth, 
96;  palatal  length,  56;  length  of  brain  case,  62;  length  of  first  lower 
molar,  15;  width,  13;  length  first  upper  molar,  7;  width,  11. 


LD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL. 


Latax  LUTRIS. 
No.  371  Field  Columbiao  Museum  Coll.      ^  nat.  size. 


VERSUS  Of  iL 
URBANA 


Order  VIII.    Piniiipedia. 


k 


J.  A.  Allen,  History  of  North  American  Pinnipeds,   U.  S.  Geo/,  ami 

Giog.  Siirv.,  1880. 
St.  G.  Mivart,  iVotes  on  tlu-  Pinnipedia,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1883. 

Fam.   I.     4ltariidae. 

Aquatic  carnivora,  with  the  limbs  enclosed  in  the  general  tegu- 
ment beyond  the  knees  and  elbows.  Five  digits  on  each  limb,  the 
first  and  fifth  of  the  hind  limbs  generally  the  longest  and  stoutest, 
those  of  the  front  limbs  decreasing  in  size  from  first  to  fifth.  Bodj' 
and  neck  elongated;  fore  feet  nearly  as  large  as  the  hind  feet;  the  lat- 
ter capable  of  expansion,  and  with  distinct  claws  on  the  three  middle 
digits,  front  feet  without  claws;  tail  very  short;  when  walking  hind 
feet  are  turned  forward  under  the  body,  sup])orting  it;  ears  external; 
interorbital  constriction  of  skull  great;  facial  portion  short,  rather 
broad;  two  central  pairs  of  upper  incisors  with  a  transverse  groove; 
postorbital  processes  developed;  alisphenoid  canal  present.  Testes 
external  in  scrotum. 

84.     Eumetopias. 

I.  t3;  C.  i^;  P.  i=l;  M.  i=i  =  34. 
2-2         1 — I         4 — 4'         I — I       -'' 

Eumetopias.     Gill,  Proc.  Essex  Institute,  1866,  v,  p.  7. 

Head  rounded,  nose  narrow  pointed;  eyes  large; ears  rather  long, 
narrow,  pointed;  skin  of  feet  extending  beyond  the  nails,  the  mar- 
gin lobed;  canines  large,  curved,  acute.  Palate  ends  beyond  the 
pterygoid  processes,  and  is  nearly  flat,  emarginate  behind;  posterior 
border  of  nasals  extending  beyond  zygoma;  pterj'goid  processes  hook- 
like; upper  molar  separated  by  a  wide  space  from   premolars. 

A.    Eumetopias. 
Space  between  upper  molars. 

523.  stelleri.     (O/aria),    Less.,   Dist.    Class.,   Hist.   Nat.,    1828,   xiii, 
p.  420. 
jubata,  Schreb.  (nee  Forst),   Saugth.,  iii,  1778,  p.  300. 
leonina,  Pall.,  Zoog.  Ross.  Asiat. ,  i,  1831,  p.  104. 


356  EUMETOPIAS.  ZALOPHUS. 

californianus.    Gray  (nee  Less),  Cat.  Seals  and  Whales,    1866,   p. 
50,  pis.  21,  22. 

Type  locality.      Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  Pacific  shores,  Bering  Straits  to  California 
and  Japan. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull:  brain  case  subquadrate,  abruptly  contracted 
anteriorly,  diameter  greatest  at  posterior  end  of  zygoma  and  there 
equals  three-fifths  of  its  length;  postorbital  processes  strongly  de- 
veloped and  quadrate;  muzzle  broad,  its  width  at  canines  about 
one-fourth  the  length  of  skull.  Fifth  pair  of  molars  placed  far  behind 
fourth  pair.  Adult  males  have  high  occipital  and  sagittal  crests. 
Ears  short,  pointed. 

Color.  Adult.  Bright  golden  rufous  in  spring;  in  the  autumn 
light  sepia  or  vandyke  brown,  darker  on  the  belly.  Limbs  dark  red- 
dish brown  almost  black  on  outside;  whiskers  white  or  brownish 
white;  nails  bluish  horn  color.  Specimens  varj-  in  coloration.  Fe- 
males usually  lighter. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  male,  2850;  tail  vertebras,  100;  out- 
stretched fore  limbs,  2362;  length  of  hind  foot,  559;  ear  37.  Female 
much  smaller. 

85.    Zalophus. 

No  space  between  upper  molars. 
Zaiophus.     Gill,  Froc.  Essex  Inst.,    1866,  p.  7.      Type     Artocephalus 
lobatus,  Gray. 

Neophoca.      Gray,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1866,  xviii,  p.  231. 

524.  californianus.  (Otaria),  Less.,  Diet.  Class,  Hist.  Nat.,  1828, 
xiii,  p.  420. 

gillespii,   M'Bain,  Froc.  Edinb.  Roy.  Soc,  i,  1858,  p.  422. 

Type  locality.     California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  West  coast  of  United  States  from  Bay  of  San 
Francisco  southward. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull:  facial  portion  elongated,  slender;  zygomatic 
breadth  more  than  half  the  length  of  skull;  postorbital  processes 
long,  narrow  and  directed  backwards  in  old  animals.  Molars  usually 
closel)'  approximate;  sagittal  and  occipital  crests  highly  devoloped. 

Color.  This  varies  greatly  among  individuals,  and  at  different 
seasons  from  yellow  and  brownish  yellow  to  reddish  and  blackish 
brown.  Limbs  blackish  brown  as  also  the  belly.  After  moulting  the 
pelage  is  golden  brown.      Whiskers  yellowish  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  males,  2160;  to  outstretched  hind 
flippers,  2542;  fore  feet,  369;  hind  foot,  380;  tail  no;  ear,  35;  long- 
est whisker,  225.      Female  much  smaller. 


LIBRARY 
UNIVERSIIY  OF  ILLINOIS 

u:;:;,.:;.\ 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    XL. 


Callotaria    URSINA^ 
No.  1546  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.     M  na'-  s" 


CALLOTARIA.  867 

86.     Callotaria. 

I.  3z_3;  C.   ti;  M.  1=^  or  ^=  34  or  36. 

2—2'  I— i'  5—5         ;— ;      •'^        -> 

Callotaria.     Palmer,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.    Wash.,    1892,    p.    156.     Type 
Phoca  Ursina,   Linn. 
Callorhinus.     Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1839,  p.  359.     (nee  Blanch- 

ard  Entom.  nee  Girard,  Herpet.) 
Arciocephaliis.       Gill  (nee  F.  Cuv.),  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  i!S66,  pp. 

7-11. 
Facial  portion  of  skull  short,   convex;  nasals  short,   narrow   pos- 
teriorly;  palate   narrow,  contracted   posteriorly,  the  arch  deep,    con- 
cave.     Dentition  weak. 

525.  ursina.     (Phoca),  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  37. 

kiiichenniniki'wi,  Less.,  Class.,  1828,  xiii,  p.  420. 

nigra.  Pall.,  Zoog.  Rosso-Asiat.,  1831,  i,  p.  107.      (juv.) 

nionteriensis.  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1857,  p.  360.      (Part.) 

Type  locality.      Bering  Sea  Islands. 

Gcogr.  Distr.  Pacific  shores  of  the  United  States  from  Cali- 
fornia northward;  Pribyloff  Islands,  Bering  Sea;  also  islands  and 
shores  of  the  Asiatic  coast  of  north  Pacific  Ocean. 

Genl.  Char.  Pelage  consists  of  a  dense,  fine  silky  fur,  with  a 
covering  of  long,  moderately  coarse  hair.  Skull:  facial  portion  short, 
broad  and  elevated;  postorbital  processes  subquadrate  to  sub-triangu- 
lar, postorbital  constriction  very  considerable;  sagittal  and  occipital 
crests  well  developed.  Dentition  weak.  Ears  long,  narrow  and 
pointed. 

Color.  This  varies  from  rich  chestnut  brown  to  black  in  the 
male,  sometimes  grayish  black,  but  specimens  exhibit  great  variety 
of  hues.  Naked  skin  of  limbs,  nose  and  anal  region  black.  Females 
are  much  lighter,  exhibiting  various  shades  of  gray,  with  rufous  on 
breast  and  belly.      Whiskers  are  black  in  the  young,   white  in   adult. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  male,  2360;  tail  vertebra;,  50;  out- 
stretched hind  limbs,  2472;  ear,  50;  longest  whisker,  180.  Female, 
total  length,  1170;  tail  vertebr.x',  50;  nose  to  end  of  hind  limbs,  1750; 
longest  whisker,  140. 

Fam.   II.     Triehecidae. 

External  ears  wanting.  Body  large,  unwieldy,  gross;  skull 
swollen  anteriorly;  upper  canines  immenselj-  developed  descending 
far  below  the  lower  jaw,  tusk-like;  postorbital  processes  wanting; 
alisphenoid  canal  present.  Hind  feet  employed  in  walking  similarly 
as  do  the  members  of  the  Olariidae. 


358  TRICHECHUS. 

87.    Trichechus. 

l.lZl.    C.    5=i:    P.    t^\    M.  ?=5=l8. 
0 — o'  I— i'  3—3'  0—0 

Trichechus.  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  1766,  i,  p.  49.  Type  T.  rosmarus. 
Muzzle  broad,  short,  with  a  group  of  stiff,  bristle-like  whiskers 
on  each  side;  fore  feet  with  five  subequal  toes  each  having  a  flat 
small  nail;  hind  feet  with  the  fifth  toe  longest;  skin  projecting  be- 
yond the  nails;  small  flat  nails  on  first  and  fifth  toes,  long,  pointed 
nails  on  remaining  three.      Tail  rudimentary. 

526.  rosmarus.     {Trichechus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1766,  p.  49. 
Gcogr.  Distr.     Coast    of    Labrador   northward    into    the    Arctic 

Ocean,  and  along  the  shores  of  Greenland,  boreal  islands  and  polar 
areas  of  eastern  hemisphere  to  western  Asia. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  small,  square,  longer  than  broad;  muzzle 
abruptly  truncated;  lower  jaw  pointed;  body  thick,  heavy:  tusks  long; 
anterior  profile  from  nasals  to  point  oblique;  interorbital  constriction 
moderate;  zygoma  moderatelj'  heavy;  inferior  border  of  ramus  a 
gradual  nearlj'  uniform  curve  from  posterior  end  of  symphysis  to  end 
of  jaw. 

Color.  Yellowish  brown;  belly  and  base  of  flippers  reddish 
brown  or  chestnut.      Bristles  yellowish  horn  color. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2450-3650;  manus  from  carpal 
joint  to  end  of  digits,  355-400;  pes,  from  tarsal  joint  to  end  of  longest 
digit,  380-450;  transverse  diameter  of  tarsus,  178.  Length  of  tusk 
about  305  outside  lips. 

527.  obesus.     {Trichechus),   Illig.  Abhandl.  d.  Berl.  Acad.  (1804-11), 

1815,  pp.  68,  70,  75. 
rosmarus,  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  i,  1800,  p.  234,  fig.  68.     (Part.) 
divcrgens,  Illig.  Abhandl.  d.  Berl.  Akad.  (1804-11),  1815,  p.  68. 
cookii,   Fremerj',    Bijdrag,    tot   de   naturk.  Wetensch.,   vi.,    1831, 

P-   385- 

arcticus.  Pall.  Zool.  Rosso-Asiat.,  1831,  p.  269,  pis.  xxviii,  xxix. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northwest  coast  of  America,  in  Arctic  Sea  and 
Bering  Straits,  and  certain  islands  in  Bering  Sea,  in  Kotzebue  and 
Norton  Sounds,  and  Bristol  Bay;  also  on  northeastern  coast  of 
Asia. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull:  muzzle  narrower  than  that  of  T.  rosniarus, 
with  the  occipital  region  wider  and  more  massive;  tusks  longer  and 
thicker,  less  incurved  and  more  divergent;  interorbital  constriction 
very  marked;  zygoma  heavy;  interior  border  of  ramus  bluntlj' 
rounded. 

Color.     Yellowish  brown,  dark  beneath.      There  is  very  little  dif- 


■lELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


Z06lOGY,    PL.    XLI. 


Trichechus  rosmarus. 
No,  41  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll.      i  oat. 


ifJilifERSlTY  OF  ILLINOIS 
URBANA 


IbKrtKY 

:'V  Of  ILLINOIS 


FIELD   COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.   XLlll. 


Macrorhinus  ANGUSTIROSTRUS. 
No.  21887  U.  S.  Nat'l  Museum  Coll.    i  nat.  size. 


LI8RARy 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    XLIV. 


Macrorhinus  ANGUSTIROSTRUS. 
No.  21887  U.  S.  Nat'l  Museum  Coll.      %  nat.  size. 


TRICHECHUS.  MACRORHINUS.  359 

ference   in    the  color  of    the  Atlantic  and   Pacific  Walrus.      Bristles 
"short,  stubbed,  grayish  white." 

M<asuriiii(nts.  Male,  total  length,  about  3350:  weight,  about 
2,000  lbs. 

Fam.  III.     Phocidae. 

Neck  short;  hind  limbs  useless  for  terrestrial  progression;  palms 
and  soles  of  feet  hairy;  no  external  ear;  testes  abdominal,  no  scrotum; 
skull  without  postorbital  processes  and  no  alisphenoid  canal;  audi- 
tory bulhi'  inflated.  Five  developed  claws  on  each  foot,  those  of  hind 
feet  subequal,  the  first  and  fifth  not  greatly  exceeding  the  others  in 
length;  not  extending  beyond  toes. 

Sub.   Fam.  I.     Cystophorinae. 

88.     Macrorhinus. 

I.  ?=?:  C.   ^';  P.  ^^   M.  i^"  =  30. 
1—1  i-i'         4—4'  I— 1       -> 

Macrorhinus.  F.  Cuv.  Mem.  du  Mus.,  1824,  xl,  p.  200,  pi.  xiii. 
Type  Phoca  Iconina.      Linn. 

Mirounga.      Gray,  Griff.  Anim.  King.,  1827,  v,  p.  179.      (Part.) 

Rhinophora.     Wagl.  Nat.  Syst.  Amph.,  1830,  p.  27. 

Moiunga.     Gray,  List.  Ost.  Spec.  Brit.  Mus.,  1M47,  p.  33. 

Teeth  small,  one  rooted;  hind  feet  without  nails;  nose  of  adult 
male  elongated  into  a  tubular  proboscis,  capable  of  dilatation  and 
extension;  palate  short,  emarginate. 

528.  angustirostris.  {Mitcroihiiuis),  Gill,  Proc.  Chicago  Acad.  Scien., 
1866,  p.  331. 

Type  locality.      St.  Bartholomew's  Baj',  Lower  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Cape  Lazaro  to  Point  Reyes,  coast  of  California. 
Now  practically  extinct. 

Genl.  Char.  Superior  outline  of  skull  irregularly  arched  from  the 
lambdoidal  suture  to  end  of  the  nasals.  Snout  of  male  lengthened, 
narrowed  at  end,  widest  behind  last  molar  and  equal  to  three  times 
and  a  half  the  total  length  of  skull.  Squamosal  truncated  above  the 
meatus  auditorius.  Palatines  short,  the  posterior  sinus  semi-oval, 
the  bottom  being  about  midway  between  the  snout  and  the  line  of 
the  jugular  foramina.  ISIaxillaries  deeply  incurved,  line  of  molars 
incurved.  Group  of  bristles  over  each  ej-e.  Hind  flippers  emargin- 
ate, hairy  without  nails. 

Color.  Light  brown  generally,  becoming  bluish  after  the  hair  is 
shed. 

Measurements.      Total   length,    Male,    18-20    feet.     Female,    total 


360  MACRORHINUS.  CYSTOPHORA. 

length,  9-10  feet;  length  of  posterior  flippers,  i. 7-1. 10  inches;  fore 
flippers,  1. 2-1. 5  inches;  tail,  2-2^  inches;  tip  of  nose  to  corner  of 
mouth,  "8  inches.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  245;  of  Hensel,  282; 
palatal  length,  141 ;  from  anterior  edge  of  intermaxillae  to  pterygoid 
hamuli,  205;  greatest  breadth  of  zygomata,  223;  mastoid  breadth, 
1S2;  length  of  nasals,  57;  least  interorbital  breadth,  40;  greatest 
width  of  brain  case,  50;  length  of  lower  jaw,  239;  anterior  edge  of 
ramus  to  last  molar,  82.  Specimen  from  San  Cristobal  Bay,  Cali- 
fornia; No.  21887,  Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Washington. 

89.    Cystophora. 

I.  ?=?;    c.  i^;    P.  *^;  M.  i=i  =  30. 

I— i'         I— I  4—4'         i-i       -^ 

Cystophora.  Nills,  Skand.  Faun.,  1820,  i,  p.  382.  Type  C.  borealis, 
Ni/h,  =  Phoca  crisiata,  Erxl. 

Stcmmatopus.      F.  Guv.  M6m.  du  Mus.,  1824,  xi,  p.  ig6. 

Nails  on  all  the  feet;  adult  male  with  an  inflated  skin  extending 
from  occiput  to  end  of  nose,  forming  a  kind  of  hood;  palate  short, 
emarginate.  Molars,  except  fifth  upper  pair,  and  sometimes  also  the 
fourth,  single  rooted.  Nasals  short;  palate  broad,  posterior  edge 
concave;  zygomatic  arch  much  curved;  brain  case  short  and  broad, 
occipital  crests  prominent.  Audital  bullae  swollen,  nearly  straight  in 
adults. 

529.  cristata.     (Phoca),  Erxleb.  Syst.  Reg.  Anim. ,  1777,  p.  590. 

cucullata,  Bodd,  Elench.  Anim.,  1785,  p.  107. 

mitrate,  (Milbert  MS.),  G.  Cuv.  Oss.  Foss.,  3d  ed.,  v,  1825,  p. 
210,   pi.  xviii,  fig.  3. 

Iwfcalis,  Nills.  Skand.  Faun.,  1820,  p.  383. 

leucopla,  Thienem.,  Reis.  Nord.  Eur.,  1824,  p.  102. 

isidorei.  Less,  Rev.  Zool.,  1843,  p.  256. 

Type  locality.      Southern  Greenland. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Colder  portions  of  North  Atlantic;  Arctic  Sea. 
Rarely  found  south  of  Newfoundland. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  small,  with  a  movable  muscular  bag  on  top, 
extending  from  muzzle  to  behind  eyes,  nostrils  placed  in  anterior 
part  of  hood,  muscular  sac  capable  of  inflation.      No  hood  on  female. 

Color.  Above  bluish  black;  sides  and  belly  lighter,  spotted  with 
whitish;  head  and  limbs  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  2190;  fore  limb,  480;  hind  limb, 
420;  tail  vertebrae,  165.  Skull:  occipital  condyle  to  end  of  premaxil- 
laries,  285;  Hensel,  250;  zygomatic  width,  224;  mastoid  width,  182; 
interorbital  constriction,  46. 


ELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    XL 


Cystophora  cristata. 
No.  95  .\m.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  V.  Coll.     !.  nal.  size. 


LIBRARY 

Jl-  ILLINUIS 


HALICHOERUS.  PHOCA.  301 

Sub.  Fam.   II.     Phocinae. 

90.     Halichoerus. 

I.  31::';   c.  I^;   P.  *-=^;  M.  i=i  =  34. 
2—2'         I — i'        4—4  I— I 

Halichoerus.     Nills,    Faun.    Skand.    1820,    i,    p.    377.     Type    Phoca 

grypus.      Fabr. 

Piisa.  Gill,  (nee  Scopoli.  1777),  Johns.  New.  Univ.  Cycl.,  1877, 
III.  p.  1226. 

Molars,  excepting  occasionally  the  two  hinder  in  lower  jaw,  with- 
out accessory  cusps;  all  one-rooted  except  last  two  above  and  last 
one  below.  Muzzle  broad;  superior  outline  of  skull  much  arched; 
facial  portion  broad,  nearly  half  as  long  as  skull;  brain  case  small; 
orbital  fossae  large;  sagittal  and  occipital  crests  very  greatly  developed 
in  old  males. 

530.  grypus.     [Phoca),    Fabr.    Skriv.   af   Nurturh.-Selsk.,  i,  2,  1791, 

pi.  xiii,  fig.  4. 
Geogr.  Distr.      North  Atlantic  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Greenland. 
Genl.  Char.      Those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Silver  ash  or  dusky  gray,  spotted  obscurely  with  blackish; 
color  varies  from  uniform  silvery  to  blackish.     Bristles,  large,  stiff. 

Measurements.  Total  length  adult  male,  2440-2745  ;  female, 
1 980-2 1 35. 

91.     Phoca. 

I.  i=^\    C.  i=J;    P.  ^;  M.  '=i  =  34- 

2-2'         I— i'         4-4'         I— I       -"^ 

Phoca.      Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  i,  p.  37.      Type  P.  vitulina. 

Ptisa.     Scop.  Intr.  Hist.  Hat.,  1777,  p.  490. 

Calocephalus.      F.  Cuv.  Diet.  Scien.  Nat.  1826,  xxxix,  p.  544. 

Pagophilus.      Gray,  Zool.  Erebus  and  Terror,  1844,  p.  3. 

Pagomys.      Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1864,  p.  2S. 

Erigtiathus.      Gill,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  1865,  p.  5. 

Haliphilus.      Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  i866,  xvii,  p.  446. 

Histriophoca.      Gill,  Am.  Nat.,  1873,  vii,  p.  179. 

Incisors  simple,  conical;  molars,  excepting  the  anterior  one,  two- 
rooted,  and  generally  trilobed,  and  with  accessory  cusps;  all  feet 
with  five  strong  compressed  slightly  curved  claws;  first  and  second 
digits  on  fore  feet  subequal.  Facial  portion  of  skull  narrow,  length- 
ened; interorbital  constriction  considerable. 

A.  Erignathns. 
Muzzle  broad,  cranium  at  anterior  border  of  frontals  very  high; 
palate  very  broad,  arched,  outline  elliptical;  narial  fosss  deep.     Teeth 
small,  weak;  molars  separate,  some  deciduous  in  old  adults. 


531-  barbata.      {Phoca),   Fabricius,  Muller's  Zool.  Dan.  Prod.,  1776, 
viii. 

/I'porina,    Lepech.    Act.    Ac.    Petrop.,    i,    1777,    p.   264,  pis.   8,   9 
(juv). 

parsonsi.  Less.  Diet.  Class.  1828,  xiii,  p.  414. 

lepechini.  Less.  Diet.  Class.,  1828,  xiii,  p.  415. 

nautica,  Pall.  Rosso-Asiat.,  1831,  p.  108. 

allngena,  Pall.  Rosso-Asiat.,  1831,  p.  109. 

nauiUa,  Gray,  Cat.  Seals  and  Whales,  1871,  p.  3. 

Type  locality.      Coast  of  Cornwall,  England. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Circumpolar,  boreal,  south  in  North  American 
seas  to  Newfoundland. 

Genl.  Char.  Body  Jong,  slender.  Skull:  orbital  fossae  small,  as 
are  also  the  auditory  bullae;  lower  jaw  small  and  weak;  process  on 
posterior  border  beneath  condyle,  transverse  to  longitudinal  axis. 
Bones  of  skeleton  light  and  porous. 

Color.  Above  gray,  darker  on  middle  of  back;  color,  however, 
varies  greatly.  Some  are  gray  without  spots,  others  spotted  with 
yellowish. 

Measurements.  Total  length  about  3050 ;  skeleton  adult 
female,   219. 

B.    Histriophoca. 

Skull  imperfect,  much  broken;  molars  placed  apart,  crowns 
simple  directed  backward.  Superior  outline  of  skull  apparently 
nearly  straight,  flat;  zygomata  wide,  heavy;  bullae  large,  widely  sep- 
arated, obliquely  placed;  basioccipital  and  basisphenoid  wide;  ptery- 
goid fossa  wide  for  all  its  length;  palatal  arch  rounded;  palate  broad 
posteriorly,  narrowing  rapidly  anteriorly. 

532.  fasciata.     {^Phoca),  Zimm.,  Geog.  Gesch.,  1783,  iii,  p.  277. 

equistris.  Pall.  Rosso-Asiat.,  i,  1831,  p.   iii. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Bering  Sea  south  to  the  Aleutian  Islands,  and  to 
the  Island  of  Saghalien  on  the  Asiatic  coast. 

Genl.  Char.      Same  as  those  of  genus. 

Color.  Male.  Dark  brown;  yellowish  white  band  around  neck 
to  top  of  head;  another  broader  around  hind  part  of  body,  with  a 
branch  on  each  side  to  shoulder,  confluent  in  center  of  body  beneath; 
posterior  part  of  abdomen  spotted  with  brown. 

Female.  Grayish  yellow  or  grayish  brown,  with  a  narrow  obscure 
whitish  band  across  lower  part  of  back. 

Measurements.  Total  length:  Male,  1683;  female,  1600.  Skull: 
occipital  condyles  to  alveolus  of  incisors,  200;  length  of  Hensel,  178; 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINUli; 

UR3ANA 


FIELD    COLUMBIAN    MUSEUM. 


ZOOLOGY,    PL.    XLVni 


Phoca  (Histriophoca)  FaSCIATA. 
No.  22995  I-'.  S.  Nat'l  Mus.  Coll.     Nearly  %  n»t.  size. 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  Of  ILLINOIS 

URBANA 


zygomatic  width,  121;  palatal  length,  72. — Spec.  No.  22995,  from 
Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  Bering  Strait,  Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash- 
ington. 

C.  Phoca, 

Skull  and  dentition  heavy,  body  stout ;  limbs  short.  Palate 
broad,  widening  anteriorly;  zygomata  widely  spread,  curved;  bullae 
moderate;  basioccipital  and  basisphenoid  broad. 

533.  vitulina.     [Phocii),   Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1758,  p.  39,  1766,  i,  p. 

56  (part). 

varirgatti,  Nilss.  Skand.  Faun.,  i,  1820,  p.  359. 

scopulicoUi,  Thienem.  Reis.  Nord.  Eur.,  1824,  i,  p.  59,  pi.  v. 

litloria,  Thienem  Reis.  Nord.  Eur.,  1824,  i,  p.  59,  pi.  v. 

pealsi.  Gill,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  1866,  v,  pp.  4,  13. 

factida,  Bart.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1868,  p.  402. 

Type  locality.     Coast  of  Europe. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coasts  of  North  Atlantic  and  North  Pacific 
Oceans,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  southern  California  respectively. 

Genl.  Char.  Head  large,  nose  broad,  limbs  short;  dentition 
heavy,  molars  close  together,  obliquely  set;  superior  outline  of  skull 
convex;  mandible  short,  heavy,  thick,  no  inward  curvature  of  inferior 
border.  First  digit  of  manus  of  young  slightly  the  longest.  Lower 
premolars  and  molars  with  four  cusps;  upper  end  of  premaxillas 
only  touch  nasals. 

Color.  Variable.  Above  yellowish  gray  spotted  with  dark  brown 
or  black;   beneath  yellowish  white  spotted  with  dark  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  1225;  but  dimensions  vary 
greatly. 

534.  largha.     Pall.  Zoiil.  Rosso-Asiat.,  1831,  i,  p.  113. 
Tyf^e  locality.      Kamtschatka,  east  shore. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northern  Pacific  Ocean,  Bering  Sea. 

Genl.  Char.  Lower  premolars  and  molars  with  three  cusps 
instead  of  four;  upper  end  of  premaxilhi'  continues  along  sides  of 
nasals  for  some  distance. 

Color.  Grayish  or  ashy  white  spotted  with  black;  spots  smallest 
and  closest  on  dorsal  surface;  feet  brownish,  claws  black.  Young 
yellow,  dark  gray  on  back. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  1 220-1 730. 

D,  Pusa. 

Skull  slender,  nasals  pointed,  not  prolonged  posteriorly;  teeth 
small,  separated,   pointed;  upper  molars   with   usually  three  cusps, 


except  the  last,  which  has  two.     Sometimes,  however,  all  the  upper 
molars  have  four  cusps.     First  digit  of  manus  longest. 

535.  hispida.  {F/wco),  Schreb.  Saugth.,  iii,  1776,  p.  312,  pi.  Ixxxvi. 
faetida,  Fabricius,  Mull.  Zool.  Dan.  Prod.,  1776,  viii,  desc.  null. 
anneleta,  Nilss.  Skand.  Faun.,  1820,  i,  p.  262. 

discolor,  F.  Cuv.  Mem.  du  Mus. ,  1824,  xi,  p.  186. 

schreberi.  ct  frederici,  Less.  Diet.  Class.,  d'Hist.  Nat.,  xiii,  1828, 
pp.  414-416. 

dimidiatus,  Gray,  Cat.  Seals  and  Whales,  1866,  p.  22. 

Type  locality.      Greenland. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Circumpolar;  south  to  Labrador  on  American 
coast  of  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  northern  shores  of  Bering  Sea  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  moderate.  First  digit  of  manus  exceeds  all 
the  others  in  length;  teeth  small,  separated  by  diastema.  Facial 
portion  of  skull  short,  narrow,  tapering  uniformly.  Superior  outline 
of  skull  flat. 

Color.  Above  blackish  brown,  darkest  on  back;  sides  lighter, 
with  large  oval  whitish  spots;  beneath  yellowish  white.  Ring  around 
eye  black;  bristles  blackish.  Pattern  and  coloring  varies  among 
individuals. 

Measurements.  Male.  Total  length,  1560;  female,  1380.  Di- 
mensions vary  considerably. 

E.    Pagoptilus. 
Teeth  small,  separated;  muzzle  narrow,  lengthened,  attenuated; 
superior  outline  of  skull  flat;  mandible  very  slender;  rami  thin  and 
broad,  inferior  borders  curving  inward. 

536.  groenlandica.     {Plioca),    Fabricius,    Mull.    Zool.    Dan.    Proc, 

1776,  viii. 
nigra,  Kerr    Anim.  Kingd. ,  1792,  p.  125. 

oceanica,  Lepech.  At.  Acad.  Petrop.,  1777,  i,  p.  295,  pis.  vii,  viii. 
semilunaris,  Bodd.  Elench.  Anim.,  1785,  p.  170. 
alhicauda,  Desm.  Mamm.  Suppl.,  1822,  p.  839. 
lagura,  G.  Cuv.  Oss.  Foss.,  1825,  v,  p.  206  (juv.). 
mulleri,  desmaresii,   et  pilayi.  Less,   Diet.  Class.  Hist.  Nat.,  1828, 

xiii,  pp.  413,  416. 
dorsata.  Pall.  Zoog.  Rosso-Asiat.,  1831,  i,  p.  112. 
albini,  Alex.  Mem.  Ac.  Torino,   1850,  11,  p.  141,  pis.  1-lv. 
annelata,  Gaimard  (nee  Nills),  Voy.  Isl.,  Atlas,  i85i,pl.  xi,  fig.  9. 
Type  locality.      Greenland. 


Geogr.  Distr.  Circumpolar:  south  to  Newfoundland  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  in  north  Pacific  Ocean  possibly  to  Sitka? 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  color  var3-ing  greatly  according  to  age, 
female  one-fourth  less  than  male. 

Color.  Mall-.  Whitish  or  yellowish  white;  nose  and  head  to 
behind  eyes  black,  chin  and  throat  black  spotted.  A  broad  black 
band  from  shoulders  along  the  sides  to  tail,  uniting  on  back  between 
shoulders  and  on  lower  portion  of  back.       Hind  limbs  black  spotted. 

Ftmale.  Dull  white  or  yellowish,  back  tawny,  and  without 
black  markings,  or  having  them  very  indistinct;  individuals  vary 
greatly  in  color. 

Miasurcments.      Total  length,  1525 — 1600. 


Order  IX.    Insecflvora. 

G.  E.  Dobson,  Monograph  of  the  Insectivora,  1882. 

G.  E.  Dobson,  Synopsis  of  ihe  Soricidae,  i8go. 

C.  H.  Merriani,  Revision  of  the  American  Genera  Blarina  &>  Notio- 

sorex,  and  Synopsis  of  the  Atn.  Shrews  of  the   Genus  Sorex,  JV. 

Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  i8<)5. 
G.  S.  Miller,  The  Long-Tailed  Shrews  of  the  Eastern  United  States, 

N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  i8gj. 

Fam.  I.     Soricidae. 

Skull  long,  narrow;  no  zygomata  or  postorbital  process;  tym- 
panic not  forming  a  bulla.  Upper  molar  cusps  with  pattern  like  a 
W.  First  upper  incisor  large  and  hook-like  with  basal  cusp  on  pos- 
terior border;  no  caecum;  pubic  arch  closed;  tibia  and  fibula  united. 
Nose  long,  overhanging  the  mouth. 

Sub.  Fam.  I.     Soriciuae. 

Summits  of  teeth  colored  red. 

92.    Sorex. 

2—2'       0-0'       i-i'         3—3     J 
Sorex.     Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1755,  p.  53.      Type,  .S.  araneus,   Linn. 

Ear  conch  well  developed;  tail  long;  inner  side  of  canines  and 
incisors  without  secondary  cusps;  brain  case  rather  broad;  mandible 
fragile;  feet  without  fringe. 

537.  personatus.     {Sorex'),   Geoff.  St.  Hil.  Mem.  du  Museum,  Paris, 
1827,  vol.  XV,  122-125. 
fosteri,  Rich.  Zool.  Journ.,  1828,  iii,  p.  516. 
cooperi,  Bachm.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1837,  p.  388,  pi. 

xxiv,  fig.  7. 
Jimbripes,  Bachm.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1837,  p.  391,  pi. 

xxiv,  fig.  8. 
leseueri,  {Amphisorex),   Duvern,   Mag.  Zool.  Mamm.,  1842,  p.  33 

Pl-  1- 
platyrhnchus,  Linsley,  Sill.  Am.  Journ.,  1S42,  p.  346,  xliii. 

366 


Fig.   70.      SOREX    MONTEREYENSIS. 
No.  221  Pield  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 
Skull  enlarged  2?-^  times.  Tootli  rows  enlarged  6  ti 


platyrhinus,  [Otisore.x),  DeKay,  Zool.  N.  Y.,  1842,  i,  p.  22,  pi.  v, 
fig.  I 

haxdeni,  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  29. 

richardsoiii,  Dobson,  (nee  Bach.),  Mon.  Insectiv.  1890,  i,  pt.  in, 
pi.  xxiii,  fig.  9. 

idahoensis,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  p.  32. 

Type  locality.     Eastern  United  States. 

Gtogr.  Distr.  New  England  to  Alaska  and  south  in  high  moun- 
tains to  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina.  Not  found  in  southern 
Rocky  Mountains  or  Cascade-Sierra  ranges. 

G(nl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  shorter  than  body;  anterior  part  of 
rostrum  compressed,  attenuate;  unicuspids  decreasing  from  first  to 
fifth. 

Color.  Above  sepia  brown  nii.xed  with  dark  tipped  hairs;  be- 
neath ashy  gray;  tail  above,  including  tip,  dusky,  beneath  whitish, 
sometimes  there  is  a  chestnut  phase  of  pelage. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  93  106.4;  '*''  vertebra',  35.3-42.2; 
hind  foot,  1 1-12.8. 

a.—  streatori.     (Sore.x),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,   No.  10,  1S95,  p.  62. 
7\pe  locality.     Yakutat,  Alaska. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Limits  of  range  not  known. 


Genl.  Char.  Larger  and  darker  than  S.  personatus;  tail  about 
equal  to  body. 

Color.  Above  sepia  brown  and  dusky;  posterior  part  of  back 
darkest;  beneath  ash  gray;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  105-108.  i ;  tail  vejtebras,  45.5-46.9: 
hind  foot,  12. 7-1 3. 4. 

b.—arcticios.    {Si>rex),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900,  p.  17. 

Type  locality.      St.  Michael's,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  5.  personatus;  tail  longer,  color  paler. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  pale  drab  brown;  beneath  ashy 
white. 

Winter  Pelage.  Above  dusky  brown  and  white;  beneath  silverj' 
white  washed  with  very  pale  buff. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  108;  tail  vertebrae,  39;  hind  foot,  12. 

538.  richardsoni.     (Sorcx),  Bach.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  vol. 

vii,  1837,  p.  383,  pi.  xxlv,  fig.  5. 

parvus.  Rich,  (nee  Say),  Faun.  Bor.  Am.,  1829,  p.  8. 

Type  locality.      Unknown. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northern  Minnesota  and  Saskatchewan  Plains. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  short.  Skull  similar  to  that  of  5. 
futneiis,  but  generally  larger. 

Color.  Above  seal  brown;  sides  ochraceous;  beneath  plumbeous 
tinged  with  chestnut;  tail  above  dusky,  beneath  brownish.  Some 
specimens  have  ashy  sides,  and  under  parts  ash  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  about  113;  tail  vertebrae,  40;  hind 
foot,  14. 

539.  tundrensis.     {Sorex).  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.   Acad.   Scien.,    1900, 

p.  16. 

Type  locality.      St.  Michael's,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  pelage  bicolor  in  winter,  tricolor  in 
summer. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Top  of  head  and  back  drab  brown;  sides 
paler  buffy  brown;  under  parts  whitish.  Tail  above  brown,  tip  dusky, 
beneath  buffy. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  loS;  tail  vertebra?,  32;  hind  foot,  13. 

540.  sphagnicola.     {Sore.x),   Coues,    Bull.    U.   S.    Geol.   and   Geog. 

Surv.,  vol.  iii,  1887,  p.  650. 
belli,  Dobson,  Ms.  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1892,  p.  25. 
Type  locality.     Vicinity  of  Fort  Laird,  British  Columbia,  lat.  60°. 
Geogr.  Distr.      British  Columbia  and  Hudson  Bay. 
Genl.    Char.      Size  medium;  tail   shorter  than  body;  large,  com- 


pletely  haired;  unicuspids  large,  gradually  diminishing  to  fourth; 
first  and  second  subequal. 

Color.  Above  dark  seal  brown,  darkest  on  rump;  grayish  brown 
along  the  belly;  tail  dark  brown  all  around. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  no  ;  tail  vertebrae,  42  ;  hind 
foot,  13.5. 

541.  fumeus.     (Sore.x),    Miller,    N.   Am.    Faun.,    No.    10,    1895,   PP- 

50-52- 

p/atyrhinus,  Dobson  (nee  DeKay),  Mon.  Insect.,  1890,  Pt.  iii, 
fasc.  I,  pi.  xxiii,  fig.  5. 

Type  locality.      Peterboro,  N.  V. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  United  States,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Bruns- 
wick east  to  Ontario  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  .S".  richardsoni.  Back  without  distinct  dark 
median  area.     Color,  smoky  plumbeous  gray. 

Color.  In  autumn  and  winter.  Back  smoke  gray,  the  hair  everj'- 
where  tipped  with  seal  brown,  producing  a  finely  grizzled  appear- 
ance; the  dark  tips  slightly  more  conspicuous  over  rump  and  lumbar 
region,  less  numerous  on  the  sides  and  disappearing  entirel)'  on  the 
belly,  where  the  fur  is  pale  broccoli  brown.  Everywhere  the  fur  is 
slate  color  at  base.  Tail  indistinctly  bicolor  seal  brown  dorsallj', 
yellowish  white  ventrally;  feet  yellowish  white. 

In  Summer.  Dull  hair  brown  throughout,  paler  on  the  belly,  and 
very  slightly  darker  on  the  back. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  116;  tail  vertebrae,  44;  hind  foot, 
12.6.      (Miller,  1.  c.) 

542.  macrurus.     {Sorex),    Batchelder,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington, 

1896,  X,  p.  133. 

Type  locality.      Beedes,  Essex  County,  New  York. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  large;  tail  long;  body  stout. 

Color.  Upper  parts  slate  or  blackish  slate;  under  parts  dark 
smoke  or  brownish  mouse  gray;  tail  above  brown,  beneath  brownish 
flesh  color;  hind  and  fore  feet  above,  fawn  color. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  130;  tail  vertebra;,  60;  hind  foot, 
15;  ear,  10. 

543.  setosus.     (.V'/va),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Col.  Mus.,  1899,  ii  P-  274, 

Zoology. 

Type  locality.  Happy  Lake,  Clallam  County,  Olympic  Moun- 
tains, Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Larger  than  either  5.  vagrans  or  S.  obseurus.  Simi- 
lar in  the  color  of  the  back  but  with  brighter  sides,  and  grayish  white 


beneath  with  a  tint  of  buff.  Bristles  on  sides  buff  colored.  Third 
unicuspid  smaller  than  fourth.  Tail  about  one-fifth  shorter  than 
body  and  head. 

Color.  Entire  upper  parts  light  cassell  brown  with  a  grayish 
sheen  upon  it,  which  causes  it  to  vary  in  depth  according  to  the  light 
in  which  the  specimen  is  held.  Flanks,  brownish  ochre  with  a  spot 
denuded  of  fur  in  the  center,  covered  by  a  bunch  of  buff-colored 
bristles.  Under  parts  grayish  white,  almost  silvery  in  certain  lights, 
tinted  with  buff.  Legs  and  feet  flesh  color.  Tail  dark  brown  above, 
yellowish  white  beneath. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  120;  tail  vertebrae,  54;  hind  foot,  13. 

544.  vagrans.  {Sorex),  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.  1857,  p.  15,  pi.  xxvi, 
fig.  1675. 

suckleyi,  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  18,  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  1677. 

Type  locality.      Shoalwater  Bay,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  British  Columbia,  western  Washington 
and  Oregon,  and  northern  California  to  Monterey  on  coast,  and  to 
Fort  Crook  in  the  mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  as  long  as  body,  scantily  haired  at 
tip;  third  unicuspid  smaller  than  fourth.  Skull  like  that  of  S. 
obscurus,  but  upper  molars  and  large  premolar  are  smaller. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown  or  russet;  beneath  ashy;  tail  above 
dusky,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  190;  tail  vertebrae,  43.5;  hind 
foot,  12.3. 

a.—dobsoni.  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  1891,  pp.  33-34,  pi.  Iv, 
fig.  2. 

Ty/e  locality.  Saw  Tooth  or  Alturas  Lake,  east  base  of  Saw 
Tooth  Mountains,  Idaho. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountains  in  northern  Idaho  and  western 
Montana;  also  Big  Snowy  and  Prior  Mountains,  Montana;  Big  Horn 
Mountains,  Wyoming,  and  Wasatch  Mountains,  Utah. 

Geril.  Char.  Size  small;  pelage  short;  third  unicuspid  much 
smaller  than  fourth.  Similar  to  5.  vagrans  in  size  and  general  ap- 
pearance, but  color  grayish  brown  instead  of  chestnut  brown;  teeth 
broader. 

Color.  Above  dull  sepia  brown,  not  darker  on  the  rump.  Un- 
der parts  drab  gray  slightly  tinged  with  brown.  Tail  above  sepia 
brown,  beneath  drab  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length.  105;  tail  vertebrae,  47;  pencil,  4.5; 
hind  foot,  12.5. 


b.—monficola.     {Sore-x),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  3,  1890,  pp. 43.44. 

Type- locality.     San  Francisco  Mountains,  Arizona  (11,500  feet). 

Geogr.  Disir.     Arizona. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  small,  similar  to  >S'.  vagrans,  third  unicuspid 
much  smaller  than  fourth;  teeth  broad. 

Color.  Upper  parts  sepia  brown,  paler  on  the  sides;  under  parts 
much  lighter.     Tail  above  sepia  brown,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  107;  tail  vertebras,  45;  hairs,  2; 
hind  foot,  12.5;  ear  from  crown,  3. 

545.  amoenus.     {.Sorc.x),   Merr.,   N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p.  6g. 
Type  locality.      Mammoth  Pass,  Owens  River,    east  slope   Sierra 

Nevada,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Northern  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  S.  vagrans,  but  larger;  tail  shorter. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dark,  fuliginous  mixed  with  brownish;  sides 
pale  brownish;  under  parts  buffy  whitish.  Tail  blackish  above, 
whitish  below. 

Measurements.  Average  of  two  specimens  from  type  locality. 
Total   length,  103;  tail  vertebra,  37;  hind  foot,  12.3. 

546.  vancouverensis.     (Sorex),    Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.   10,    1895, 

p.   70. 

Type  locality.     Goldstream,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Vancouver  Island. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  S.  vagrans,  but  larger. 

Color.  Above  mixed  dusky  and  sepia  brown,  the  former  pre- 
vailing on  the  back,  the  latter  on  the  sides,  where  it  forms  an  indis- 
tinct band;  under  parts  plumbeous,  tipped  with  ash  and  washed 
with  rusty.      Tail  above  dark  brown,  paler  below  on  basal  half. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  110;  tail  vertebra?,  43;  hind  foot,  12. 

547.  nevadensis.     {Sorex),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  lo,  1895,  p.  71. 
Txpe  locality.      Reese  River,  Nevada. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Nevada,  Great  Basin. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small.  Similar  to  S.  vagrans,  but  tail  shorter 
and  color  different. 

Color.  Above  mixed  slate  black  and  hoary;  sides  indistinctly 
buffy,  under  parts  hoary.  Ears  brownish.  Tail  dusky  above  and 
whitish  below,  tip  dark. 

Measurements.  Average  of  four  specimens  from  type  locality. 
Total  length,  96.5;  tail  vertebrae,  39;  hind  foot,  12.5. 

548.  obscurus.     {Sorex),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  pp.  72- 

73,  pi.  viii,  figs.  1,  xa. 


vagrans  similis,  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  5,  1891,  pp.  34-35,  pi. 
iv,  fig.  3.      (nee  Hensel.) 

Type  locality.  Timber  Creek,  Salmon  River  Mountains,  Idaho 
(8,200  feet). 

Gi'ogr.  Distr.  British  Columbia,  and  Mountains  of  western 
Washington,  Idaho,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Utah  and  Colorado;  south 
in  California  to  Mt.  Whitney. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  6'.  vagrans,  but  slightly  larger  with  the 
skull  and  mandible  conspicuously  larger  and  heavier. 

Color.  Above  sepia  brown  tinged  with  pale  rufous.  Under  parts 
drab  gray  tinged  with  buff.  Tail  above  sepia  brown,  below  drab 
gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  102-iig;  tail  vertebras,  39-53.9;  hind 
foot,  12. 5-13. 8. 

a. — lon^icaicdus,     (Sorex),  Merr.    N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p.  74. 

Ty/>e  locality.      Wrangel,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "Coast  of  southeast  Alaska  from  Wrangel  south- 
ward; also  coast  of  Washington,  including  Puget  Sound  and  Skagit 
Valley." 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  bairdi  in  color,  length  of  tail  and  ex- 
ternal appearance;  similar  to  5".  ohscurus  in  cranial  and  dental  char- 
acters. 

Color.  Above  dark  chestnut  brown;  beneath  buffy  ash,  suffused 
with  pale  chestnut  brown  on  the  belly.  Tail  dark  brown  above, 
buffy  below. 

Measurements.  Average  of  27  specimens  from  Wrangel,  Alaska. 
Total  length,  128.8;  tail  vertebra:,  58.1;  hind  foot,  15.5.  (Mer- 
riam,  1.  c.) 

549.  glacialis.     {Sorc.x),  Merr.,Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900,  p.  16. 

Type  locality.      Point  Gustavus,  Glacier  Bay,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  S.  o.  longicaudus,  but  smaller  and  darker. 

Color.  Above  dusky  brown;  beneath  whitish.  Tail  above  and 
tip  brownish  dusky,  below  buffy. 

Measurements.   Total  length,  122;  tail  vertebrae,  52;  hind  foot,  14. 

fe. — alascensis.     Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p.  76. 

Type  locality.     Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Juneau  to  Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  medium,  about  equal  to  body  with- 
out head;  hind  foot  nearly  15. 

Color.  Above  sepia  brown  mixed  with  light  tipped  hairs;  be- 
neath ash  gray,  the  plumbeous  showing  through.  Tail  above  dark 
brown,  below  whitish. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  115;  tail  vertebras  45;  hind 
foot,  14.5. 

a. —  shuma^inensis.  (Sorex),  Merr.,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900, 
p.  iH. 

Ty/e  locality.      Popof  Island,  Shumagin  Group,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  .S'.  g.  a/ascensis,   but  smaller  and  paler. 

Color.  Above  brown  and  whitish,  "pepper  and  salt"  appear- 
ance; beneath  grayish  white;  indistinct  pale  fulvous  band  on  flanks. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  112;  tail  vertebra',  42;  hind  foot,  14. 

550.  bairdi.     {Sore.x),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1895,  p.  77,  pi.  vii,  figs. 

3.  3"- 

Type  locality.      Astoria,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Coast  of  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  o.  longicaudus,  but  skull  larger  and  an- 
terior unicuspids  much  more  swollen. 

Color.  Above  dark  chestnut  brown  mixed  with  black  on  back, 
beneath  chestnut  brown;  tail  dark  brown  above,  pale  buffy  brownish 
below. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  129;  tail  vertebraR,  57; 
hind  foot,  15.  i. 

551.  trowbridgei.     (Sorex),  Baird,  Mamm.,  N.  Am.,  1857,  pp.  13-15. 
Type  locality.      Astoria,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  W^ashington  and  Oregon,  west  of  Cas- 
cade Range. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  montereyensis,  but  third  lateral  incisor 
smaller  than  the  fourth,  anterior  upper  incisor  with  a  moderate  inter- 
nal lobe. 

Color.  Above  sooty  brown  or  black,  slightly  variegated  with 
hoary,  beneath  paler;  tail  blackish  above,  whitish  beneath. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  121;  tail  vertebrae,  57.7; 
hind  foot,  13.7. 

552.  montereyensis.     {Sorex'),  Merr.,  N.  Am.   Faun.,   No.    10,    1895, 

P-  79- 

Type  locality.      Monterey,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  and  Sierra  Nevada  of  California;  south  on 
coast  to  Morro  and  San  Luis  Obispo;  south  in  the  Sierra  to  Sequoia 
National  Park  and  East  Fork  Kaweah  River. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long;  skull  and  teeth  similar  to  S. 
trowbridgei,  but  heavier. 

Color.  Above  slate  black,  grading  into  dull  plumbeous  brown 
on  the  belly.  In  summer  the  back  is  bro\vnish.  Tail  blackish  above, 
whitish  beneath. 


Measurements.  Average  total  length,  120;  tail  vertebrae,  52.4; 
hind  foot,  14.8. 

553.  ornatus.     (Sorex),  Merr.,  N.  Am.   Faun.,   No.    10,    1895,   p.   79, 

pi.  viii,  figs.  3,  la. 

Type  locality.      San  Emigdio  Canon,  Mount  Pinos,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  California  from  head  of  Ventura  River 
and  Mount  Pinos  easterly  to  San  Bernardino  Peak,  and  south 
through  the  San  Jacinto  range  to  Santa  Isabel. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  californiciis,  but  larger,  with  much 
longer  tail,  larger  ears  and  feet,  and  dark  rump  patch. 

Color.  Above  ash  gray,  darker  on  the  rump,  forming  a  patch  on 
posterior  half  of  back;  sides  and  beneath  whitish;  tail  dark  above, 
pale  below. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  108;  tail  vertebrae,  43;  hind  foot,  13. 

554.  californicus.     {Sore.x),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p.  80, 

pi.  xii,  figs.  6,  7. 

Type  locality.     Walnut  Creek,  Contra  Costa  County,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  tail  shorter  than  body  without  head; 
skull  small  and  flat;  third  unicuspid  barely  half  the  size  of  the  fourth. 

Color.  Above  dark  ash  gray  and  blackish,  sometimes  washed 
with  brownish;  beneath  plumbeous,  tipped  with  whitish. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  93;  tail  vertebra;,  34.5;  hind 
foot,  II. 5. 

555.  shastensis.     {Sorex),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  16,  1899,  p.  87. 
Type  locality.      Mount  Shasta,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  tj'pe  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  "Small,  tail  short,  ears  small;  third  unicuspid 
smaller  than  fourth.  Skull:  rostrum  small,  constriction  swollen; 
unicuspids  narrower  than  in  6".  californicus;  large  premolar,  very 
broad  posteriorly." 

Color.  "  Head  and  sides  of  neck  to  shoulders  dull  rufous  brown; 
rest  of  upper  parts  dark  steel  gray;  under  parts  ashy  brown;  tail 
sharply  bicolor,  dusky  above,  buffy  below,  becoming  dusky  toward 
tip." 

Measurements.  "Total  lengths,  90;  tail  vertebras,  35;  hind 
foot,  12."     (Merr.,  1.  c.) 

556.  tenellus.     {Sore.x),    Merr.,  N.    Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,   1895,  p.   81, 

pi.  xii,  figs.  8,  9. 
Type  locality.     Alabama   Hills,    near   Lone   Pine,  Owens  Valley, 
California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southeastern  California. 


Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  californicus ,  but  the  skull  is  flatter, 
smaller  and  much  narrower. 

Color.  Above  pale  ash  gray,  beneath  white;  feet  white;  tail 
dark  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  103  ;  tail  vertebra:,  42  ;  hind 
foot,  12.5. 

a.— nanus.     Merr.,  N.   Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p.  81,  pi.  viii,   figs. 

5.   5"- 

Type  locality.     Estes  Park,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Colorado,  Montana  (Fort  Custer). 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  similar  to  .S'.  tenellus,  skull  more  slender 
and  teeth  smaller. 

Color.  Above  sepia  brown,  darkest  on  the  back,  under  parts 
and  feet  grayish  ash;  tail  above  sepia  brown,  beneath  whitish,  tip 
dark. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  105;  tail  vertebrae,  42;  hind  foot,  10. 

557.  longirostris.     [Sore.x),    Bachm.    Jour.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.  Phil., 

1837,  III,  Pt.  II,  pp.  370-373,  pi.  x.xiii,  fig.  2. 

Type  locality.      Swamps  of  Santee  River,  South  Carolina. 

Geoi^r.  Distr.  North  and  South  Carolina,  probably  Georgia  and 
Florida  also. 

Genl.  Char.      Size  small;  third  unicuspid  smaller  than  fourth. 

Color.  Above  chestnut  brown,  beneath  ashj'  tinged  with  drab; 
tail  above  dark  brown,  beneath  paler. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  85.6;  tail  vertebrae,  31.9; 
hind  foot,  10.7. 

558.  fisheri.     {Sorex),  Merr.,N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p.  86,   pi. 

Iv,  fig.  4. 
'J'ype  locality.      Lake  Drummond,  Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 
Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  .S".  longirostris,  but  larger. 
Color.     Above  dull  chestnut  brown,    beneath  drab  brown;  tail 
above  very  dark  brown,  beneath  pale  brownish,  tip  dark  all  around. 
Measurements.     Total  length,  108;  tail  vertebr*,  39;  hind  foot,  12. 

559.  pacificus.     {.'^••re.x),    Baird,    Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv., 

1877,  III,  3,  p.  650. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Umpqua,  mouth  of  Unipqua  River,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Pacific  coast  from  Point  Reyes,  California,  to 
Yaquina  Bay,  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  skull  massive;  first  and  second  unicus- 
pids  subequal;  fourth  larger  than  third;  fifth,  variable,  orange 
tipped. 


Color.  Cinnamon  rufous  in  summer;  in  winter  the  pelage  is 
darker. 

Aleasurements.  Total  length,  average,  150;  tail  vertebrae,  63; 
hind  foot,  17. 

560.  pribilofensis.     {Sorex),    Merr. ,  N.  Am.    Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p. 

87,  pi.  ix,  figs.  3,  3a. 

Type  locality.      St.  Paul  Island,  Pribilof  Islands. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  rather  small;  tail  short,  thick  and  remarkably 
hairy;  unicuspids  diminishing  from  before  backwards,  as  in  5.  per- 
sonatus ;  third  larger  than  fourth. 

Color.  Head  and  band  down  the  back  chocolate  brown,  sides 
dull,  ochraceous  buff;  under  parts  dirty  white;  chin,  throat  and  feet, 
white;  tail  brown  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  107  ;  tail  vertebra,  35  ;  hind 
foot,  13.5. 

561.  merriami.     [Sorex),   Dobson,   Mon.  Insectivora,    Part  III,  fasc. 

I,  1890,  pi.  xxiii,  fig.  6. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Custer,  Montana. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  tail  not  quite  so  long  as  body,  ears 
very  large.  Skull:  brain  case  flat;  rostrum  and  palate  short,  broad; 
second  unicuspid  the  largest;  fourth  smaller  than  third;  middle  inci- 
sor without  secondary  cusp  on  inner  side. 

Color.  Above  ash  gray  tinged  with  buffy;  sides  and  beneath, 
white;  feet  white;  tail  above  buffy  white,  beneath  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  90;  tail  vertebrae,  36;  hind  foot,  11. 

a. — miscix.     {Sorex),  Bangs,  Proc.  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Soc,  i,  1899,  p.  15. 

Type  locality.      Black  Bay,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Labrador. 

Genl.  Char.  Large  as  5.  /.  streatori  Merr.  from  Alaska;  hind 
foot  larger  than  in  .S.  personatus ;  colors  paler  and  grayer  at  all  sea- 
sons, but  especially  so  in  winter.  Skull  much  larger,  brain  case 
much  higher,  foramen  magnum  smaller  and  narrower. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Upper  part  broccoli  brown,  shading  on 
rump  towards  sepia,  the  amount  of  sepia  varying  much  in  different 
individuals,  in  some  skins  spreading  well  up  over  the  back;  under 
parts  pale   smoky  gray;  tail,  feet  and   hands   as   in  S.  personatus. 

Winter  Pelage.  Upper  parts,  drab  gray;  under  parts,  base  of  hairs 
slate  gray;  tips  silvery  gray,  the  basal  slate  gray  showing  in  places; 
tail  more  hairy  than  in  summer  and  more  sharply  bicolored. 

Measuronents.  Total  length,  104;  tail  vertebras,  44;  hind  foot, 
14  (Bangs  1.  c.) 


MICROSOREX.  377 

93.    Microsorex. 

d'  i-i'  i-i       ■> 

Microsorex.  Baird,  in  Coues  Prec.  Notes  on  Am.  Insect.  Mamm., 
Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Survey,  1877,  iii,  No.  3,  p.  646. 
Type  Sor,x  hoyi,  Baird. 

Inner  side  of  canines,  and  second  and  third  upper  incisors  with  a 
distinct  secondary  cusp;  fourth  upper  incisor  very  minute  and  nearly 
hidden  between  third  incisor  and  canine:  brain  case  low  and  narrow; 
mandible  short  and  heavy:   feet  never  fringed. 


S^&g?^  iMWP'i^^ 


Fig.  71.     Microsorex  hoyi. 

No.  8005  .Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll. 

Skull  2M  times  nat.  size.  Tooth  rows  6  times  nat.  size. 

562.  hoyi.  {Sorex),  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  pp.  32-33,  pi. 
xxviii. 

thompsoni,  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  34. 

Type  locality.      Racine,  Wisconsin. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Labrador  to  British  Columbia,  northern  Minne- 
sota and  North  Dakota. 

Genl.  Char.  Verj'  small  and  slender.  Ears  prominent,  feet  very 
small.  Tail  about  as  long  as  the  body  exclusive  of  head.  Remain- 
ing characters  like  those  of  subgenus. 

Color.  Above  chestnut  brown,  with  a  little  hoariness;  sides  hair 
brown;  beneath  dull  rusty  white.  Tail  pale  Isabella  color,  as  are 
also  the  feet. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  S3;  tail  vertebrae,  32; 
hind  foot,  10.7. 


NEOSOREX. 


I. 


94.    Neosorex. 

C.  1=^;  P.  2=?;  M.  5=3  =  32. 
0—0'         I— i'         3—1         ->^ 


Neosorex.     Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  11.      Ty/rc  Neoscrex  navi. 
gator,  Baird. 

Inner  side  of  canines  and  incisors  without  secondary  cusps; 
fourth  upper  incisor  well  developed,  brain  case  broad;  mandible 
slender  and  lightly  built;  feet  fringed  with  bristle-like  hairs. 


Fig.  72.     Neosorex  palustrius. 

No.  2532  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll. 
Skull  twice  nat.  size.  Tooth  rows  enlarged  5  times. 

563.    palustris.     {Sorex),    Richardson,    Zool.   Journ.,  vol.    iii,   1828, 

P-  571- 

Type  locality.  Marshy  places  between  Hudson  Bay  to  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Central  Minnesota  to  east  base  of  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

Genl.  Char.      Same  as  those  of  the  subgenus. 

Color.  Above  seal  brown  and  hoary;  fur  at  base  slate  gray; 
belly  pale  smoke  gray,  sometimes  tinged  with  cream  color;  feet 
sepia;  tail  above  and  at  tip  seal  brown,  beneath  pale  smoke  gray. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  157;  tail  vertebrre,  68;  hind  foot,  20. 


I 


NEOSOREX.  379 

a. — nnid^ator.  {^Neosorex),  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  pp.  11-12, 
pi.  xxvi. 

paluslris,  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  i8gi,  No.  5,  p.  35  (nee  Richard). 

Type  locality.  Stated  to  be  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington,  but 
probably  the  type  came  from  northern  Idaho. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Rocky  Mountains  from  British  Columbia  to 
southern  Colorado;  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  south  to  Sequoia 
National  Park. 

GenL  Char.  Similar  to  y.  palushis,  but  smaller.  Feet  large  and 
broad;  tail  longer  than  head  and  body,  with  a  distinct  pencil  at  tip; 
third  lateral  tooth  smaller  than  the  fourth. 

Color.  Above  sooty  brown  mixed  with  hoary;  beneath  grayish 
white;  tail  silver  white  beneath,  dusky  above. 

Measurements.  Average  of  8  specimens  from  Preyor  Mountains, 
Montana.  Total  length,  148.4;  tail  vertebra^  71.5;  hind  foot,  20.4; 
(Merriam). 

h. — alasknnus.    Merr.  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900,  p.  18. 

Ty/e  locality.      Point  Gustavus,  Glacier  Bay,  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  N.  p.  navigator,  but  smaller. 

Color.  Above  slate  gray;  under  parts  and  feet  whitish;  tail 
above  and  tip  dusky;  beneath  whitish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  145  ;  tail  vertebra?,  65  ;  hind 
foot,  18.5. 

564.  albibarbis.     {Neosore.x),   Cope,    Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.    Phil., 

1862,  pp.  188-189. 

Type  locality.  Profile  Lake,  Franconia  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Pennsylvania  northward  to  Labrador. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  X.  palustris,  but  dusky  beneath.  Skull 
and  teeth  smaller,  the  anterior  unicuspids  narrower,  and  molars  less 
deeply  excavated  behind. 

Color.  Above  blackish  slate  mixed  with  light  tipped  hairs; 
beneath  dusky;  tail  blackish  above,  whitish  below  on  basal  two- 
thirds. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  153;  tail  vertebra,  66.6;  hind 
foot,  19. 

565.  hydrodomus.     {.Sorex),  Dobson,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th 

scr..  vol.  4,  i88g,  pp.  372-374. 
Type  locality.     Unalaska  Island,  Aleutian  Islands,  Alaska. 
Gen.  Char.     Third    incisor    larger    than    fourth;    fore   and    hind 
feet  fringed  on  both  sides,  especially  dense  on  outer  margins. 

Color.     "Fur  reddish  brown  above,   yellowish  brown  beneath; 


NEOSOREX. 


ATOPHYRAX. 


chin,  throat  and  chest  with  grayish  tipped  hairs;  the  base  of  the  hairs 
both  above  and  beneath  dark  bhiish  gray." 

Measurements.  "Length  head  and  bod}',  53;  tail,  46;  eye  from 
end  of  muzzle,  g-J^;  ear  length,  6-}4;  elbow  to  end  of  middle  digit 
without  claw,  13;  hand,  6;  foot,  13;  distance  between  tips  of  first 
upper  incisor  and  last  premolar,  yYi." 


95.  Atophyrax. 

I.  i=_4;   c.  i=i;    p.  5=?;  M.  ?== 


32. 


Atophyrax.     Merr.,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  1884,  p.  217. 

"  Feet  large  and  fimbricate,  with  third  and  fourth  toes  of  hind 
foot  webbed  at  base  as  in  Neosorex.  Anterior  part  of  rostrum  nar- 
rowed, much  produced  and  recurved,  forming,  with  the  under  jaw,  a 
toothed  forceps  for  seizing  living  prey.  Brain  case  expanded  laterally 
as  in  Neosorex.  Unicuspidate  teeth  parallel,  the  fifth  with  a  colored 
cusp,  sometimes  bifid.  Two  first  upper  molars  with  two  internal 
cusps,  the  secondary  one  diagnostic  of  the  subgenus  is  separated  by 
a  sulcus  from  the  large  triangular  cusp  developed  on  the  cingulum  of 
the  posterior  half  of  the  inner  side  of  the  tooth." 


Fig.  73.    Atophyrax  bendirii. 
No.  2379  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll. 


Skull  twice  nat.  sii^. 


Tooth  rows  enlarged  5  times 


ATOPHYRAX.  BLARINA.  381 

56O.  bendirii.  (Ato/>/iyrax),  Merr.  .Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  New  York,  vol. 
ii,  1884,  pp.  217-225. 

Type  locality.      Klamath  Basin,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Klamath  Basin,  Oregon,  northward  along  east 
side  of  Cascade  Range  to  Paget  Sound,  westward  to  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia and  south  to  Sonoma  County. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long;  other  characters  those  of  the 
subgenus. 

Color.      Sooty  plumbeous,  paler  on  under  parts;  tail  dusky. 

Measurements.     Total  length,  150;  tail  vertebra:,  68;  hind  foot,  20. 

a.—palmeri,  {Sorex),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p.  97,  pi. 
xii,  figs.  1-3. 

Type  locality.      Astoria,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Coast  of  Oregon,  Willamete  Valley. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  bendirii,  but  larger,  blacker,  skull 
heavier. 

Color.  Above  shining  black,  grading  into  sooty  plumbeous 
beneath;  tail  dusky. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  165;  tail  vertebra^  73;  hind  foot,  20. 

h.—albiventer.    (Sorex),  Merr.  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p.  97. 

Type  locality.      Lake  Cushman,  Olympic  Mountains,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Olympic  Mountains,  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S-  bendirii,  but  larger,  beneath  whitish; 
tail  longer;  skull  and  teeth  larger. 

Color.  Above  sooty  plumbeous;  beneath  white,  tinged  with 
dusky  on  breast  and  middle  of  belly.  Tail  blackish  above,  beneath 
paler  at  base. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  166  ;  tail  vertebra;,  78  ;  hind 
foot,  20.5. 

96.    Blarina. 

I.  ii2i  or 3=3;    c.  i=i;    P.  ?=-';  M.  ^^  =  32  or  30. 

2—2'       2—2  0—0'         I— 1'         3—3       -^  -^ 

Blarina.     Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1837,  p.  124.     Type  Sorex  talpoides. 

Gapper  =  S.  brevicaudus.  Say. 
Corsira.      Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1837,  p.  123. 
Brachysorex.      Duvern.  Mag.  Zool.,  2nd  Ser. ,  1842,  p.  37. 
Blaria.     Gray,  List  Spec.  Mamm.  Brit.  Mus.,  1843,  xxi. 
Talposorex.      Pomel  (nee  Lesson),  Archiv.  Scien.  Pliys.  and  Nat., 

Geneve,  1848,  ix,  p.  248. 
Galemys.      Pomel    (nee   Kaup),   Archiv.    Scien.    Phys.    and   Nat., 

Geneve,  1848,  ix,  p.  249.     (Part.) 


382  BLARINA. 

Cryptotis.      Pomel,  Archiv.  Scien.  Phys.  and  Nat.,  Geneve,  1848, 

p.  249. 
Anotus.     Wagn.  Supp.  Schreb.  Saugth.,  1855,  p.  550. 
Sorieiscus.     Coues,   Bull.   U.   S.    Gaol,   and  Geog.   Surv. ,    1877, 

p.  649. 
Ear  conch  truncated  above;  tail  short;  fourth  upper  incisor  rudi- 
mentary or  absent;  first   and   second   unicuspids   largest,   subequal; 
middle  incisor  with  elongate  basal  lobe;  brain  case  highest  at   lamb, 
doidal  suture. 


Fig.  74.     Blarina  brevicauda. 

No.  3583  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll. 
Skull  twice  nat.  size.  Tooth  rows  4  times  nat.  size. 


567.  brevicauda.     (Sorex),  Say  in  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts. ,  vol.  i, 

1823,  p.  164. 
talpoidcs.  Gapper,  Zool.  Jour.,  1830,  v,  p.  202,  pi.  viii. 
dekayi,  Bach.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1837,  vii,  p.  377. 
micritra,    Pomel,    Archiv.    Scien.    Phys.    et   Nat.  Geneve,    1848, 

p.  249. 
angusticefs,  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  1857,  p.  47. 
costaricensis,  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1891,  p.  205 

(not  from  Costa  Rica). 
Type  locality.      Near   Blair,    three    miles    above  mouth   of  Boyer 
River,  Nebraska. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Atlantic  coast  to  Nebraska,  and  Manitoba. 


BLARINA.  383 

Gent.  Char.  Skull  largest  and  heaviest  of  the  American  Sori- 
cidae. 

Color.     Above  sooty  plumbeous,  beneath  ashy  plumbeous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  average,  127;  tail  vertebra;,  26.5; 
hind  foot,  16.5. 

a. — caroUnensis.  (Son-x),  Bachm.,  Jour.  Acad.  Sci.  Phil.,  vii,  Part  11, 
1837,  pp. 366-370. 

Type  locality.      Eastern  South  Carolina. 

Gcogr.  Distr.      Chesapeake  Bay  to  Arkansas. 

Genl.  Char.  Intermediate  between  B.  brevicaitda  i.i\A  B.  parva ; 
hind  foot  small  as  in  B.  parva.  Occipital  plane  of  skull  more  arched 
than  in  B.  brevicauda,   mandible  weaker. 

Color.      Above  sooty  plumbeous;  paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  99.5;  tail  vertebra;,  20.5;  hind 
foot,  12.5. 

b.—hulopha^a.  {Blarina),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mas.,  1899,  i, 
p.  287,  Zoology. 

Type  locality.      Dougherty,  Indian  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  only  from  type  locality. 

Gent.  Char.  Similar  to  B.  b.  caroUnensis,  but  lighter  in  color  and 
differing  in  the  character  of  the  teeth,  and  with  an  extremely  short 
tail.  Skull:  occipital  plane  flat  as  in  B.  brevicauda,  only  slightly 
elevated  above  the  frontals;  mandible  equally  massive  for  the  rela- 
tive size,  and  the  angle  well  pronounced.  Pterygoid  fossa  as  long 
as  that  of  B.  brivicauda,  notwithstanding  the  shorter  length  of  skull. 
Incisors  broad  at  base  and  sloping  forwards,  fifth  unicuspid  not  visi- 
ble from  the  outside,  first  and  second  unicuspids  more  than  twice 
the  size  of  the  following  three,  and  projecting  forward.  Middle 
cusp  of  first  upper  molar  large  and  pyramidal  in  shape. 

Color.  Adult  Male.  Uniform  silvery  graj-  in  most  lights,  chang- 
ing to  light  brown  in  others;  under  parts  pale  hues  of  same  colors 
and  when  viewed  against  the  hair  becoming  buff.  Feet  flesh  color. 
Tail  brown  above,  brownish  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  100;  tail  vertebra;,  18;  hind  foot, 
12.  Skull:  occipito-nasal  length,  20;  length  of  Hensel,  17;  greatest 
mastoid  breadth,  9;  palatal  length,  8;  pterygoid,  3. 

c. — peninmUae.  (Blarina),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895, 
p.   14. 

Type  locality.      Miami  River,  Dade  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Peninsula  of  Florida,  south  of  latitude  28°. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  B.  b.  caroUnensis,  but  with  larger  hind 
feet  and  more  slaty  coloration;  molariform  teeth  larger. 


Color.     Upper  parts   uniform   slate   black,   darker    below;  lacks 
the  sepia  brown  tint  of  B.  h.  carolintnsis. 

Measurements.      Total  length,   97;  tail   vertebrae,    20;  hind    foot, 
I3-5- 

568.  telmalestes.     (Blarina),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  10,  1895,  p. 
15,  pi.  ii,  fig.  5. 

Type  locality.      Lake  Drummond,  Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to   B.  brevuaicda,    skull   narrower;  anterior 
nares  less  thickened. 

Color.      Uniform  dark  plumbeous  or  slate  gray  above  and  below, 
slightly  darker  on  the  rump  and  nose;  feet  and  tail  blackish. 

Measurements.      Totallength,  118;  tail  vertebrae,  28;  hind  foot,  16. 


I.    Oryptotis. 


FiG.  75.      Blarina  (Cryptotis)  parva. 

No.  938  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll. 

Skull  enlarged  2?i  times.  Tooth  rows  enlarged  7  times. 


569.  parva.     (Sorcx),    Say,  in  Long's  Exped.  to   Rocky   Mts.,    1823, 

vol.  I,  p.  164. 
cinereus,  Bachm.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1837,  vii,  p.  373, 

pi.  xxiii,  fig.  3. 
exilipes,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  51. 
eximius,  Baird,  N.  Am.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  52. 


BLARINA.  NOTIOSOREX.  385 

Type  locality.  Near  Blair,  Nebraska,  west  bank  of  Missouri 
River. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Atlantic  coast  to  eastern  Nebraska  and  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Smallest  of  United  States  species;  last  upper  uni- 
cuspid  usually  not  visible  from  outside;  upper  molars  deeply  exca- 
vated posteriorly. 

Color.  Above  sepia  to  dark  hair  brown;  beneath  ash  gray.  Tail 
above  sepia,  below  ash  gray. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  average,  79;  tail,  vertebr;c,  16; 
hind  foot,   10.6. 

570.  floridana.     {Blarina),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  lo,  1895,  p.  19, 

pi.  i,  fig.  7. 

Type  locality.  Chester  Shoal,  11  miles  north  of  Cape  Canaveral, 
Brevard  County,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Peninsular  Florida,  south  of  latitude  29^. 

Genl.  Char.  "Similar  to  B.  parva,  but  larger,  with  longer  skull, 
whiter  teeth,  and  larger  molars,  which  are  less  deeply  emarginate 
posteriorly." 

Color.      Winter  Pelage.      Above  iron  gray,  beneath  paler. 

Summer  Pelage.      Inclined  to  sepia. 

Measurements.  Average  from  two  specimens  from  type  locality. 
Total  length,  89;  tail  vertebra-,  22;  hind  foot,  12.     (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

9G.    Notiosorex. 

I.  y=l-,   C.  !=i;   p.  — ;  M.  t:-  =  28. 
2—2'         0-0'         I— i'         3-3 

Notiosorex,     Baird,    in  Coues  Bull.    U.  S.    Geol.   and  Geog.   Surv., 
1877,  p.  646.      Type  Sorcx  crawfordi,  Baird. 

Third  unicuspid  half  the  size  of  second;  all  narrow  at  base,  inner 
side  without  secondary  cusplet;  anterior  teeth  orange  at  tips;  molars 
white,  cranium  flat,  rounded  on  sides;  tail  short,  not  half  as  long  as 
head  and  body. 

571.  crawfordi.     {Soriw),   Baird,    Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv., 

1877,  iii,  p.  657. 

Type  locality.     Fort  Bliss,  New  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Eastern  Texas  to  southern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  ears  larj,'e,  conspicuous;  hind  feet  and 
tail  short;  other  characters  same  as  those  of  the  genus. 

Color.  Above  olive  gray;  beneath  whitish;  tail  bicolor  agreeing 
above  and  below  with  the  hues  of  the  body. 


NOTIOSOREX. 


NEUROTRICHUS. 


Fig.  76.     NoTisOREx  crawfordi. 

No.  S1395  U.  S.  Nafl.  Museum  Coll. 
Skull  Enlarged  2%  times.  Tooth  rows  enlarged  6  times. 

Measure7nents.  Total  length,  82;  tail  vertebras,  26;  hind  foot, 
10.5;  ear,  6.5. 

Fam.   II.     Talpldae. 

F.  W.  True.      A  revision  of  the  American  Moles.      Free.  U.  S.Nat. 
Mus.,  1896,  p.  I. 

Body  stout;  neck  very  short,  apparently  wanting;  eyes  minute; 
ears  short,  concealed  in  the  fur;  nostrils  superior  or  lateral,  some- 
times terminal  on  the  snout;  in  one  instance  surrounded  by  a  radiat- 
ing fringe;  limbs  short  fitted  for  digging,  the  anterior  the  larger; 
manus  broad  and  with  powerful  claws;  tail  short;  tibia  and  fibula 
united;  first  and  second  lower  incisors  not  projected  horizontally 
forwards. 

Sub.   Fam.  I.     Myogalinae. 

Clavicles  and  humerus  moderately  elongated;  manus  without  fal- 
ciforme  bone. 

97.    Neiirotrichus. 

I.  ^^;  c.  i=i;    P.  ^3    M.  3=3  =  36. 
i-i'        i-i'  4-4'         3-3        ■' 

Neiirotrichus.     Gunth.    Proc.   Zool.   Soc,   1880,   p.   441.     Type,    U. 
gibbsi,  Baird. 
Anterior  upper  incisors   broad;   internal  basal    cusp    of   second 


NEUROTRICHUS. 


upper  molar  bilobed;  bullae  incomplete;  snout  and  tail  elongate;  nos- 
trils lateral  in  terminal  naked  pad  of  snout;  fore  feet  broad;  claws 
lonK,  acute,  compressed. 


Fig.   77.       NEUROTRICHUS   GIBBSII. 
No.  872  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 


Skull  twice  nat.  size. 


Tooth  rows  cnlartLred  4  tii 


572.   gibbsi.     {Urotrichus),  Baird,  N.  km.  Mamm.,  1857,  p.  76. 

Type  locality.  White  River  Pass,  Cascade  Mountains,  Wash- 
ington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Fraser  River,  British  Columbia,  west  of  Cascade 
and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  to  Shasta  County,  and  thence  along  the 
coast  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Muzzle  prolonged  into  a  cylindrical  tube,  con- 
tinued some  distance  beyond  the  incisors,  terminating  in  a  simple 
naked  bulb.  Nostrils  cylindrical,  opening  in  the  side;  eyes  and  ears 
concealed.  Tail  long  and  hairy;  fore  foot  moderately  large,  shorter 
than  the  hind  feet.  Upper  and  under  surface  of  both  covered  with 
small  plates. 

Color.  "  Dark  sooty  brown  almost  inappreciably  lighter  beneath, 
the  color  almost  uniform  from  the  roots;  a  little  more  bluish  perhaps 
in  the  covered  portions.  Some  of  the  hairs  are  more  lustrous  than 
others,  and  reflect  light  so  as  to  impart  a  hoary  appearance.  The 
fur  is  long  and  not  very  compact,  longest  hair  twentieth  of  an  inch." 
(Baird,  1.  c.) 

a.— major.    {Neurotrichus),  Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  i6,  1899,  p.  88. 
Ty/>e  locality.      Carberry  Ranch,  Shasta  County,  California. 
Gfogr.  Distr.     Canadian  zone,  Shasta  County,  California. 


388  NEUROTRICHUS.  SCALOPS. 

Genl.  Char.  '■'■ 'Sixm.Wz.x  \.q  N.  gibbsi,  but  larger;  tail  longer,  feet 
larger;  under  parts  darker;  upper  large  premolar  smaller,  with  an- 
terior cusp  to  the  cingulum;  lower  large  premolar  larger  than  in  N. 
gibbsi. 

Color.      Similar  to  IS! .  gibbsi. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length,  120;  tail  vertebrae,  40;  hind 
foot,  17. 

b.—hyacinthinus.  {^Ne'iiroirichus),  Bangs,  Am.  Natur.,  1897,  xxxi, 
p.  240. 

Type  locality.      Nicasio,  Marin  County,  California. 

Genl.    Char.      Larger  than  N.  gibbsi;  skull  broader  relatively. 

Color.      Black  with  green  and  purple  reflections. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  average,  123.8;  tail  vertebras,  39.7; 
hind  foot,  17. 

Sub.  Fam.  II.     Talpinae. 

Clavicle  and  humerus  very  short  and  broad;  manus  with  a  large 
falciforme  bone. 

98.    Scalops. 

I.  3r_3;  C.  ^;    P.  ^;   M.  3=3  ^    o, 

3-3  i-i'  3-3  3-3  ^ 

Functional  dentition.      I.  g;  C.  ~;  P.  ^;  M.  ^  =  36. 

Scalops.     Cuv.  Lee.  Anat.  Comp.,  1800-1,  (Desc.  null.)     Type  none. 

Talposcrex.      Less,  (nee  Schinz),  Man.  Mamm.,  1827,  p.  124. 

Palate  extending  behind  last  molars;  bullae  complete;  first  upper 
incisor  large,  next  two  minute;  molars  with  narrow,  anterior  internal 
basal  ledge;  nostrils  superior;  sacral  vertebra^  and  ischium  connected 
by  two  bony  bridges.  Fore  and  hind  toes  webbed.  Hand  with  an 
OS  falciforme. 

573.  aquaticus.     {Sorex),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  p.  53. 

europaea  flavescens,  Erxl.  Syst.  Regn.  Anim.,  1777,  p.  118. 

europaea  flava,  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  1788,  p.  no. 
Jiava,  Kerr,  Anim.  King.,  1792,  p.  201. 
fusca,  Kerr,  Anim.  King.,  1792,  p.  202. 

cupreata,  Rafin.  Free,  decouv.  trav.  somiol.  Palerme,  181 4,  p.  14. 

canadensis,  Desm.  Mamm.,  1820,  p.  155. 
pennsylvanica,  Harl.  Faun.  Amer.,  1825,  p.  33. 

virginiana,  De  Blainv.  Osteog.  Atl.,  1839-64,  i,  p.  4,  pis.  v,  ix. 
pennantii,  Le  Conte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1853,  p.  327. 

Type  locality.      Eastern  United  States. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Massachusetts  to  Florida,  westward  to  Mississippi. 

Genl.  Char.     Eyes  and  ears  minute,  not  covered   by   membrane. 


SCALOPS. 


Fig.  78.    ScALOPS  aquaticus. 

No.  8525  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 
Skull  enlarged  'A  nat.  size.  Tooth  rows  enlarged  4  times. 

Fore  feet  yevy  large,  broader  than  long  (exclusive  of  claws);  toes 
webbed;  palms  naked.  Tail  short,  slender,  scantily  covered  with 
hair.  Fur  fine,  velvety.  Coronoid  process  of  mandible  heavy,  with 
a  tubercle  on  posterior  margin. 

Color.  Uniform  lead  color  tinged  with  brown,  in  some  lights 
appearing  dark,  in  others  silvery  gray.     Feet  and  tail  white. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  100-150;  tail,  20-28;  hind  foot,  20. 

a.—jnnchrinus.     {Talpa),   Rafin.,  Atlantic  Journ.,  1832,  p.  61. 

serieeti,  Rafin.,  Atl.  Journ.,  1832,  p.  61. 

argentatus,  Aud.  &  Bach.,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1842, 
p.  292. 

Ty/e  locality.      Near  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  to  Tennessee  and 
Missouri;  west  to  eastern  Kansas,  Nebraska  and  southwestern  South 
Dakota. 

Genl.  Char.  Largest  of  the  genus.  Nose  elongate,  depressed, 
naked  and  tuberculate;  tail,  one-si.\th  of  whole  length,  white,  squared, 
naked;  feet  white.  Coronoid  process  of  mandible  large,  triangular, 
posterior  margin  straight. 

Color.      Brown  with  grayish  shades. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  154.9;  tail  vertebra;,  33.8. 


b.— inter medius.  {Sen lops),  Elliot,  Pub.  Field  Columb.  Mus.,  1899, 
I,  p.  280,  Zoology. 

Type  locality.      Alva,  Oklahoma  Territory. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territories. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  in  color  to  .S.  a.  textnsis,  Allen,  but  much 
larger,  being  nearly  of  the  same  size  as  average  specimens  of  5.  a. 
machrinus. 

Color.  Entire  under  parts  silvery  brown,  somewhat  lighter  than 
S.  a.  iexensis,  but  in  some  lights  this  is  replaced  by  a  beautiful  light 
purple  sheen.  Cheeks,  chin  and  upper  part  of  throat  brownish 
green  occasionally  suffused  with  rust  or  orange  color.  Forehead 
with  a  small  spot  outside  of  nose  pale  pink,  in  some  specimens 
orange.  Breast,  near  the  feet  on  front  legs,  and  center  of  abdomen 
pale  chestnut,  rest  of  under  parts  plumbeous,  with  a  silvery  sheen  in 
most  lights.      Feet  and  tail  flesh  color. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  167;  tail,  33;  hind  foot,  22;  width 
of  fore  foot,  18. 

C— parvus.     (Scalops),    Rhoads,    Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1894, 

P-   157. 

australis.  Chapman,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  v,  1893,  p.  339. 

Type  locality.      Gainesville,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.     East  Florida  south  to  Lake  Worth. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  hind  foot  long,  coronoid  process  with- 
out a  secondary  process  on  the  posterior  margin. 

Color.  Uniform  silvery  grayish  brown;  upper  surface  of  fore 
and  hind  feet  very  scantily  covered  with  short  whitish  hairs;  tail  with 
a  few  long  grayish  hairs.  Rusty  spots  often  observable  on  nose  and 
wrists. 

Measurements.      Total  length,  148;   hind  foot,  17;  tail,  22. 

d.—tcxensis.  (Sealops),  J.  A.  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1891, 
iii,  p.  221. 

Type  locality.     Presidio  County  (Aransas  County?),  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Coast  of  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  small,  skull  massive;  frontal  sinuses  en- 
larged; mandible  with  broad  coronoid  process  and  straight  posterior 
margin. 

Color.  Above  pale  chestnut  brown  with  a  greenish  tinge;  below 
darker,  with  rufous  patches  on  breast,  bellj'  and  towards  end  of  nose. 

Measurements.  Head  and  body,  145;  tail,  24;  hind  foot,  17;  fore 
foot,  length,  18;  breadth,    14.5. 

574.  aereus.  (Sealops),  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  1896, 
X,  p.  138. 


SCALOPS.  SCAPANUS.  391 

Type  localitx.      Stilhvell,  Indian  Territory. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  larger  than  typical  S.  a.  lexensis;  hind  foot 
larger. 

Color.  "  Rich  coppery  chestnut  all  over,  without  golden  or 
orange  suffusions;  slightly  duller  below  than  above,  and  grayer  on 
chin  and  throat." 

Miasuremcnti.  Total  length,  154;  tail  vertebrae,  24;  hind  foot, 
19.      (Bangs,  1.  c.) 

575.  anastasiae.     {Scalops),  Bangs,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1898, 

p.  212. 
T\pt  localitw     Anastasia  Island,  Florida. 
Geogr.  Distr.      Confined  to  Anastasia  Island. 

G<nl.  Char.  Size  of  .V.  a.  australis;  skull  short,  massive;  mandi- 
ble heavy. 

Color.  Golden  ochraceous,  with  orange  markings  on  head, 
wrists  and  under  parts.      Feet  and  hands  flesh  color;  tail  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  134-141  ;  tail  vertebrae,  19.5-22.5; 
hind  foot,  17-18. 

1)9.    ScapaniLs. 
1.3=3;  c.   i^;  P.   *=^;  M.  3=3=44. 

Scapanus.  Pomel,  Sci.  Phys.  Nat.,  1848,  ix,  p.  247.  Type  5.  totuns- 
endi.  Bach. 
Hand  very  broad,  os  falciforme  large;  palms  presented  outward; 
toes  without  webs;  muzzle  long;  palate  but  slightly  extended  beyond 
last  molar;  first  upper  incisor  large;  internal  basal  cusps  of  molars 
narrow;  bulla.'  complete;  nostrils  superior;  tail  short,  terete,  scaly, 
hairs  scanty. 

576.  townsendi.     {Scalops),  Bachman,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1839,  viii.,  pt.  i,  p.  58. 

ciinaJensts,  Rich,  (nee  Cuv. ),  Faun.   Bor.  Amer. ,  1829,  i,  p.  9. 

la/imiuius.  Bach.,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1843,  i,  p.  41. 

ntitallescens,  Cass,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.   Phil.,   1853,  p.  242. 

tuncNs,   Cass,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1854,  vi,  p.  299. 

taeniata,  Le  Conte,  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1854,  vi,  p.  327. 

Type  locality.      "Banks  of  the  Columbia  River." 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  line  of  Washington  and  Oregon  and  north- 
western California  to  Crescent  City. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large.  Tail  twice  as  long  as  fore  foot,  latter 
shorter  than  the  hind  foot.  Upper  unicuspids  equally  separated; 
coronoid  process  of  mandible  truncated. 

Color.      Blackish,  with  purplish  reflections. 


SCAPANUS. 


Skull  nat.  size. 


Fig.  79.    ScAPANus  m.  townsenoi. 
No.  493  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 

Upper  tooth  rows  3  times  nat.  size. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  184;  tail  vertebrje,  39.5;  hind  foot 
without  claw,  20.5. 

577.  orarius.     (Scapanus),  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1897,  p.  52. 
Type  locality.      Shoalwater  Bay,  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  "Sea  Coast  of  Washington  and  Oregon  from 
Coquille  River  northward,  and  shores  of  Puget  Sound  to  Sumas, 
British  Columbia;  Fort  Walla  Walla,  Washington. 

Genl.  Char.     Similar  to  ^S.  townsendi,  but  smaller. 

Color.     Almost  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  158;  tail,  30;  hind  foot,  20.  Skull: 
total  length,  32.8;  mastoid  breadth,  16;  length  of  palate  from  out- 
side of  incisor,  14.3. 

578.  californicus.     (Scalops),   Ayres,   Proc.    Calif.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien., 

1855-  i.  P-  54- 

dilatus,  True,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  242. 

Type  locality.     San  Francisco,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  California  west  of  the  Coast  Range  and  Sierra 
Nevada;  Fort  Klamath,  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  moderate.  First  lower  incisor  very  short; 
second  long  and  canine-like. 

Color.     Gray  brown,  more  or  less  suffused  with  rust  color. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  154;  tail  vertebrae,  33.5;  hind  foot 
without  claw,  17. 


SCAPANUS.  PARA8CALOPS.  303 

479.  alpinus.  {Scapanus),  Merr.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1897,  xl, 
p.  102. 

Type  locality.     Crater  Lake,  Oregon. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  5.  californicus,  but  larger,  with  longer 
and  heavier  skull. 

Color.  Everywhere  uniform  grayish  plumbeous,  much  as  in 
5.  californicus,  but  without  the  brownish  tinge;  widely  different  from 
the  blackish  5.  toivnscndi. 

Mcaftircnu-nts.  Total  length,  18S;  tail  vertebras,  3S;hind  foot,  24.5. 
Skull:  greatest  length,  37;  basal  length,  32;  palatal  length,  16.75; 
greatest  zygomatic  breadth,  13.5:  mastoid  breadth,  17.    (Merriam  I.e.) 

580.  truei.      {Scapaniis),   Merr.    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash.,    1897,    xi, 

p.   102. 

Type  locality.     Lake  City,  Modoc  County,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  californicus,  but  paler  and  more 
plumbeous  in  color,  and  with  a  distinct  inner  cusp  on  last  upper  pre- 
molar. 

Color.  Everywhere  almost  clear  plumbeous,  with  a  faint  darker 
wash  on  upper  parts. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  170;  tail  vertebra,  34;  hind  foot,  21. 
Skull:  greatest  length,  34.5;  basal  length,  29;  palatal  length,  15; 
zygomatic  breadth,  13;  mastoid  breadth,  16.25.     (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

581.  anthonyi.     (Scapanus),  J.  A.  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1S93,  V,  p.  200. 

7'ypc  locality.      San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than  5.  californicus,  color  darker. 

Color.      Almost  uniform,  blackish. 

^^easurcnn•nts.  Length,  135;  tail,  26.  Skull:  extreme  length, 
30;  basilar  length,  28.5;  least  interorbital  breadth,  7.6;  greatest  mas- 
toid breadth,  15.3;  lower  jaw,  incisor  border  to  condyle,  22.4. 


100.     Parasealops. 

3-3    ^^ 


I.  3=.];  c.   i^;  P 


Parasealops.  True,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  242.  Type 
■'^calops  brc7vcri,  Bach. 
Nostrils  lateral;  fore  feet  broad;  skull  depressed;  bulla-  annular; 
auricular  orifice  large:  molars  with  broad  internal  trilobed  basal  lobe; 
head  conical.  Sacrum  and  ischium  not  connected  bj'  osseous 
bridges. 


PARASCALOPS. 


CONDYLURA. 


Skull  nat.  fize. 


Fig.  80.     Parascalops  breweri. 

No.  7072  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 

Upper  tooth  row  2%  tiroes  nat.  size. 


582.  breweri.     {Scalops),  Bachman,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1841, 
p.  41. 

ameruanus,  Coues,  (nee  Harlan),  Am.  Nat.,  1879,  xiii,  p.  i8g. 

Type  locality.      Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachusetts.'? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Atlantic  coast  from  New  Brunswick  to  North 
Carolina,  West  Virginia  and  southeastern  Ohio.  Lake  Erie  and  Lake 
Ontario  by  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Quebec,  and  possibly  to  the 
Atlantic. 

Ge/il.  Char.  Size  moderate;  tail  short  and  thick,  blunt,  densely 
hairy,  constricted  at  base.     Toes  not  webbed. 

Color.  Above  dusky  brown,  beneath  grayish.  Snout,  feet  and 
tail  brown,  changing  to  white  with  age. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  176.9;  tail  vertebrae,  30;  hind 
foot,  19. 

101.     Condylura. 

I.  3=3.  C.   t=>;     P.  i=i;    M, 
3—3  I—'  4—4 

Condylura.     Illig.  Prodr.  Syst.  Mamm 
cristaius,  Linn. 
Rhinaster,  Wagl.  Nat.  Syst.  Amphib. ,  1830,  p.   14. 
Astromyctcs,   Gray,    List   Mamm.    Brit.    Mus.,    1843,   pp.   xxi,   76. 

(nomen  nuiluiii.) 
Astromxiles,  Blyth,  Cat.  Mamm.  Asiat.  Soc.  Mus.,  1863,  p.  87. 
Skull  lengthened;  second  upper  and  third  lower  incisors  minute; 
premolars  tricuspidate;  molars  with  broad  tridentate  internal  basal 


3=3  =  44. 
3—3         ^^ 

i8n,   p.    125.      Type  Sorex 


CONDVLURA. 


ledge;  anterior  nares  directed  obliquely  upward;  bulla-  incomplete; 
palate  abbreviated  posteriorly;  tail  long,  scaly;  fore  fett  broad,  pos- 
sessing an  OS  falciforme:  hind  feet  elontjate;  nostrils  encompassed  by 
large  radiating;  tactile  processes. 


^^ 

i 

1  Uu  ■                 ^T*                    1 

L4                                      ^—2^^ 

Fig.  81.      CONDYLURA    CRISTATA. 

No.  377  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 

Skull  enlarged  ^  nat,  size.  Tooth  rows  cnlarf^ed  =  times. 

583.     cristata.     {Sorex),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1758,  p.  53. 

!on,i;iCititJit,  Erxl.  Syst.  Nat.,  1797,  p.  18. 

canadensis,  De  la  Faille,  Naturg.  Maulw.,  1778,  p.  3,  t.  i. 

radiata,  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.  Mamm.,  1800,  i,  p.  523. 

tnacroura,  Harl.  Faun.  Amer.,  1825,  p.  36. 

prasinata,  Harris,  Bost.  Journ.  Phil.  &  Arts,  1825,  p.  582. 

Type  locality.      Pennsylvania. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Hudson  Bay  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Minnesota  on 
the  west,  and  on  the  .Atlantic  coast  to  South  Carolina  in  the  Alle- 
ghanies. 

Genl.  Char.  "Size  moderate;  nasal  cutaneous  processes  22  in 
number,  18  marginal,  and  2  pairs  on  nasal  disk.  Feet  scaly;  tail 
scaly,  three-fourths  as  long  as  body,  covered  with  scattered  hairs, 
enlarged  in  winter,  with  a  constricted  base." 

Color.  Above  dusky  brown  or  blackish,  beneath  paler  and  grayer 
on  sides  of  throat  and  on  chin.  Feet  dusky.  Tail  blackish,  slightly 
paler  beneath. 

Measurements.  Average  total  length  of  21  specimens,  170;  tail 
vertebrae,  71.8;  hind  foot  and  claw,  27.1. 


Order  X.    Ghiroptera. 

H.  Allen.  A  Monograph  of  the  Bats  of  North  America,  1864,  2nd 
ed.,  iSgj;  Bull.   U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.    IVash.,  No.  43. 

G.  E.  Dobson.  Catalogue  of  the  Chiroptera  in  the  British  Museum, 
1878. 

G.  S.  Miller.  Revision  of  North  American  Bats  of  the  Family  Ves- 
pertilionidcB.     North  American  Fauna,  i8<)j.  No.  ij. 

Fam.  I.     Yespertilionidae. 

"  Bats  with  turbinal  bones  folded,  bony  palate  defective  ante- 
riorly, owing  to  the  absence  of  palatal  processes  to  the  premaxillae; 
molars  with  promiscuous  W-shaped  cusps;  tail  included  nearly  to  tip 
in  large  interfemoral  membrane;  muzzle  and  nostrils  variable,  but 
former  never  provided  with  a  distinct  noseleaf."     (Miller.) 

Sub.  Fam.   I.     Antrozoiuae. 
103.    Antrozoiis. 

I.     }=1-     C.    5=1;    P.    i=i;     M.    1=^=28. 
2—2'  I— l'  2—2'  3—3 

Antrozous.     H.  Allen,  Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Scien.   Phil.,  1862,  p.  247. 
Type  A.  pallidus  (LeConte). 
Muzzle    truncate;    nostrils    surrounded    by   a    horseshoe-shaped 
ridge;  lower  lip  free  in  front,  mammae  2. 

584.  pallidus.     {Vespertilio),  LeConte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 

1855.  P-  437- 

Type  locality.      El  Paso,  Texas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Desert  region  of  eastern  California,  Nevada,  Ari- 
zona, New  Mexico  and  western  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  large,  when  laid  forward  going  be- 
yond tip  of  nose;  tragus  straight  and  slender,  posterior  margin  faintly 
crenulate;  feet  half  as  long  as  tibia;  wing  membranes  attached  at  base 
of  toes;  interfemoral  membrane  at  base  of  terminal  caudal  vertebrae. 
Skull:  brain  case,  rostrum  and  palate  broad;  teeth  large,  strong. 

Color.  Above  pale  drab  gray  or  fawn,  tips  of  hairs  dusky;  face 
dark  brown;  beneath  grayish  white;  sides  tinged  with  drab. 


ANTROZOU9. 


Fig   82.    Antrozous  pallidus. 
No.  1S09  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 


Skull  twice  nat.  size. 


Incisors  enlarged  5  times. 


Measurements.  Total  length,  105-115;  tail  vertebra",  44.6-46; 
tibia,  20-21;  foot,  lo;  forearm,  49-57;  thumb,  8. 3-9;  longest  finger, 
85-92;  ear  from  tragus,  28-30;  width  of  ear,  18.4-20;  tragus,  11. 6-14. 

a.— pacificus.  {Anirozous),  Merriam,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.Wash.,  1897,  xi, 
p.  180. 

Type  locality.     Old  Fort  Tejon,  Canada  de  las  Uvas,  California. 

Grogr.  Distr.  West  of  Rockj*  Mountains  south  to  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 

Gcnl.  Char.  Similar  to  A.  pallidus,  but  slightly  larger.  Skull: 
brain  case,  rostrum  and  bony  palate  narrower;  supraoccipital  more 
pointed  and  overhanging:  teeth  larger. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  drab  ("ochraceous  buff,  washed  with 
dusky,"  type),  hair  tipped  with  dusky;  beneath  yellowish  drab  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  114-118;  tail  vertebra^  46.7-47.8; 
tibia,  20-22.6;  foot,  10. 8-12;  thumb,  9-10;  longest  finger,  91-96. 


398  EUDERMA.  CORYNORHINUS. 

Sub.  Fam.  II.     Plecotinae. 

103.     Euderma. 

3—3'         I— I  2-2  3—3     •' 

*Euderma.     H.  Allen,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1891,  p.  467. 
Type  Hisiiottis  maculatus,  J.  A.  Allen. 
Hisiioius,  J.  A.  Allen,   (nee  Gerv.)  Bull.   Am.   Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

1891,  p.  195. 
Ears  very  large,  joined  across  forehead;  posterior  base  of  tragus 
united  with  external  basal  lobe.      No  glandular  swellings  on  face. 

585.  maculata.  {Histiotus),  J.  A.  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
1891,  p.  195. 

Type  locality.  Near  Piru,  Ventura  County,  California,  mouth  of 
Castac  Creek. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Known  from  type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  about  three-fourths  as  long  as 
forearm.  Skull:  thin  and  papery;  facial  portion  narrow  and  pointed; 
brain  case  quadrate,  above  flat,  frontal  border  elevated;  forehead 
depressed;  bullae  very  large,  equalling  one-third  length  of  skull;  teeth 
small  and  weak. 

Color.  Above,  the  hairs  black  to  base;  patch  on  shoulders  and 
rump  white;  posterior  base  of  ears,  throat  and  sides  of  fore  neck 
white,  hairs  dusky  at  base;  ventral  surface  white,  black  bases  of  hair 
showing  through;  ears  and  membranes  light  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  no;  tail  vertebrae,  50;  tibia,  21; 
foot,  9;  forearm,  50;  thumb,  6.8;  longest  finger,  gi;  width  of  ear,  22; 
tragus,  13;  greatest  width  of  tragus,  5. 

104.     Coryiiorliiniis. 

I.   ?=£•  c.   i=';  P.   ?=?;  M.  fc^=  36. 
3-3'         i-i'         3-3'         3-3      -' 

Corynorhinus.     H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1865,  p.  173. 
Plecoius,  LeConte,  (nee  Geoff.)  McMurt.  Cuv.  Anim.  King.,  1831, 

I,  App.,  p.  431. 
Synotus,  H.  Allen,  (nee  Keyserl.  &  Blas.)Mon.  N.  Am.  Bats,  1864, 

p.  62. 
Ears    large,   joined    across   forehead,    tragus   free   from  external 
lobe;  thick  ridge  ending  in  club  shaped  enlargement  between  the  eye 
and  nostril.      Skull  slender,  arched;  rostrum,  small,  weak. 


*Skull  having  been  lost,  I  regret  I  am  unable  to  give  a  figure  to  illustrate  this  genus. 


CORYNORHINUS. 


Fig.    83.       CORYNORHINUS    TOWNSENDI, 

No.  7632  .\m.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Cull. 

Skull  enlarged  2%  times.  Incisors  enlarged  S  times. 

586.  macrotis.  {P/ecotus),  LeConte,  McMurtr.  Am.  t-d.  Cuv.  Anim. 
King.,  1S31,  I,  App.,  p.  431. 

lecontii,  {Pltcottis),  Cooper,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  1837, 
iv,  p.  72. 

Type  locality.  Probably  LeConte's  plantation,  near  Riceboro, 
Georgia. 

Giogr.  Dislr.      South  Atlantic  States  to  Louisiana. 

Gi-nl.  Char.  Size  large,  ears  very  large;  tragus  simple,  basal  lobe 
large,  free  from  auricle. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  fur  sepia  at  base,  tips  pale; 
throat  and  chest  tinged  with  yellowish;  beneath  grayish  white;  ears 
and  membranes  light  brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  105-106;  tail  vertebra',  48.5-52; 
tibia,  21.6-22;  foot,  9.4-10;  forearm,  41-43.4;  thumb,  7-7.5;  longest 
finger,  73-77;  ear  from  meatus,  32;  width  of  ear,  23;  tragus,  14. 

a.—pallescens.    Miller,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  13,  1897,  p.  52. 

to7o>iseiiiii,  {.Synotiis),  H.  Allen,  (nee  Cooper),  Mon.  N.  Am.  Bats, 
1893,  p.  58. 

Type  locality.      Keam  Canon,  Navajo  County,  .Arizona. 

Geogr.  Distr.  California,  Colorado  and  western  Texas,  to  south- 
ern Mexico. 


400  CORYNORHINUS.  MYOTIS. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  C.  macrctis,  but  paler. 

Color.  Back  yellowish  drab  gray,  head  paler,  base  of  hairs  light 
plumbeous;  beneath  paler  than  back;  ears  and  membranes  light 
brown. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  go-105;  tail  vertebrae,  45-49;  tibia, 
19-21 ;  foot,  9-9.6;  forearm,  41.9-44;  thumb,  5-7;  longest  finger,  71-77; 
ear  from  meatus,  33-33.9;  width  of  ear,  20-23.7;  tragus,  12. 7-14. 6. 

h. — lownsendi.  (Plecotus),  Cooper,  (nee  Allen),  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist. 
N.  Y.,  iv,  p.  73. 

macrotis,  Dobs.  Cat.  Chiropt.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878,  p.  180,  (nee  Le- 
Conte). 

Type  locality.      Columbia  River,  Oregon. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Humid  coast  district  of  Oregon,  Washington  and 
southern  British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  typical  C.  macrotis  but  much  darker,  fur 
nowhere  distinctly  bicolor. 

Color.  Above  dark  brown,  hairs  at  base  light  plumbeous,  tips 
pale  yellowish;  beneath  dark  brown;  ears  and  membrane  blackish. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  100-105;  tail  vertebra,  48-51 ;  tibia, 
21.4-22;  foot,  9.4-10;  forearm,  42-44;  thumb,  6.6-7;  longest  finger, 
76-80;  ear  from   meatus,  33-34;  width  of   ear,  21-24;  tragus,  14-15. 

Sub.  Fam.   HI.     Vespertilioninae. 

105.     Myotis. 

I.  ?i:^  ■  C.  i=i  ;  P.  ?=^ ;  M.  t^  =  38. 

Myotis.     Kaup,   Skizzirte  Entw.   Gesch.  u.    Naturl.  Syst.  d.  Europ. 

Thierw.,  1829,  i,    p.    106.      Type    V.    murinus,   Schreb.   (nee 

Linn.). 
Mystactes,    Kaup,    Skizzirte    Entw.    Gesch.    u.    Naturl.    Syst.    d. 

Europ.  Thierw.,  1829,  i,  p.  108. 
Vespertilio,  Keyserl.  &  Bias,  (nee  Linn.),  Wiegm.  Archiv.  Naturg., 

1839,  I,  p.  306. 
Selysius,  Bonp.  Icon.  Faun.  Ital.,  1841,  Introd.,   p.  3. 
Brachyotus,  Kolenati,  Allgem.  Deutsch.  Naturh.  Zeitg.,  Dresden, 

Neue  Folge,  1S56,  11,  pp.  131,  174. 
Isotus,  Kolenati,  Allgem.  Deutsch.  Naturh.  Zeitg.,  Dresden,  Neue 

Folge,  1856,  pp.  131,  144. 
Acorestes,    Fitzing.    Sitzung.    Math. — Nat.    CI.    K.    Akad.  Wiss., 

Wien,  1870  Ixii,  abth.,  i,  p.  427. 
Comastes,    Fitzing.    Sitzung.,    Math.    Nat.    CI.    K.    Akad.   Wiss., 

Wien,  1878,  abth.  i,  p.  565. 


Form   slender;  tail    long,  face  hairy,  ears  narrow;  tragus,  taper- 
ing, straight  or  recurved;  dental  formula  characteristic. 


Fig.    84,       MyOTIS    LUCIFUGUS. 

No.  216  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 

Skull  enlarged  3  times.  Incisors  enlar^'ed  10  times. 

587.  velifer.     { K-s/>er W/w),  ].  A.  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.,  1890,  p.  177. 

inciiutus,  J.  A.  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.,  i8g6,  p.  239. 

Type  locality.  Santa  Cruz  del  Valle  near  Guadalajara,  Jalisco, 
Mexico. 

Geoi^r.  Distr.  From  Missouri  and  Indian  Territory,  south  to 
Hidalgo,  northern  Michoacan,  and  the  city  of  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Largest  species  of  Myotis  known  in  the  United 
States.  Calcar  slender,  lobe  not  well  developed.  Wings  from  meta- 
tarsus. Free  border  of  uropatagium  naked.  Ears  short,  reaching 
tip  of  nose. 

Skull.  Strong  and  heavily  built,  but  not  larger  than  M.  thysan- 
cdes.  Greatest  length,  16-16.4;  zygomatic  breadth,  10  11;  interor- 
bital  constriction,  4-4.2;  width  of  rostrum  at  anterior  root  of  first 
upper  molar,  6-6.2;  length  of  mandible,  12-13. 

Color.  Fur  dull  sepia  throughout,  paler  on  the  belly,  dusky 
•late  at  base.  Belly  usually  dull  broccoli  brown,  sometimes  tinged 
with  yellow,  and  then  is  nearly  isabella  color. 

Measurements.    Total  length,  99;  tail,  44.8;  tibia,  18.5;  foot,  9.5; 


forearm,  40-47;  thumb,    7.2;  longest  finger,  73.4;  ear  from   meatus, 
16;  width  of  ear,  10.6;  tragus,  9. 

588.  lucifugus.     (rd-i-/f;V;7/('),  Le  Conte,  McMurtr.  Cuv.  Anim.  King., 
1831,  I,  App.,  p.  431. 
subulatus,    Le   Conte,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil.,    1854-55, 

P-   435- 

affinis,  J.  H.  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Bats,  p.  53. 

carolii,  Dobson,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus. ,  p.  325. 

atistroiiparius,  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1897, 
p.  227. 

Type  locality.      South  portion  of  Liberty  County,  Georgia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     North  America  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Calcar  slender;  in  length  equal  to  free  border  of 
uropatagium,  which  is  naked;  upper  incisors  bilobate;  nose  sub- 
bilobate;  face  with  a  naked  prominence  on  either  side;  ears  short, 
pointed;  tragus  sublinear,  anterior  border  straight;  tail  projecting  a 
little  beyond  membrane;  wings  attached  at  the  base  of  toes.  Skull, 
nasals  and  palate  broad;  forehead  sloping;  brain  case  broad  poste- 
riorly, contracted  anteriorly,  outline  slightly  wedge-shaped. 

Color.  Upper  parts  dull  brown,  beneath  pale  wood  brown  tinged 
with  gray  or  yellowish.      The  shades  of  brown  vary  considerably. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  83.5-89.5;  tail  vertebrae,  37.6-40; 
tibia,  15.5-16.1;  foot,  7.3-9.1;  forearm,  36.1-38.9;  thumb,  6.6-6.7; 
longest  finger,  60.2-63.7;  ear  from  meatus,  12. 2-13. 7;  width  of  ear, 
g.  1-9.7;  tragus,  7.1-8. 

a. — alascensis.      (Afyotis),  Miller,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  13,  1897,  p.  63. 

Ty/e  locality.      Sitka,  Alaska.  ? 

Geogr.  Distr.  Coast  district  of  southern  Alaska  and  northern 
British  Columbia. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  M.  lucifugits,  but  darker;  ears  longer. 

Color.  Specimens  being  all  in  alcohol,  the  exact  color  could  not 
be  determined,  but  they  were  evidently  darker  than  M.  luclfugus. 
Ears  and  membrane  blackish.     (Miller.) 

Measurements.  Total  length,  80-91;  tail  vertebrae,  35-39;  tibia, 
15-16;  foot,  8-9;  forearm,  34.6-38;  thumb,  6-2;  longest  finger,  57.6- 
60;  ear  from  meatus,  14.8-16;   width  of  ear,  8.9-10.6;  tragus,  7-7.6. 

b.—lon^icrus.     (Vespertilio),  True,  Science,  1886,  viii,  p.  588. 

albescens,  H.  Allen,  Mon.  Bats  N.  Am.,  1893,  p.  92. 

Type  locality.      Puget  Sound. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Puget  Sound  east  to  Wyoming,  south  to  southern 
California  and  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  M.  lucifugits,  but  larger. 


Color.  No  appreciable  difference  in  the  color  of  this  form  and 
M.  lucifugus. 

Measuiimtnts.  Total  length,  93.5-102;  tail  vertebrae,  41-46; 
tibia,  17.3-19.6;  foot,  17. 4-18. 4;  forearm,  38-40;  thumb,  5.5-7; 
longest  finger,  65-71;  ear  from  meatus,  12-13. 5;  width  of  ear,  9-10; 
tragus,  7-S.2. 

589.  yumanensi*.     {Visft-rli/io),  H.  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Bats,  1864, 

p.  58. 

macropus,  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1866,  p.  288. 

nilidits,   H.  Allen,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Bats,  1S93,  p.  87. 

Type  locality.     Old  Fort  Yuma,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southwestern  United  States  into  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  calcar  distinct,  considerably  longer 
than  free  border  of  interfemoral  membrane,  terminating  in  a  well- 
marked  lobule;  free  border  of  uropatagium  naked;  ears  moderate; 
wings  from  base  of  toes,  but  on  account  of  e.\tent  of  web  between 
toes  apparently  from  side  of  metatarsus;  feet  very  large  and  strong 
as  compared  with  other  small  American  species.      (Miller.) 

Color.  Above  pale  wood  brown,  beneath  dirty  whitish;  fur  light 
plumbeous  at  base,  ears  and  membrane  light  brown,  those  of  the 
wings  and  uropatagium  with  white  edges. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  70. 2-83.7;  tail  vertebrae,  34.9-36.7; 
tibia,  14.1-15.7;  foot,  7.9-8.8;  forearm,  33.9-34.4;  thumb,  5.2-6.5; 
longest  finger,  55-5-57-8;  ear  from  meatus,  14-14. 4;  width  of  ear, 
8.2-9.1;  tragus,  7-7.6. 

a.—saturatms.     {.Vyotis),  Miller,  N.  .\m.  Fauna.,  No.  13,  1897,  p.  68. 

Type  locality.      Hamilton.  Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Oregon,  Washington  and  British  Columbia. 

Genl.   Char.      Similar  to  J/,  yumanensis,  but  darker. 

Color.  Back  dark  yellowish  brown;  chin,  throat  and  sides  darker 
than  belly;  ear  and  membranes  blackish;  beneath  isabella. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  77-82.3;  tail  vertebrae,  30-36.5; 
tibia,  14-15;  foot,  8.3-8.6;  forearm,  33-35.3;  thumb,  5-6;  longest 
finger,  57-59.3;  ear  from  meatus,  14.3;  width  of  ear,    S.g;   tragus,  7. 

590.  californicus.     (Vcspcrtitio'),    Aud.    &    Bach.    Journ.    Acad.    Nat. 

Scien.  Phil.,  1S42,  p.  20. 
nitidus,  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.    Phil.,    1862,    p.    247. 

(nee  1893  Mon.  Bats.) 
oregonensis,  H.  Allen,  Mon.  N.  .\m.  Bats,  1864,  p.  61. 
obscurus,  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1866,    p.    281. 
volans,  H.  .\llen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1866,  p.  282. 
exilis,  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1866,  p.  283. 


itnuidorsa/is,  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1866, 
p.  283. 

yumanensis,  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil.,  1866,  p. 
283.      (nee  H.  Allen,  1864.) 

melanorhinus,  Merriam,  N.  Am.  Faun,  No.  3,  i8go,  p.  46. 

henshawi,  H.  Allen,  Mon.  Bats  N.  Am.,  1893,  p.  103. 

nigricans,  H.  Allen,  Mon.  Bats  N.  Am.,  1893,  p.  97  (note),  (nee 
Max.) 

Type  locality.      California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Western  United  States  and  Lower  California,  east 
to  Wyoming  and  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  very  small,  calcar  very  slender,  lobule  at  tips 
equal  to  free  border  of  uropatagium  which  is  naked:  ears  reaching 
beyond  end  of  nose;  wings  from  base  of  toes.  Skull:  superior  out- 
line sloping  gradually  anteriorly  to  nasals;  teeth  feeble. 

Color.  Above  yellowish  brown,  beneath  paler:  fur  plumbeous 
at  base. 

Afeasurements.  Total  length,  77.8-82;  tail  vertebrae,  38.8-39; 
tibia,  13. 9-14.4;  foot,  5.4-6;  forearm,  31-32;  thumb,  4-4.2;  longest 
finger,  55.4-58;  ear  from  meatus,  1 2.9-14. 2;  width  of  ear,  9.9-10; 
tragus,  7.5-8.3. 

a.—cau,rinus.     (Myolis),  Miller,  N.  Am.  Fauna,  13,  1897,  p.  72. 

Type  localitw  Massett,  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Humid  coast  districts  of  British  Columbia,  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon,  possibly  northern  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  typical  M.  californicus,  but  very  much 
darker  in  color. 

Color.  Above  blackish  sepia,  beneath  slightly  yellowish;  the 
fur  everywhere  blackish  plumbeous  at  base. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  l^-JT,  tail  vertebrae,  34;  tibia,  13.8- 
14;  foot,  6.1-7;  forearm,  32;  thumb,  4.3-5;  longest  finger,  54;  ear 
from  meatus,  12. 8-13. 2;  width  of  ear,  8-9.5;  tragus,  7. 

b. — eiliolabrum.  {Myotis),  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1886, 
iv,  p.  I. 

Type  locality.     Trego  County,  Kansas. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Kansas  and  central  southern  Dakota,  limits  of 
range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  J/,  californicus,  but  paler. 

Color.  General  hue  pale  yellowish  white;  ears,  muzzle  and  chin 
dark  brown,  membranes  light  brown,  edges  paler. 

Measurements.     Total    length,    75-80.2;    tail    vertebrae,    34-36.7; 


tibia,  14. 6-15;  foot,  6.8-7;  forearm,  32.8-33;  thumb,  5.4-6;  longest 
finger,  57-59;  ear  from  meatus,  14-14. 6;  width  of  ear,  9-10:  tragus, 
8.5-8.8. 

d.—pallidus.    Stephens,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1900,  p.  153. 

Ty/>t  locality.     Vallecito,  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  "  Size  small:  wings  short,  wing  membrane  thin  and 
light;  ears  small;  general  appearance  delicate. 

Color.  Lij^ht  ochraceous  buff  or  brownish  cream  buff;  below  duU 
white;  basal  part  of  pelage  above  and  below  blackish." 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  80;  expanse,  208;  tail  vertebrae, 
42;  ear,  11;  thumb,  4;  forearm,  30;  tibia,  15."     (Stephens.  1.  c.) 

591.  subulatus.  {Vespertilio),  Say,  in  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts., 
1823,  II,  p.  65. 

gryphus,  var.  Ik,  H.  Allen,  Men.  Bats  N.  Am.   1897,  p.  131. 

gryphiis,  var.  septentrionalis,  Trouess.  Cat.  Mamm.  t.\'iv.  q.  Foss. , 
1897,  p.  131. 

Type  locality.      Arkansas  River,  near  Lajunta,  Colorado. 

Geogr.  Distr.      North  America  east  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium;  calcar  slender,  a  little  longer  than 
the  border  of  uropatagium,  with  a  lobule  at  the  end;  ears  long, 
reaching  beyond  tip  of  nose.  Wings  from  base  of  toes.  Teeth  and 
skull  like  M.  erotis. 

Color.  Apparently  not  distinguishable  from  .1/.  lucifugus  in  its 
general  coloration,  the  difference  being  that  this  form  has  a  "nar- 
rower skull,  lonf^er  ears,  and  a  more  shapely  pointed  tragus." 

Measurements.  Total  length,  80-85.6;  tail  vertebrse,  36.8-38.8; 
tibia,  16. 4-17. 2;  foot,  7.5-8;  forearm,  33.S-35.7;  thumb,  6.2-6.5; 
longest  finger,  58-61;  ear  from  meatus,  15. 6-16. 7;  width  of  ear,  9.8- 
10.7;  tragus,  9-9.7. 

a.—heenii.    {Vespertilio),  Merr.,  Am.  Nat.,  1895,  xxix,  p.  860. 

Type  locality.  Massett,  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.     Known  from  type  locality  only. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  of  J/,  subulatus,  but  with  longer  ears  and  tail, 
and  darker  in  color. 

Color.  Apparently  darker  than  M.  subulatus,  but  as  all  known 
specimens  have  been  preserved  in  alcohol  the  exact  color  is  impossi- 
ble to  be  ascertained. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  84. 3  86;  tail  vertebrae,  40-41;  tibia, 
16.4;  foot,  8.3  8.8;  forearm,  35.3-36;  thumb,  6;  longest  finger,  58-60; 
ear  from  meatus,  17. 4-17. 8;  width  of  ear,  10.8-11;  tragus,  9.6-9.8. 


406  MYOTIS.  LASIONYCTERIS. 

592.  evotls.     {Vespertilw).  H.  Allen,  Mon.  Bats  N.  Amer.,  1864,  p.  48. 

albescens  cvotis,  Dobson,  Cat.  Chiropt.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878,  p.  324. 

chrysonotis,  J.  A.  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  1896,  p.  240. 

Type  locality.      Not  given,  possibly  Monterey,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Pacific  coast  to  eastern  edge  of  Rocky  Mountains, 
south  to  Vera  Cruz. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  calcar  longer  than  free  border  of  uro- 
patagium,  and  a  lobule  at  tip;  ears  reaching  beyond  tip  of  nose. 
Wing  membrane  from  base  of  foot. 

Color.  Light  yellowish  brown,  hairs  dusky  slate  at  base;  ventral 
surface  paler.      Color  among  individuals  varies  considerably. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  85-92;  tail  vertebrae,  41-43;  tibia, 
17.6-20;  foot,  7-9;  thumb,  6-8;  longest  finger,  62-67;  ear  from  meatus, 
ig.4-23;  width  of  ear,  11. 8-14. 6;  tragus,  10.8-13. 

6. — thy xnno firs.     (J/yotis),  Miller,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  13,  1897,  p.  80. 

albescens  evotis  and  albescens  velifer  {Vespertilio),  H.  Allen,  Mon. 
N.  Am.  Bats,  1893,  pp.  90  and  93. 

Type  locality.      Old  Fort  Tejon,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Southern  border  of  western  United  States  to  San 
Luis  Potosi  and  Michoacan. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large,  calcar  distinct,  usually  terminating  in  a 
well  marked  pointed  projection.  Free  border  of  uropatagium  thick- 
ened and  densely  haired.  Ears  moderately  long;  laid  forward  they 
reach  3-5  mm.  beyond  nostril.  Wings  from  point  between  ankle  and 
base  of  toes,  but  nearer  latter. 

Color.  Everywhere  light  dull  yellowish  brown,  distinctly  paler 
ventrally,  the  hairs  everywhere  dusky  slate  at  base.  The  palest 
specimens  are  yellowish  wood  brown,  inclining  to  clay  color;  the 
darkest  specimens  dull  raw  umber.  The  belly  varies  from  clear  gray 
scarcely  tinged  with  yellow  to  a  strong  yellowish  gray,  and  in  other 
specimens  to  dull  brownish  gray. 

Measurements.  Average  from  11  specimens  from  Old  Fort  Tejon 
give  total  length,  85-95;  tail  vertebrae,  36-37;  tibia,  16. 4-18;  foot, 
8-8.9;  forearm,  40-46;  thumb,  6-6.7;  longest  finger,  69-73.6;  ear 
from  meatus,  16-18. 5;  width  of  ear,  11. 8-12;  tragus,  10.5-11.  (Mil- 
ler, 1.  c.) 

106.    Lasionycteris. 
I.  ?=^;   C.   ^;  P.   -^;  M.  5=^  =  36. 

3-3'  i-i'  3-3'  3-3       ^ 

Lasionycteris.     Peters,  Monat.   K.   Akad.   Wissench.,   Berlin,    1865, 
p.  68.     Type  Vespertilio  noctivigans,  LeConte. 
Scotophilus,  H.  Allen,  (nee  Leach),  Mon.  N.  Am.  Bats,  1864,  p.  27. 


LASIONYCTERIS. 


Cnephaiophilus,  Fitzin.  Sitzung.  K.  Akad.  Wissench.  Wien.,  1870, 
Ixii,  abth.  i,  p.  8. 

Vesperides,  Coues,  Coues  &  Yarrow,  Zool.  Wheeler  Exp.,  1S75, 
p.  83. 

Vfsperugo,  Dobson,  Cat.  Chiropt.  Brit.  Mus.  1878,  p.  183  (Part). 

Superior  outline  of  skull  almost  straight;  occiput  angular;  no 
sagittal  crest;  rostrum  very  broad,  concave  behind  nasal  opening; 
orbital  constriction  considerable;  ear  short,  not  so  broad  as  long; 
basal  lobe  large;  tragus  short  and  straight,  rounded  at  tip.  Basal 
half  of  interfemoral  membrane  on  the  hack  furred. 


Ill 

§ 

Fig.    85.       LASIONYCTERIS    NOCTIVAGANS. 

No.  6618  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 

Skull  enlarged  jK  times.  Incisors  enlarfied  9  times. 

.S93.   noctivagans.     {Vespertilio),    LeConte,    McMurtr.     Cuv.     Anim. 

King.,  Am.  ed.,  1831,  p.  31. 
audtiboni,  Harlan,  Am.  Month.  Journ.  Geol.  lv:   Nat.  Hist.,  1831, 

p.  31. 
pulrerulentiis,  Temm.  Monogr.  Mamm.,  11,  1835,  p.  325. 
Type  locality.      Eastern  United  States. 

Gcogr.  Distr.      North  America  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 
Genl.  Char.      Same  as  those  of  the  genus. 
Color.     Blackish    chocolate    brown,    hairs    tipped     with    silvery 


LASIONYCTERIS. 


PIPISTRELLUS. 


white  on  the  back,  belly  and  fur  of  interfemoral   membrane;  largest 
amount  of  white  on  middle  of  back. 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  95-105.8;  tail  vertebrae,  38-44; 
tibia,  15-17;  foot,  7-8;  forearm,  39-43;  thumb,  4.3-6.2;  longest 
finger,  68-75;  ear  from  meatus,  15. 4-16;  width  of  ear,  11-14.1;  tra- 
gus, 5.6-6.7."     (Miller.) 


I. 


107.    Pipistrellus. 

=;  C.  ^—■,  P.  "=";  M.  fc^  = 
3         I— I         2—2'         3—3 


34- 


Pipistrellus.     Kaup.   Skizzirte   Entwick-Gesch.   u.    Naturh.   Syst.  d. 
Europ.    Thierw.,     1829,    Th.  i,    p.    98.      Type.       VcspertiHo 
pipistrellus,  Schreb. 
Vesperiigo,    Keyserl.   &   Bias.  Wiegm.    Archiv.    f.   Naturg. ,   5  ter 

Jahrg.,  1S39,  Bd.  i,  p.  312  (Part). 
Nannugo,  Kolenati,  AUgem.  Deutsch.  Naturhist.  Zeitg. ,  Dresden, 

Neue  Folge,  1S56,  11,  pp.  131,  169. 
Hypsugo,  Kolenati,  Allgem.  Deutsch.  Naturhist.  Zeitg. ,  Dresden, 

Neue  Folge,  1856,  11,  pp.  131,  169. 
Scotophilus,  H.  Allen  (nee  Leach),  Mon.  N.  Am.  Bats,  1864,  p.  27. 
Skull  light,  brain-case  inflated;  rostrum  broad;  ears  longer  than 
broad,    tapering,    tip    rounded;    tragus   straight;    interfemoral   mem- 
brane behind  with  hair  on  basal  third;  mammae  two. 


Fig.  86.    Pipistrellus  hesperus. 

No.  5080  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 

Skull  enlarged  3  times.  Incisors  enlarged  lo  times. 


PIPISTRELLUS.  409 

594.  hesperus.     {Scotophi/us),    H.   Allen,    Mon.    N.  Am.   Bats,    1861, 

p.   43. 

merriami,  Dobson,  Cat.  Chiropt.  Brit.  Mus.  1878,  p.  228. 

Type  locality.      Fort  Turner,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Western  Texas  and  the  Pacific  coast. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  ear  reaching  to  nostril,  short  and 
rounded  at  tip;  tragus  curved  forward  at  tip;  end  of  tail  free  of 
membrane. 

Color.  Light  yellowish  gray,  hairs  plumbeous  at  base;  border 
of  wing  membrane  between  fourth  and  fifth  finger  whitish;  ears,  face, 
muzzle  and  membrane  black. 

Measiiiemi-nts.  Total  length,  72.8-79;  tail  vertebra,  28-34.5; 
tibia,  11-12.8;  foot,  5-6;  forearm,  28-32.5;  thumb,  4;  longest  finger, 
48-55.5:  ear  from  meatus,  10-12.4;  width  of  ear,  8.6-9.6;  tragus, 
4.6-5.4. 

595.  subflavus.     {Vespcrtilio),  F.  Cuv.  Nouv.  Ann.  Hist.  Nat.,  Paris, 

1832,  p.  17. 

erythrodactylus,  Temm.  Mon.  Mamm.,  1835-41,  11,  p.  238. 

carolinensis  (nee  Geoff.),  Ann.  Mus.,  1806,  viii,  p.  193. 

Type  locality.      Eastern  United  States,  possibly  Georgia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Atlantic  coast  west  to  Iowa,  south  to  eastern  and 
southern  Te.xas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small;  thumb  long;  ear  reaching  beyond  nos- 
trils; tragus  straight,  tip  rounded;  end  of  tail  free  of  membrane,  fur 
tri-color. 

Color.  Above  dark  yellowish  brown;  beneath  paler;  fur  plumb- 
eous at  base.     Wide  variation  of  color  among  individuals. 

Measitrements.  Total  length,  84.6-85;  tail  vertebrae,  37.8-40.7; 
tibia,  15.2-16;  foot,  7.8-8.1;  forearm,  33.7-34.6;  thumb,  6.8;  longest 
finger,  60-62.8;  ear  from  meatus,  13. 9-14.2;  width  of  ear,  9.5-9.8; 
tragus,  6.4-6.6. 

a.—ohscurws.     {.Myi'tis),  Miller,  N.  Am.  Fauna,  No.  13,  1897,  p.  93. 

Type  locality.      Lake  George,  Warren  County,  N.  Y. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Equal  to  M.  subflavus  in  size;  color  duller  and  less 
yellow,  tips  of  hairs  on  back  less  conspicuous. 

Color.  Above  pale  wood  brown;  beneath  isabella  color;  base  of 
fur  everywhere  blackish  slate. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  84.8;  tail  vertebra,  38.9;  tibia, 
15.2;  foot,  2.8;  forearm,  36;  thumb,  6.8;  longest  finger,  60.6;  ear 
from  meatus.  14;  width  of  ear,  10;  tragus,  6.8. 


VESPERTILIO. 

108.     Vespertilio. 

,    ,;  C.  "=";  P.  5=^;  M.   t3  =  32 
3—3  I— I  2—2'  3—3        -> 


J    2—2 


Vespertilio.     Linn.    Syst.    Nat.,    1758,    i,   p.  31.     Type.      Vespertilia 

inurhius,  Linn,  (nee  Schreb.) 
EpUsiciis,  Rafin.  Ann.  Nat.,  1820,  p.  2. 
Cnephaeus,  Kaup,  Skizzirte.  Entw.-Gesch.  u.  Naturl.   Syst.  Eur. 

Thier.,  1829,  i,  p.  103. 
Vesperugo,  Keyserl.  &  Bias.  Wiegm.  Arch.  f.  Naturg. ,  1839,  Bd. 

I,  p.  312  (Part.) 
Vesperus,  Keyserl.  &  Bias.  Wiegm.  Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  1839,  Bd.  i, 

P-  313- 
Noctiila,  Bonp.  Iconog.  Faun.  Ital.,  1841,  i,  fasc,  xxi. 
Cateoriis,    Kolenati,   AUgem.    Deutsch.  Naturh.  Zeitg.,  Dresden, 

Neue  Folge,  1856,  11,  pp.  121,  162. 
Meteorus,  Kolenati;  Allgem.    Deutsch.    Naturh.  Zeitg.,  Dresden, 

Neue  Folge,  1856,  11,  pp.  131,   167. 
Adelonycteris,    H.    Allen,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Scien.    Phil.,    1891, 

p.  466. 

Skull  large,  superior  outline  nearly  straight,  occiput  angular, 
sagittal  crest  present;  rostrum  broad,  slightly  concave  back  of  nasal 
opening;  ear  short,  narrower  than  long,  with  basal  lobe;  tragus 
straight,  directed  forward,  pointed.  Only  few  hairs  on  back  of  inter- 
femoral  membrane. 

596.  fuscus.     {Vespertilio),  Beauvois,  Cat.  Peale's  Mus.,  1796,  p.  14. 

carolinensis,  Geoff.  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  1806,  p.  193. 

phaiops,  Rafin.  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1818,  iii,  p.  445. 

melanops,  Rafin.  Ann.  Nat.,  1820,  p.  2. 

arqtiatus,  Say,  in  Long's  E.xp.  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  i,  p.  167  (note). 

ursinus,  Temm.  Mon.  Mamm.,  1835,  11,  p.  235. 

greenii,  Gray,  List  Spec.  Mamm.  Brit.  Mus.,  p.  30. 

serotinus,  var.  V.  fuscus,  Dobson,  Cat.  Chiropt.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878, 
p.  192. 

Type  locality.      Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Austral,  Transition  and  (lower  edge  of)  Boreal 
zones  throughout  the  United  States  and  adjoining  British  provinces. 
(Miller.) 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  short;  membrane,  heavy,  thick; 
foot  half  as  long  as  tibia;  wing  membranes  attached  beyond  base  of 
toes,  naked  save  a  few  hairs  on  under  side  of  interfemoral  mem- 
brane and  wings,  near  humerus  and  forearm. 

Color.      Above  bister  or  sepia;  paler  beneath. 


VESPERTILIO. 


LASIURUS. 


Fig.   87.       VESPERTILIO    FUSCUS. 
No.  1131  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 


Skull  twice  nat.  size. 


Incisors  enlarged  7  times. 


.\[iasur,mtnls.  Total  length,  iO(S.5-ii6;  tail  vert<_bra%  42-47.5; 
tibia,  19. 1-19.7;  foot,  g. 2-10.4;  forearm,  44-8-47;  thumb,  6-7;  longest 
finger,  79.4-82;  ear  from  meatus,  17-19.5;  width  of  ear,  12-13. 3;  tra- 
gus, 7.8-8.3. 


109.    Lasiiiriis. 

I=i;  C.  '— ;  P.  — ';   M.  3:^'=  32. 


Lasiurus.     Gray,  Zool.  Misc.,  1831,  No.  i,  p.  3S. 

Alalapha.  Peters,  Monat.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1870,  p.  907. 
(nee  Rafin.) 

Small  premolar  at  base  of  upper  incisor  on  inner  side,  incisor  in 
contact  with  canine;  ear  broad,  rounded  at  tip,  hair)';  back  of  inter- 
femoral  membrane  thickly  furred;  skull  broad. 

597.  borealis.     {Vcspeitilio),  Mull.  Natursgst.,  Suppl.,  1776,  p.  21. 
noveboracensis,  Erxleb..  Sj-st.  Regn.  Anim.,  1777,  i,  p.  155. 
lasiurus,   Schreb.,  Saugth.  Abth.,  1781,  i,  Taf.  Ixii  B. 
noveboracus,  Bodd.,  Elench.  Anim.,  1785,  i,  p.  71. 


LASIURUS. 


Fig.  88.     Lasiurus  borealiS. 
No.  6620  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 


Skull  twice  nat.  size. 


Incisors  enlarged  7  times. 


rubellus^  Beauvois,  Cat.  Peale's  Mus.,  1796,  p.  204. 
rubra,  Ord,  Guthr.  Geog.,  2d  Am.  ed.  1815,  11,  p.  291. 
tesselatus,  Rafin.,  Am.  Month.    Mag.,  1818,  iii,  p.  445. 
monachus,  Rafin.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1818,  iii,  p.  445. 
rufus.  Warden,  Desc.  Etats  Unis  Am.,  Sept.  1820,  v,  p. 


606. 


funebris,  Fitzin.,  Sitzun.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  1870,  Ixii, 
p.  46. 

Type  locality.      New  York  State. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  North  America  from  Canada  to  Florida, 
Colorado,  Indian  Territory  and  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  ears  reaching  half  way  between  angle 
of  mouth  and  nostril;  tragus  triangular;  wing  membranes  attached 
to  base  of  toes;  no  fur  tuft  at  proximal  end  of  forearm.  Skull: 
rostrum  broad;  zygomata  spreading;  teeth  large. 

Color.  Variable,  ranging  from  yellowish  red  and  fawn  to  yel- 
lowish gray;  in  front  of  shoulders  is  a  whitish  space. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  103-110;  tail  vertebras,  47.55-52.7; 
tibia,  18. 6-19. 6;  foot,  7.4-7.9;  forearm,  38.5-40.6;  thumb,  6.3-7.3; 
longest  finger,  79.3-82.8;  ear  from  meatus,  lo-ii.g;  width  of  ear, 
g. 8-1 1.4;  tragus,  6.5-7. 


LASIURUS.  413 

a.—seminolus.  (Lasiurus),  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1895,  p.  32. 

Type  locality.     Tarpon  Springs,  Florida. 

Geogr.  Distr.      South  Carolina  to  southern  Texas. 

Gcnl.  Char.      Size  equal  to  L.  borealis,  foot  larger. 

Color.  Body  above  cinnamon  or  mahogany  brown,  hairs  tipped 
with  ash;  forehead,  cheeks,  chin  and  abdomen  yellowish  brown; 
throat  and  chest  whitish;  rest  of  under  parts  and  hairy  lower  sur- 
face of  wings  cinnamon  grading  to  orange  brown  at  base  of  meta- 
carpals; hairs  at  base  sooty. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  95-115;  tail  vertebr<x%  45-54;  tibia, 
19-20;  foot,  6.9-g;  forearm,  40-42;  thumb,  7-7.4;  longest  finger,  79- 
85;  ear  from  meatus,  11.3-12.7;  width  of  ear,  10-11.4;  tragus,  6.5-7. 

b.—teliotis.  {Atalphd),  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  i8gi,  xxix, 
p.  I. 

Type  locality.      Unknown,  California? 

Geogr.  Dtstr.  Sacramento  Valley  to  Comondu,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 

Genl.  Char.  Smaller  than  L.  borealis ;  ear  shorter,  external 
basal  lobe  reduced.  Back  of  interfemoral  membrane  furred  on 
basal  third. 

Color.  Above  dark  chestnut,  hairs  sometimes  tipped  with  gray; 
beneath  paler;   lower  half  of  sides  of  neck  white. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  96-107;  tail  vertebra;,  45-57;  tibia, 
19.6-20;  foot,  6.6-8.6;  forearm,  37-40;  thumb,  6.4-7;  longest  finger, 
74-82;  ear  from  meatus,  9.4-10;  width  of  ear,  9-9.8;  tragus,  5.4-6. 

598.  cinereus.     {Vespertilio),  Beauvois,  Cat.  Peale's  Mus.  Phil.,  1796, 
p.  14. 
pruinosus,  Say,  Long's  Exped.  Rocky  Mts. ,  1823,  i,  p.  167   (foot 
note). 

Type  locality.      Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

Geogr.  Distr.  North  America  from  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  at 
different  seasons.      Fur  on  forearm  near  base. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  with  edges  black;  foot  half  as  long 
as  tibia. 

Color.  Above  umber  brown,  hairs  tipped  with  silvery  white; 
throat,  head  and  under  side  of  membranes  yellowish  brown;  band 
of  umber  brown  below  throat;  ventral  surface  whitish. 

Mcasurtnii-nts.  Total  length,  130-140;  tail  vertebra^  52-58;  tibia, 
23-24;  foot,  9-10;  forearm,  48-55;  thumb,  10-10. 6;  longest  finger, 
loi-iio;  ear  from  meatus,  17-18;  width  of  ear,  15-17. 7;  tragus, 
9-9- 5- 


DASYPTERUS. 


1.1= 


110. 

;  C.  i 


Dasypterus. 

-':  P.    ^;  M.  ^--3- 


F3  =  3o. 

Dasypterus.     Peters,  Monat.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.    Berlin,    1871,   p.   912. 
Type  D.  inienuidius,  Allen. 

Upper  incisor  in  contact  with  canine;  skull  short,  very  broad  and 
deep;  ear  tapering  at  tip,  naked  on  half  of  dorsal  surface;  inter- 
femoral  membrane  furred  on  half  of  dorsal  surface;  mammae,  4. 


Fig.  89.     Dasypterus  intermedius. 
No.  52675  U.  S.  Nat'l  Museum  Coll. 


Skull  twice  nat.  %\i 


Incisors  enlarged  6  times. 


599.  intermedius.  {Lasiurus),  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien. 
Phil.,  1862,  p.  246. 

Type  locality.      Metamoras,  Taumalipas,  Mexico. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Gulf  States  and  northeastern  Mexico. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  skull  broad;  membranes  thick,  leathery; 
free  border  of  uropatagium  longer  than  calcar. 

Color.  Light  yellowish  brown,  hairs  on  back  tipped  with  dusky; 
hairs  dark  plumbeous  at  base. 

Measurements.     Total  length, 120-145;  tail  vertebrae,  52-65.9;  tibia, 


DASYPTERUS. 


NVCTICKJUS. 


18-24.9;  foot,  8-10;  forearm,  45.5-55;  thumb,  6-8.9;  longest  finger, 
95-111;  ear  from  meatus,  17-18. 8;  width  of  ear,  14-15. 5;  tragus, 
S-9.4. 

111.    Nycticejus. 

P.  !=i;  M. 


1.  ^;  c. 


=  30. 


Nycticejus.     Rafin.  Journ.  Phys.  1819,  Ixxxviii,  p.  417. 

Nydiicyx,  Wagl.  Naturl.  Syst.  der  Amphib.,  1830,  p.  13. 

Upper  incisor  not  in  contact  with  canine;  outer  lower  incisor 
equal  to  others  in  size,  tricuspidate;  uropatagium  furred  only  at  base; 
tips  of  tail  free;  tragus  bent  forward;  skull  narrow. 


Fig.  90.     Nycticejus  HUMERALis. 

No.  3010  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 

Skull  twice  nat  size.  Incisors  enlarged  S  times. 


600.  humeralis.  {^Vespcrlilio),  Rafin.  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  1818,  iii, 
p.  445. 

crepuscularis,  LeConte,  McMurtrie's  Cuv.  Anini.  King.,  1831,  i, 
p.  432. 

Type  locality.      Kentucky. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Eastern  United  States  west  to  .Arkansas  and 
southern  Texas. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  medium,  ears  small,  thick,  naked  except  at 
base;  tragus  short,  broad,  blunt;  lobe  at  posterior  base;  membranes 
thick;  uropatagium  at  middle  of  terminal  caudal  vertebrae. 


416  NYCTICEJUS.  NYCTINOMUS. 

Color.  Above  umber  brown,  beneath  paler,  fur  at  base  plumb- 
eous. 

Afeasurements.  Total  length,  91.4-93.5;  tail  vertebrae,  35.8-37.2: 
tibia,  13. 4-13. 8;  foot,  6.7-7.7;  forearm,  34.3-36.4;  thumb,  5.3-5.6; 
longest  finger,  63.4-65.2;  ear  from  meatus,  12. 7-13. 9;  width  of  ear, 
8.8-10.5;  tragus,  5.1-6.2. 

112.     Nyctinomus. 

I.  ^    or    '-=-';   C.   5=1;  p.  1=1    or   i=^;  M.  ^3  =  32  or  28. 
3—3  2—2'  I— i'         2—2  2—2'         3—3       ■' 

Nyctinomus.     Geoff.  Descr.  de  I'Eygpte,  1812,  11,  p.  114. 

Dinops,  Savi,  Nuov.  Giorn.  di  'Lett.,  1825,  p.  230. 

Dysopes,  Cretzsch.  (nee  Illig.)  Rupp.  Ath.  Reis.  Nordl.  Afr.  ZooL, 
1826,  p.  69. 

Ears  close  together  at  base  of  inner  margins;  tragus  short, 
rounded  above;  muzzle  projecting  beyond  lower  lip,  broad  obliquely 
truncated;  upper  lip  grooved  with  vertical  wrinkles,  expansive;  first 
and  fifth  toes  thickest,  long  curved  hairs  on  back  of  all  the  toes;  pre- 
maxillae  separate  in  front,  or  joined  only  by  cartilage;  upper  incisor 
at  base  in  contact  with  canine,  the  cusps  converging  inwards  and  for- 
wards. 


i 

Fig.  91.     Nyctinomus  brasiliensis. 

No.  600  Field  Columbian  Museum  Coll. 
Skull  twice  nat.  size.  Incisors  enlarged  7  times. 


NYCTINOMUS.  417 

a.—  macrotis  nevadensis.  {^Nyctinomtis),  H.  Allen,  Mon.  Bats,  X.  Am., 
1K93,  p.  171. 

Type  locality.     Nevada. 

Geogr.  Dislr.      Nevada  and  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Tragus  convex;  no  naked  space  on  endopatagiutn 
near  the  body.  Keel  of  auricle  not  projecting  beyond  antitragus. 
(H.  Allen.) 

Color.     Above  mouse  color,  beneath  lighter. 

Measurements.      Head  and  body,  60;  arm,  25;  forearm,  54. 

601.  brasiliensis.     (Nyctinomus),    Geoff.    Ann.   Scien.   Nat.,    1824,    i, 

P-  111- 

nasiitus,  Spix.  Sim.  et  Vesp.  Bras.,  1823,  p.  60,  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  7. 

mnriniis.  Gray,  Griff.  Cuv.  Anim.  King.,  1828,  v,  p.  66. 

cynoiephala,  LeConte,  McMurtr.  Cuv.  Anim.  King.,  1831,  i,p.  432. 

/uli};inosus,  Cooper,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y. ,  1837,  Lv,  p.  59, 
pi.  iii,  fig.  3. 

carolincnsis,  Gundl.  (nee  Geoff.)  Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  1840,  p.  358. 

naso,   Wagn.  Supp.  Schreib.  Saug.,  1844,  p.  475. 

mexicaniis  it  azeticus,  Sauss.  Rev.  Zool.,  i860,  pp.  283,  285. 

Type  locality.      Brazil? 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  United  States. 

Genl.  Char.  Muzzle  truncate  with  spines  on  upper  border  and 
an  inner  border  of  auricle;  face  with  long  bristles;  tail  free  beyond 
toes. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  sides  of  neck  plumbeous  shading  to 
dusky  brown;  sides  and  under  parts  paler;  hairs  of  upper  parts  and 
sides  of  neck  have  their  bases  white,  on  other  parts  the  hairs  are 
unicolor. 

.\[t-asurements.  Head  and  body,  49;  tail  vertebra;,  15;  tibia,  11; 
foot,  7;   2d  metacarp,  38;  ear,  13;  tragus,  14;   forearm,  40. 

602.  femorosaccus.     {Nyctinomus),  Merriam,  N.    Am.    Faun.,    No.    2, 

1889,  p.  23. 

Type  locality.      Agua  Caliente,  Colorado  Desert,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Only  known  from  type  locality. 

Genl.  Char.  Incisors  '  '.  Lower  incisors  bitid  and  crowded; 
first  upper  premolar  small;  second  very  large  and  high  antero-in- 
ternal  cusp.  Ears  thick,  keel  greatly  developed  with  a  large  lobe 
on  its  lower  third;  antitragus  higher  than  long,  convex  anteriorly, 
slightly  concave  posteriorly,  and  separated  by  a  deep  notch;  tragus 
subquadrate.  Tail  more  than  half  exserted.  Gular  sac  present. 
The  wing  membrane  is  attached  to  the  leg  below  the  middle  of  the 
tibia,  and  the  fur  extends  out,    above   and    beneath,    as  far   as   a   line 


418  NYCTINOMUS.  MORMOPS. 

drawn  from  the  middle  of  the  humerus  to  the  junction  of  the  middle 
and  outer  thirds  of  the  femur,     (ex  Merr.,  1.  c.) 

Color.      Dull  brown. 

Measurements.  (From  the  alcoholic  specimen.)  Total  length, 
103;  head  and  body,  60;  tail,  41;  exserted  part  of  tail,  2.3;  head,  23; 
ear  from  crown,  14;  ear  from  base  of  antitragus,  20;  tragus,  i;  hum- 
erus, 28;  forearm,  47;  third  finger:  metacarpal,  45;  first  phalanx,  20; 
second  phalanx,  19;  fifth  finger,  44.     (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

603.  mohavensis.       {N^yctinomus),     Merr.,    N.    Am.    Fauna,    No.    2, 

1889,  p.  25. 
Type  locality.      Fort  Mojave,  Arizona. 

Genl.  Char.      Incisors  -'— .      Lower  incisors  not  distinctly  bifid; 

2—2  .'  ' 

first  upper  premolar  minute;  second  large  with  a  well  developed 
antero-internal  cusp.  Ear  keel  small,  without  a  distinct  lobe  on  its 
inner  third;  anterior  convexity  of  auricle  with  six  horny  spines;  anti- 
tragus very  low  and  flat,  much  longer  than  high,  not  hiding  tragus; 
tail  less  than  half  exserted,  no  gular  sac. 

Color.      Above  sooty;  paler  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  94;  tail,  34;  exserted  part  of  tail, 
13.5;  forearm,  44;  humerus,  24;  third  metart,  43;  tragus,  2;  ear 
from  base  of  antitragus,  18.     (Merriam,  1.  c.) 

Fam.  II.     Phyllostomatidae. 

Cutaneous  processes  surrounding  or  close  to  the  nasal  apertures; 
ears  moderately  large,  tragi  well  developed.  Middle  finger  with 
three  phalanges,  index  finger  with  one;  premaxillae  united.  Tail 
variable,  either  well  developed  or  absent.      Eyes  large. 

Sub.  Fam.  I.     Lobostominae. 
113.     Mormops. 

I.  '^;   C.   — ;  Pm.  f=f;  M.  ^  =  42. 
4-4'  I— i'  3—3'         3—3      ^ 

Mormops,     Leach,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  1820-22,  xiii,  p.  76. 

Crown   elevated   high  above   line   of  face;    nostrils   destitute   of 

cutaneous  appendages  and  directed  downward;  ears  close  together, 

sometimes  united  by  prolongations  from  the  muzzle  on  their  inner 

margins;  cutaneous  processes  on  chin  and  sides  of  lips. 

604.  megalophylla.     Peters,  M.  B.  Akad.  Berl.,  1864,  p.  381;  Mearns, 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  igoo,  p.  166. 
Geogr.    Distr.     Antilles,    Cuba,    Jamaica,    etc.      One    specimen 
taken   at   Fort  Clark,    Kinney  County,   Texas,   Dec.    3,    1897.      (vide 
Mearns,  1.  c.) 


MORMOPS 


OTOPTERUS. 


I 


^lo.     '..       MORMOPS    BLAINVILLII. 

No.  5202  Field  ColumbiaD  Museum  Coll. 

Skull  enlarged  3  limes.  Incisors  enlarged  9  times. 


Gen!.  Char.  Ear  broad  as  high,  tip  rounded;  extremity  of  muzzle 
truncated;  lower  jaw  projecting  slightly  beyond  upper.  Wings  from 
inferior  surface  of  tibia;  interfemoral  membrane  and  calcaneum; 
interfemoral  membrane  extending  beyond  tail;  tibia  long. 

Color.      Dark  reddish  brown  above  and  beneath. 

Miasiirimcnts.  "Total  length,  90;  tail  vertebra;,  28;  alar-expanse, 
373;  longest  finger,  go;  head,  17;  forearm,  56."     (Mearns.) 

Sub.  Fam.  II.     Phyllostomatinae. 


1  14. 

C.  '- 


OtoptlTUS. 


p.  ?=?; 
3-3' 


M.pi  = 


34- 


Macrotus.     Gray,  Proc.   Zool.   See,   1843,  p.   21.     Type  M.   water- 
housii.     (nee  Dej.  Coleopt.  1833,  Afacrotis.) 


420  OTOPTERUS. 

Otopteriis,  Flow.  &  Lyddek  Mamm.  Liv.  &  Extinct,  1891,  p.  673. 

Ears  large,  united  above  and  between  eyes  by  membrane;  tragus 
acute,  elongated;  nose  leaf-shaped,  like  horseshoe  in  front,  triangular 
behind;  lower  lip  grooved,  triangular  wart  in  front;  antebrachial  mem- 
brane developed;  tail  elongate,  tapering,  projecting  beyond  margin 
of  interfemoral  membrane. 


^^^v^d 

Fig.    93.       OTOPTERUS     MEXICANUS. 

No.  2404  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll. 

Skull  twice  nat.  size.  Incisors  enlarged  6  times. 

605.  californicus.  {Macrotus),  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scien.  Phil., 
1858,  p.  117. 

Type  locality.     California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Limits  of  range  not  defined. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  'li'aterhousii.  Auricle  longer  than 
head;  basal  lobes  developed;  nose  leaf  with  defined  lower  border  ; 
internal  border  of  tragus  thickened,  and  revoluted  portion  at  base  of 


OTOPTERUS.  PROMOPS.  121 

external  border  swollen;  lower  lip  grooved,  with  a  small  wart  on  each 
side  of  the  groove. 

Color.  Above  and  below  gray;  base  of  fur  white;  terminal  third 
fawn. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  66;  tail  vertebra,  27;  tibia,  20;  foot, 
10:  forearm,  22;  longest  finger,  34:  height  of  ear,  23;  tragus,  10. 

Fam.   III.     IVortilionidae. 

Noctilionidae.     Gray,  Lond.  Med.  Kepos.,  i>52i,  p.  299. 

No  distinct  cutaneous  foliaceous  appendages  surrounding  the 
nostrils  which  open  by  a  simple  valvular  aperture  at  the  projecting 
extremity  of  the  muzzle,  which  is  truncated;  ears  large,  often  united; 
tragi  short,  expanded  above;  middle  finger  with  two  phlanges;  tail 
partially  free,  extending  beyond  the  posterior  margin  of  interfemoral 
membrane,  or  perforating  it  and  appearing  on  upper  surface.  Upper 
incisors  large  and  separated  from  the  canines.  Molars  with  W- 
shaped  cusps. 

Sub.   Fam.  I.     Molossiuae. 

Tail  extending  far  behind  interfemoral  membrane;  legs  short, 
strong. 

1  15.     l*r«)ino|>.s. 

I.  tz!;   c.   ^';  P.  ?=?;  M.  5::-^  =  30. 

2—2'         I— i'         2—2'         3—3      •' 

Promops.  Gerv.  (nee  Spix),  Exp.  du  Comte  de  Castelnau,  Zool. 
Mamm.,  1855,  p.  59,  pi.  xii,  figs.  3,  3a.  (teeth). 
Ears  close  together  or  united  at  base  of  their  inner  margins; 
muzzle  broad,  obtuse  or  obliquely  truncated;  lips  smooth;  tragus 
short;  first  and  fifth  toes  thickest,  backs  of  all  with  long  curved  hairs. 
Upper  incisors  with  their  cusps  close  together  in  front. 

606.  californicus.     Merr.,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  No.  4,  1890,  p.  31. 

Type  locality.      Alhambra,  Los  Angeles  County,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  AI.  glaiicinus.  Ears  very  large,  their 
bases  united  in  front  and  projecting  beyond  muzzle,  which  is  obliquely 
truncated.  No  wrinkles  on  lips,  and  a  glandular  swelling  in  front  of 
each  eye.  Antitragus  twice  as  long  as  high.  Wings  from  juncture 
of  middle  and  distal  third  of  tibia.  Posterior  border  of  auricle 
emarginated;  tubercle  on  interauricular  membrane:  first  upper  pre- 
molar central  in  space  between  canine  and  second  premolar. 

Giogr.  Distr.     Southern  California.      Exact  range  unknown. 


Fig.  94.     Promops  californicus. 

No.  15751  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll. 

Skull  enlarged  14.  Incisors  enlarged  4  times. 


Color.  Sooty  brown,  palest  beneath;  bases  of  hairs  everywhere 
pale  drab  gray. 

Measurements  Head  and  body,  102;  tail  vertebrae,  60;  free  part 
of  tail,  13;  height  of  ear,  24;  length  of  ear,  39;  tragus,  4;  humerus, 
41,  forearm,  73;  longest  finger,  136;  thumb,  g;  tibia,  22.5;  foot,  17. 


APPENDIX. 


THE    FOLLOWING    DESCRIPTIONS    AND     EMENDATIONS,    SAVE 

SE\EN,  WERE    PUBLISHED    AFTER    THE    PAGES    IN    THE 

BODY    OF    THE     BOOK     ON     WHICH     THEY     WOULD 

PROPERLY      FIND      A      PLACE       HAD      PASSED 

THROUGH  THE   PRESS;  THE  EXCEPTIONS 

WERE  NOT  KNOWN  TO  ME  IN  TIME 

TO  BE  INCLUDED  IN  THEIR 

PROPER  POSITIONS. 


Order  I     Marsuplalja. 

Fam.  I.     I>id('l|)liyidae. 

1.     Didelphys. 

I.  Didelphys  virginiana. 

After  the  sheet  containing  this  species  had  passed  through  the 
press,  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  published  a  paper  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  History,  October  12,  1900,  entitled,  a  "Note  on  the  Gen- 
eric Names  Dihei.phis  and  Phil.^nder,"  in  which  he  endeavors  to 
show  b\-  elimination,  etc.,  that  the  proper  name  for  the  Virginia 
Opossum  should  be  marsupialis,  Linn.,  and  not  virglniana,  Kerr.  On 
this  point  also  consult  J.  A.  G.  Rehn,  American  Naturalist,  igoo, 
.\xiv,  pp.  575-578,  and  Alston,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  i,  p.  196  (foot 
note),  where  exactly  the  opposite  decision  has  been  reached. 

Order  \ .    Ungulata. 

Fam.   W.     Bovidae. 
3;{.     Ovis. 

69.  Ovis  fannini.  Hornaday,  5th  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.  Zool.  Soc, 
1901,  .\pp.  I,  p.  2. 

Type  locality.  "  Rocky  Mountains,"  east  side  of  the  Yukon  about 
seventy-five  miles  east  of  Dawson,  Yukon,  N.  W.  Ter. 

Geogr.  Distr.  In  the  mountains  above  named,  but  the  extent  of 
its  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  O.  dalli;  shoulders,  back,  fore  legs  to 
knee  and  hind  legs  to  hock  outside,  gray. 

Color.  General  hue  white,  with  the  parts  mentioned  above  gray, 
"giving  the  appearance  of  a  white  animal  covered  by  a  gray  blanket." 
From  knee  to  hoof  of  fore  leg  in  front  is  a  brown  stripe,  and  a  simi- 
lar one  extends  on  front  of  thigh  also  to  the  hoof.  Tail  similar  to 
back,  but  darker.      Rump  patch  white. 

Measurements.      Nose  to  tail,  1,525;  height  at  shoulder,  865. 

Horns.  Similar  to  O.  dalli.  Circumference  at  base,  344:  length 
on  outer  curve,  103;  greatest  spread  (at  rear),  546;  distance  between 
points,  509.      (ex  Hornaday,  1.  c.) 

425 


Order  VI.    Rodentla. 

Fam.  I.     Scinridae. 

36.  Sciurvis. 

72.  a.  Sciurus    ludovieianus  neglecius  (Gray),    Nelson   Proc.   Biol. 

Soc.  Wash.,  1900,  p.  170. 
Macroxus  negUcius,   Gray,  Am.  Mag.  Nat.    Hist.,    1867,    3d   Ser. 

XX,  p.  425. 
Sciurus    ludovicianus   vicinus.    Bangs,    Proc.    Biol.    Soc.    Wash., 

1896,  p.  150. 
Type  locality.      Wilmington,  Delaware  (Thomas,  vide  Nelson  1.  c.) 

Mr.  Nelson  in  his  article  cited  above  has  shown  that  Gray's 
name  of  neglectus  was  bestowed  upon  the  eastern  Fox  Squirrel,  after- 
wards called  vicinus  by  Bangs,  and  the  latter  name  will  therefore 
become  a  synonym. 

78.  a.  Sciurus  hudsonius  petulans,  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1900, 
p.  27. 

Type  locality.      Glacier,  White  Pass,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Western  Alaska,   limits  of  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  .S.  h.  vaticouvercnsis,  but  paler. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Above  raw  umber  and  Prout's  brown; 
top  of  head  darker  than  back;  legs  and  feet  russet;  under  parts 
washed  with  rufous;  tail,  above  hazel  for  three-fourths  its  length, 
margin  and  terminal  portion  black,  edged  with  ochraceous;  beneath 
paler. 

Mcasureiiienis.  Total  length,  299;  tail  vertebrae,  119;  hind  foot, 
48.      Ex.  Spec,  White  Pass,  Alaska. 

37.  Tainias. 

95.  ec.  Tamias  {Eutamias),  caniceps.  Osgood,  N.Am.  Faun.,  1900, 
No.  19,  p.  28. 

Type  locality.     Lake  Lebarge,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Headwaters  of  the  Yukon  to  Fort  Selkirk,  Long. 
137°  N.  Lat.  62°  W. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  T.  q.  /wrealis,  but  grayer;   beneath  white. 

Color.  Summer  Pelage.  Five  black  stripes  on  back;  outer  light 
stripes  white,  inner  bluish  white;  dark  facial  stripes  rufous  black, 
light  stripes  nearly  pure  white.  Sides  bright  ochraceous;  arms 
gray. 


TAMIAS.  SPERMOPHILUS.  ARCTOMVS.         427 

IVinttr  Pelage.  Above  olive  gray,  with  black  and  whitt-  stripes; 
feet  grayish  white;  tail,  above  black  grizzled  with  white;  beneath 
clay  color  margined  with  black  and  edged  with  white. 

Measurtments.  Total  length,  223;  tail  vertebnc,  103;  hind 
foot,  32. 


38.    Spennophilus. 

109.  b.  Spermophilus  empetra  plesiup,  Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  igoo. 
No.  19,  p.  29. 

Ij/e  loealily.      Bennett  City,  Lake  Bennett,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      South  side  of  White  Pass  to  Fort  Selkirk,  .Vlaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  .S.  empetra,  but  smaller;  less  fulvous; 
molar  teeth  larger. 

Color.  Posthrecding  Pelage.  Above  mixed  black,  yellowish  gray 
and  white;  top  of  head  chestnut,  nose  and  forehead  hazel;  sides  of 
body,  legs  and  under  parts  cinnamon  rufuous;  chin  white;  tail, 
above  black  and  yellowish,  margined  and  broadly  tipped  with  black 
and  edged  with  white;  beneath  cinnamon  rufous  margined  with  yel- 
lowish white. 

Spring  Pelage.  Above  yellowish  gray,  nose,  forehead  and  top  of 
head  cinnamon  rufous;  neck  and  shoulders  hoary;  sides  and  under 
parts  grayish  white  washed  with  yellowish;  feet  buffy  ocliraceous; 
tail  paler  than  in  postbreeding  pelage. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  345;  tail  vertebr;t,  93;  hind  foot, 
50.      (ex  Osgood,  1.  c.) 


4<).     Arotoinys. 

137.  a.  Arctomy s /Idviventer  nvarus.  Bangs,  Proc.  N.  Kng.  Zool. 
Club,  1899,  p.  68. 

Type  locality.     Okanagan,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.      British  Columbia,  range  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  A.  flaviventer,  colors  paler. 

Color.  Like  A.  flaviventer :  "on  the  back  and  shoulders  the 
black  central  bands  of  the  hairs  are  much  sliorter  and  the  yellowish 
and  grayish  tips  much  longer,  giving  to  these  parts  a  lighter  and 
more  hoary  appearance;  yellow  of  under  parts,  feet  and  hands  paler." 

Measurements.  Type,  youngish,  total  length,  457;  tail  verte- 
bra', 140;  hind  foot,  70.      (Bangs,  1.  c.) 


i28  SCIUROPTERUS.  MUS. 

Sub.  Fam.  II.     Pteromyinae. 

51.     Sciuropterus. 

141.  a.  Sciuropterus  yukonensis.  Osgood,  N.  Am,  Faun.,  1900, 
No.   19,  p.  25. 

Ty/e  locality.  Camp  Davidson,  Yukon  River,  near  Alaska-Canada 
boundarj'. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Possibh"  from  Chilkoot  Inlet,  Alaska,  north  to 
Canada  boundary. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  tail  long;  color  dark,  base  of  face 
bluish  black. 

Color.  Above  pale  cinnamon,  beneath  whitish  suffused  with 
cinnamon  fawn;  sides  of  head  ashy  and  cinnamon;  orbital  ring  black; 
tail,  above  fawn  mixed  with  black.  Feet,  above  dusky,  beneath 
buffy  white. 

Measurftnents.  Total  length,  365;  tail  vertebrae,  180;  hind 
foot,  41. 

141.  hb.  Sciuropterus  alpiniis  (volans)lascivus.  Bangs,  Proc.  N. 
Eng.  Zool.  Soc,  1899,  p.  6g. 

TyJ>e  locality.      Tallac,  El  Dorado  County,  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  S.  v.  taliforniciis,  but  darker;  nasals 
longer,  audital  bullae  larger. 

Color.  Above  cinnamon  rust;  beneath  buffy  white.  Tail  like 
back,  darkest  at  tip.      Cheeks  smoke  gray. 

Measurements.  "  Total  length,  300-320;  tail  vertebrae,  135-150; 
hind  foot,  37-43;  ear,  25.5-27."     (Bangs,  1.  c.) 


Fam.  I\'.     ^Iiiridae. 

Sub.   Fam.   I.     Murinae. 

44.     Mus. 

149.  Mus    norwegicus.     Erxleb.    Syst.    Reg.    Anim.,    1777,    p.    38 1. 
Rehn,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1900,  p.   167. 
Mus  (lecumantis.  Pall.  Glir.,  1778,  p.  91. 

Mr.  Rehn  (1.  c.)  has  shown  that  Erxleben  gave  the  name  of 
norwegicus  to  this  rat  one  year  before  it  was  called  decumanus  by 
Pallas,  and  therefore  the  latter  appellation  will  become  a  synonym. 


PEROMVSCUS.  NEOTOMA.  429 

Sub.   Fani.  II.     Cricetinae. 

4(>.     Peroiiiyscus. 

192.  bb.  Peromyscus  ( truei)  scitulus.  Bangs,  Proc.  N.  I-3ng.  Zool. 
Club,  1S99,  p.  67. 

Tr/>e  locality.      Gardnerville,  Douglas  County,  Nevada. 

Genl.  Char.      Similar  to  /'.  /.  crinitus,  but  paler,  tail  shorter. 

Color.  Above  drab  wood  brown  slightly  lined  with  dusky: 
cheeks  and  lower  sides  washed  with  ochraceous  buff;  under  parts 
white;  anal  region  and  sometimes  a  pectoral  patch,  buff;  tail  short, 
grayish  above,  white  beneath. 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  160-174;  '^''  vertebra',  80-92; 
hind  foot,  ao-22;  ear,  18-21."     (Bangs,  1.  c.) 


Sub.  Fam.   III.     Neotominae. 
50.    Neotoiiia. 

225.  a.     Neotoma  bella.     Bangs,  Proc.  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club,   1899, 

p.  66. 

Type  locality.     Palm  Springs,  Riverside  County,  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Color  pale,  tail  well  haired. 

Color.  Above  pale  buff-yellow  lined  with  brownish-black;  cheeks, 
sides  and  upper  surfaces  of  legs  and  arms  pale  orange  buff;  beneath 
white;  hairs  on  lower  sides  at  base  pale  gray.  Tail  yellowish  white 
above,  white  beneath.  Feet  and  hands  white.  Ears  large,  nearly 
naked,  pale  grayish. 

.\feasurcments.  Total  length,  317;  tail  vertebra,  155;  hind  foot 
(skin),  31.5.     (ex  Bangs,  1.  c.) 

226.  a.     Neotoma  cinera  lepida.    Thom.  A.  M.  N.  H.,  1893,  p.  235. 
Mr.  Bangs,  in  a  foot  note  on  page  66,  Proc.  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club, 

1899,  states  that  Mr.  Gerrit  S.  Miller,  Jr.,  of  the  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum, 
has  examined  the  type  of  Mr.  Thomas'  species  and  is  of  the  opinion 
that  it  is  the  same  as  iV.  descrtorum,  Merr.  This  being  so,  the 
name  given  by  Dr.  Merriam  will  become  a  synonym  of  N.  c.  lepida. 
Thos. 

227.  aa.   Neotoma  saxamans.     Osgood,  N.  Am.  Faun.,  1900,  No.  19, 

P-  33- 

Type  locality.      Bennett  City,  Lake  Bennett,  British  Columbia. 
Geogr.  Disir.      White  Pass  to  the  Semenow  Hills,  Alaska. 


430  NEOTOMA.  PHENACOMYS.  SYNAPTOMYS. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  N.  c.  drummondi,  but  darker;  beneath 
pure  white.  Skull:  sphenopalatine  vacuities  open;  ventral  surface 
of  occipital  with  a  high  trenchant  median  ridge;  front  of  incisors 
pale;  nasals  long,  narrow. 

Color.  Above  grayish  fawn  and  black,  brighter  on  sides;  under 
parts  and  feet  pure  white;  around  eyes  sooty;  cheeks  ashy;  tail  slate 
above,  white  below. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  452;  tail  vertebrae,  192;  hind 
foot,  46. 


Sub.   Fam.   IV.     Microtinae. 
51.    Phenacomys. 

236.  a.  Phenacomys  celatus  crassus.  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool. 
Club,  1900,  p.  39. 

Tyfe  locality.      Rigoulette,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Labrador. 

Genl.  Char.  "  Like  true  P.  celatus,  except  very  much  larger, 
with  a  similar,  but  bigger,  skull." 

Color.  "Upper  parts  rich  cinnamon  brown,  much  mixed  along 
back  and  on  head  with  dark  brown  hairs;  sides  and  usually  region 
behind  ear  paler — approaching  wood  brown;  rump  and  flanks  rather 
more  russet;  snout,  back  and  base  of  whiskers  and  eye  clear  cinna- 
mon to  cinnamon  rufous;  under  parts  grayish  virhite;  under  fur  slate 
color;  feet  and  hands  grayish  white;  tail  bicolor — whitish  below, 
brown  above." 

Measurements.  "  Total  length,  160;  tail  vertebrae,  37;  hind  foot, 
20;  ear,  15."     (Bangs  1.  c.) 


54.     Synaptoinys. 

307.  a.  Synaptomys  innuitus,  medioxinus.  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eng. 
Zool.  Club,  1900,  p.  40. 

Type  locality.      Lance  au  Loup,  Labrador. 

Genl.  Char.  "Larger  than  true  .S.  innuitus;  skull  larger  in  every 
way  except  that  it  is  proportionally  flatter;  rostrum  less  deflected; 
visible  portion  of  posterior  end  of  frontals  much  larger;  edge  of  the 
maxillary  portion  of  zygoma  bounding  the  anteorbital  foramen,  much 
more  convex,  so  that  the  anteorbital  foramen,  viewed  from  the  side, 
is  more  rounded  and  larger;  incisor  teeth  and  molar  teeth  heavier 
and  the  molar  series  longer." 


SYNAPTOMYS.  DIPODOMYS  ERETHIZON.  131 

Color.  "  Upper  parts  rich  brown,  back  and  head  dull  russet, 
very  thickly  set  with  black  tipped  hairs,  rump  and  flanks  shading 
decidedly  toward  hazel  and  with  fewer  black  tipped  hairs;  long  hair 
on  ears,  and  in  front  of  and  behind  ears  hazel;  patches  at  base  of 
whiskers,  meeting  across  nose,  dull  hazel.  Under  parts  dull  smoke 
gray;  under  fur  slate  color;  feet  and  hands  dusky;  tail  dusky  above, 
grayish  below." 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  120;  tail  vertebra;,  22;  hind  foot, 
21."     (Bangs  1.  c.) 

Fam.  VI.     Heteromyidae. 

Sub.   Fam.   I.     Dipodomyinae. 
()  1 .     Dipodomys. 

355.  Dipodomys  montanus.     Baird,   Acad.   Nat.   Scien.   Phil.,  1855, 

p.  334.     (I'ort  Massachusetts,  N.  M.)     Mearns,   Proc.  Biol. 
Soc.  Wash.,  1900,  p.  167. 
Dipodomys  ordi  var  montanus.      Baird,  Mamm.    N.  Am.,  1857,  pp. 

410,  411.  (nee  Waterhouse.) 
Dipodomys  elator.  Merr. ,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1894,  p.  109. 
Dr.  Mearns  has  stated  (1.  c.)  that  a  comparison  made  between 
Baird's  types  of  D.  montanus  in  the  National  Museum  with  that  of 
Merriam's  D.  elator  proves  them  to  be  identical,  which  fact  reduces 
the  latter  to  the  rank  of  a  synonym.  Baird's  name  must  be  employed 
for  the  species. 

356.  a.     Dipodomys  cali/ornieus  pallidulus.    Bangs,  Proc.  N.  Eng. 

Zool.  Club,  1899,  p.  65. 

Type  locality.      Sites,  Colusa  County,  California. 

Genl.  C/iar.  Like  D.  californiius^  but  paler;  thigh  patches  not 
dusky,  black  markings  at  base  of  whiskers  and  over  nose  nearly 
wanting. 

Color.  Above  wood  brown,  shading  to  cinnamon  on  sides;  patch 
behind  ear  and  over  eye  white.  Tail  above  sepia,  beneath  white. 
Under  parts  of  body  white. 

Measurements.  "  Total  length,  290;  tail  vertebra  ,  i.">i  ;  hind  foot, 
42;  ear,  15."     (Bang,  1.  c.) 

Fam.   VII.     Eretliixontidae. 

Sub.   Fam.   I.     Erethizontinae. 

07.     Erethizoii. 

404.  a.   Erethizon  dorsatiis  picinus.     Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool. 
Club,  1900,  II,  p.  37. 
Type  locality.     Lance  au  Loup,  Labrador. 


432  ERETHIZON.  VULPES. 

Genl.  Char.  "Rather  larger  than  true  E.  dorsatus;  tail  averag- 
ing a  little  shorter;  skull  rather  longer,  rostral  portions  stouter; 
incisor  teeth  broader  and  stronger,  and  usually  dull  yellow;  molari- 
form  teeth  smaller." 

Color.  "  Hair  jet  black,  or  dull  brownish  or  rusty  black;  a  few 
of  the  stiff  quill-like  hairs  on  sides  of  tail  and  rump,  tipped  with  yel- 
lowish; quills  on  head  and  fore  part  of  body  white  basally  and  rusty 
brown  at  ends;  quills  on  rump  and  tail  white  with  brownish  black 
ends." 

Measurements.  "Total  length,  790;  tail  vertebrs,  166;  hind 
foot,  124;  ear,  36."     (ex  Bangs  1.  c.) 


Order  VII.    Camivora. 

Fam.  II.     Canidae. 

72.     Vulpes. 

459.  a.  Vulpes  kenaiensis.  Merr.,  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900, 
p.  670. 

Type  locality.      Kenai  Peninsula,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Kenai  Peninsula. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  only  known.  "  Similar  in  general  to  /'. //(J'rr/- 
mani,  but  rostrum  decidedly  longer,  less  swollen  over  canines,  lateral 
constriction  absent,  and  nose  less  upturned;  zjgomata  more  spread- 
ing posteriorly;  frontal  broader  interorbitally;  premolars  more  spaced; 
upper  carnassial  and  first  upper  molar  huge;  upper  carnassial  with 
antero-internal  cusp  weaker  and  set  more  anteriorly  (not  projecting 
so  far  into  palate);  first  upper  molar  larger;  second  lower  molar  larger 
and  more  bellied  on  inner  side;  last  lower  molar  often  absent." 

Measurements.  Basal  length,  148;  basilar  length,  145;  palatal 
length,  79;  postpalatal  length,  6S;  zygomatic  breadth,  82.5;  interorbi- 
tal  breadth,  30.5;  least  breadth  of  rostrum  on  plane  of  second  molar 
(constriction  absent),  27;  length  of  crown  of  pm^  on  outer  side,  15.5; 
length  of  m'  on  outer  side,  1 1 ;  length  of  heel  (transversely)  from  notch 
on  outer  side,  13."     (Merriam  1.  c.) 

459.     aa.     Vulpes  regalis.     Merr.,  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900,  p.  672. 

Type  locality.      Elk  River,  Sherburn  County,  Minnesota. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Northern  Plains  from  Dakota  to  Alberta;  east  to 
Manitoba  and  Minnesota;  limits  unknown. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  large;  ears  large  and  broad,  tail  long.  Sexes 
differing  in  size. 


Color.  Face,  top  of  head  and  base  of  ears  straw  yellow;  upper 
parts  golden  yellow,  or  pale  yellowish  fulvous,  buffy  white  posteriorly 
and  grizzled  on  hind  back:  fore  and  hind  legs  red:  black  on  fore  feet 
reaching  half  way  between  wrist  and  elbow;  black  on  hind  feet  end- 
ing at  ankle.  Tail  like  back  at  base,  rest  buffy,  tip  white,  black  hairs 
intermixed. 

Measurements.  -'Type.  Total  length  in  flesh,  i.i  17:  tail  verte- 
brae (skin),  420;  hind  foot  (skin),  170;  ear  from  anterior  base  (skin), 
gS."     (Merriam  1.  c.) 

460.    aa.     Vulpes  necator.    Merr.,  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900,  p.  664. 

Tyfe  loia/ity.      Whitney  Meadows  near  Mt.  Whitney,  California. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Southern  or  High  Sierra.  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Like  V.  pennsylvanUa,  but  nose  darker:  black  on 
legs  restricted;  back  redder  and  duller:  ground  color  of  tail  buffy. 
Skull:   rostrum  more  slender;  molars  larger  and  heavier. 

Color.  Face  dull  fulvous  grizzled  with  whitish;  sides  of  nose 
dusky  grizzled  with  buffj- ;  upper  parts  rustj-  fulvous,  sides  paler; 
black  on  fore  feet  reaching  to  elbow;  black  on  hind  feet  to  tarsal 
joint;  tail  fulvous  at  base,  then  buffy  whitish  mixed  with  black  hairs; 
black  spot  at  base,  tip  white. 

Measurements.  Type.  Total  length,  930;  tail  vertebra^,  345: 
hind  foot.  150.     (ex  Merriam  1.  c.) 

460.  aaa.  Vulpes  cascadensi5.  Merr..  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900, 
p.  665. 

Type  locality.  Trout  Lake,  base  of  Mt.  .\dams.  Cascade  Range. 
Washington. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Cascade  Range  in  Oregon  and  Washington  and 
northern  Sierra  Nevada  in  California. 

Genl.  Char.  Size  small,  tail  short.  What  should  be  the  red 
pelage  is  yellow. 

Color.  General  color  of  head  and  upper  parts  straw  yellow,  nose 
to  eyes  yellowish  fulvous,  top  of  head  and  base  of  ears  pale  straw 
yellow:  back  golden  yellowish  fulvous:  tail  pale;  black  on  ears  and 
feet  restricted  and  mixed  with  pale  fulvous  on  latter. 

Black-Cross  Phase.  "Top  of  nose  grizzled  brownish;  sides  of 
nose  and  imperfect  ring  around  eye  dusky  or  blackish  grizzled  with 
whitish;  top  of  head  yellowish  white,  the  black  under  fur  showing 
through;  dorsal  cross  (back  and  shoulders)  blackish,  overlaid  and 
nearly  concealed  by  yellowish  white  or  buffy;  sides  of  neck,  flanks 
and  post-scapular  region  golden  yellow ;  distal  two-thirds  of  ear 
black:  fore  feet  black,  grizzled  above  elbow  with  whitish  and  yellow- 
ish; hind  feet  and  legs  grizzled  dusky  and  buffy,   becoming  nearly 


black  on  top  of  feet;  chin,  throat  and  band  down  middle  of  bell}- 
black  or  blackish;  inner  sides  of  thighs  washed  with  dusky.  Tail 
black  mixed  with  buffy  and  tipped  with  white." 

Mi-asurements.  "  Average  of  three  males  from  Mt.  Adams,  Wash- 
ington: total  length,  1,070;  tail  vertebrae;  412;  hind  foot,  178."  (ex 
Merriam  1.  c.) 

460.  cc.  Vulpes  pentisylvanica  bangsi.  (Merr. )  Wash.  Acad. 
Scien. ,  igoo,  p.  667. 

Ty/>e  locality.      Lance  au  Loup,  Labrador. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Labrador. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  V.  pennsylvanica,  but  ears  smaller,  black 
of  ears  and  feet  more  restricted. 

Color.  Above  as  in  ]\  pennsylvanica,  differences  from  that  species 
italicised  above. 

Afeasuretnenls.  Immature.  Total  length,  964 ;  tail  vertebrae, 
378;  hind  foot,  168;  ear  from  notch,  88.     (ex  Merriam  1.  c.) 

460.  ccc.  Vulpes  alascensis.  Merr.,  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  1900, 
p.  668. 

Type  locality.      Andreafski,  Alaska. 

Geogr.  Distr.      Northern  Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Similar  to  rubricosa  and  bangsi;  tail  long,  ears 
small. 

Color.  Upper  parts  similar  to  F.  pennsylvanica,  but  deeper  on 
neck  and  dorsal  line;  rump  and  hind  back  grizzled;  black  of  feet 
restricted.  Tail  long,  bushy  fulvous  mixed  with  black,  (ex  Mer- 
riam 1.  c.) 

Vulpes  alascensis  abietorum.  Merr.,  Wash.  Acad.  Scien.,  igoo, 
p.   66g. 

Type  locality.      Stuart  Lake,  British  Columbia. 

Geogr.  Distr.  Interior  of  British  Columbia  and  probablj'  south- 
eastern Alaska. 

Genl.  Char.  Skull  alone  known.  Like  alascensis,  but  "lighter, 
longer  and  more  slender.''^     (Merr.) 

507.  aa.  Putorius  muricus.  Bangs,  Proc.  N.  Eng.  Zool.  Club, 
1899,  p.  71. 

Type  locality.      Echo,  El  Dorado  County,  California. 

Genl.  Char.     Size  very  small.      Tail  short,  tip  black. 

Color.  Upper  parts  and  tail,  except  black  tip,  drab  brown 
tinged  with  reddish  or  chocolate;  under  parts,  hands,  toes  and  upper 
lip  white.      Skull  has  largely  inflated  squamosals. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  60:  hind  foot, 
31.      (ex  Bangs,  1.  c.) 


SCAPANUS.  435 

Order  IX     Insectivora. 

Fam.    II.      Tal|>ida('. 

Sub.   Fam.   II.     Talpinae. 

99.     Scapanus. 

578.  (/.  Scapanus  californicus  niinusculus.  Banijs,  Proc.  N.  Eng. 
Zool.  Soc. ,  1899,  p.  70. 

Type  locality,     Fj'ffe,  El  Dorado  County,  California. 

Genl.  Char.      Smaller  than  5.  californinis,  color  paler. 

Color.      Above  lustrous  drab  gray,  beneath  shining  cinereous. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  160;  tail  vertebra',  31;  hind  foot,  21; 
(Bangs,  1.  c.) 


I 


INDEX 


Pa<;u. 

abbreviatus.    (Microtus) 189,  iqo 

aberti.    (Sciurus) 57,  58 

abietorum.    (Peromyscus  c.) 128 

abietorum.    (Vulpes  a.) 434 

abietorum.    (Zapus  i.) 264 

Abromys 241 

acadicus.    (Microtus  p.) 180 

acadicus.    iZapus^ 257 

Acorestes   ...         400 

acrobates.    (Sciuropterus) 107 

actuosa.    (Mustela  a.) 336 

acuto-rostrata.    (Halacnoptera) 11 

acutus.    (Uelphinus) 25 

acutus.    (Lagenorhynchus) 25,  27 

.Adelonycteris 410 

aeneus.   (Scapanus) 391 

aereus.    (Scalops) 390 

affinis.    (Myotis) 402 

affinis.    (Neotoma  f.) 160 

at^nis.    (Tamias  q.) 77 

Agaphelus II 

Agaphelus  gibbosus 11 

Agaphelus  rostratus 11 

agilis.    (Perodipus) 236,  237 

Agricola 178 

akeleyi.    (Peromyscus) 129 

alacer.    (Lepus  f.) 2S2 

alascensis.    (Dicrostonyx  h.) 210 

alascensis.    (Evotomys) 177 

alascensis.    (Lenuiius) 207 

alascensis.    (Myotis  1.) 402 

alascensis.    (Putorius  c.) 344 

alascensis.    (Sorex  g.) 372,  373 

alascensis.    (L'rsus  h.) 312 

alascensis.    (\'ulpes) 434 

alascensis.    (Zapus  h.) 259 

alaskanus.     (Neosorex  p.) 379 

albescens.    (Myotis) 402 

albescens  evotis.    (Myotis) 406 

albescens  velifer.    (Myotis) 406 

albibarbis.    (Neosorex) 379 

albicans.    (Delphinapterus) 19 


I' AGE. 

albicauda.    (Phoca) 364 

albigena.    (Phoca) 362 

albigula.    (Neotoma  c.) 162 

albini.    (Phoca) 364 

albirostris.     (Lagenorhynchus) 26 

albiventer.    (.A.tophyrax  b.) 381 

albogularis.     (Lemnius) 207 

albolimbatus.    (Sciurus  d.) 66 

albo-rufescens.    (Microtus) 179 

albrinanus.     (Delphinus) 28 

Alecs 37 

Alces  americanus 38 

Alces  gigas 38 

Alces  lobatus 38 

Alces  machlis 37,  38 

Alces  muswa 38 

Alces  palmatus 38 

aleoutiensis.    (Balaena) 8 

alexandrinus.    (Mus) 118 

algeriensis.    (Delphinus) 28 

Aliama 16 

alleni.    (Heteromys) 256 

alleni.    (Lepus) 288 

alleni.    (Microtus) 202,  203 

alleni.    (Putorius) 349 

alleni.    (Spermophilus  t.)  101 

alleni.    (Zapus  t.) 261 

alpinus.    (Scapanus) 393 

alpinus.    (Sciuropterus  v. 1 .  101,  1 10,  iii 

alpinus.     (Tamias  ni. 1 79 

alpinus.    (Thomomys) 229 

alticola.    (Microtus) 192 

alticola.    (Perognathus) 249 

altivalis.     (Thomomys) 230 

ambavarlis.    (Spilogale) 332 

ambiguus.    (Uipodomys  m.) 234 

americana.    (Antilocapra) 43 

americana.    (Antilope) 43 

americana.    (Fiber) 212 

americana.    (Megaptera) 10 

americana.    (.Mustela). 319,  334,335  336 

americana.    (Taxidea) 320,  321 


aniericanus.    ( Alces) 

americanus.     (Bison) 

americanus.     (Castor) 

americanus.     (Cervus) 

americanus.    (Lepus) 

273,  274,275,  276, 

americanus.     (Manatus) 

americanus.     (Odocoileus) 

americanus.    (Parascalops) 

americanus.     ( Peromyscus) 

123,  124,  128,  129, 

americanus.     (Tamias) 

americanus.     (L'rsus) 

americanus.     (Zapus) 257, 

Ammonivs 

ammon.     (Ovisi 

Ammospermophilus , .  .82, 

amoenus.     (Perognathus) 

amoenus.    (Sorex) 

amoenus.    (Tamias) 

amplus.    (Perognathus) 

anarnacus.     (Hyperoodon) 

anastasiae.    I  Peromyscus) 

anastasiae.    ( Scalops) 

andersoni.     (Monodon)  

angularis.     (Thomomys) 

angustata.     (Delphinapterus) 

angusticeps.    (Blarinai 

angusticeps.    ( Microtus) 

angusticeps.   ■  (Neotoma  c.) 

angustirostris.     (Macrorhinus)  .... 
angustirostris.     (Perognathus  p.) .  .  . 

Anisonyx 102, 

Anisonyx  rufa 

annectens.     (Neotoma  f.) 

annectens.    (Spermophilus  s.) 

anneleta.    (Phoca) 

Anotus 

antarctica.     (Balaena) 8, 

anthonyi.     (Peromyscus) 

anthonyi.     (Scapanus) 

anthonyi.     (Sciurus  g.) 

Antilocapra 

Antilocapra  americana 

Autilocapridae 

Antilope  americana 

Antrozous 

Antrozous  pallidus 396, 

Antrozous  p.  pacificus 

apache.    (Perognathus) 244, 

apache.    (Sciurus) 


38 
49 

116 

38 

277 

6 

39 

394 


313 

259 
178 

46 

85 
249 
37« 

74 
247 

16 
128 
39« 

19 
228 


192 

162 
359 

252 
1 12 
112 
160 
97 
364 
382 
9 
141 

393 

57 
43 
43 
43 

43 
396 

397 

397 
245 
58 


Page. 

apclla.     (Microtus) 198 

aquaticus.    (Lepus) 277,  278 

aquaticus.     (Oryzomys) 146,  147 

aquaticus.     (Scalops) 388,  389 

-aquilonius.     (Fiber  z.) 213 

Araeosciurus 50,      59 

araneus     (Sorex  1 366 

arcticeps.     (Onychomys) 121 

arcticus.     (Lagenorhynchus) 25 

arcticus.     (Lepus) 270 

arcticus.     (Orcinus) 22 

arcticus.     (Peromyscus  t.) 131 

arcticus.     (Putorius) 345.  346 

arcticus.     (Rangifer) 37 

arcticus.     (Trichechus) 358 

Arctocephalus 357 

Arctocephalus  lobatus 356 

Arctogale 338,  343 

Arctomys 104 

Arctomys  caligatus 106 

Arctomys  dacota 106 

Arctomys  tlaviventer 106,  427 

Arctomys  f.  avarus 427 

Arctomys  ludovicianus 102 

Arctomys  marmotta 104 

Arctomys  melanopus 106 

Arctomys  monax  105 

Arctomys  m.  canadensis 106 

Arctomys  m.  ignavus 105 

Arctomys  olympus 107 

Arctomys  pruinosus 106,  107 

arctus.     ( Ursus) 309 

arenarius.     (Geomys) 219 

arenaruis.     (Peromyscus  e.) 136 

arenarius.    (Peromyscus  s.).    142 

arenicola.     (Onychomys  t.> 122 

arenicola.     (Perognathus  p.) 246 

argentata.     (Vulpes  p.) 304 

arizonae.     (Lepus) 280,285,  286 

arizonae.     (Neotoma) 165 

arizonae.     (Peromyscus  a.  1 125 

arizonae.     (Sigmodon  h.) 144,  146 

arizonae.     (Spilogale  p.) 331 

arizonensis.     (Cynomys) 104 

arizonensis.     (Microtus  m.) 184 

arizonensis.     (Putorius) 348,  349 

arizonensis.    (Reithrodontomysi... .  153 

arizonensis.     (Sciurus) 59,  60 

armalus.    (Perognathus) 254 

armatus.     (Spermophilus) 93 

arquatus.     (\'espertilio) 410 


irtemisia.     (I.epus) 

irtrmisiae.     (Peroniysciis  a.) 

irviilis.     (Microtus) 

\rvicola 178, 

irvicoloides  (Microtus  r. ) 

\sconiys 

\stromyctes 

\sironiycles 

istiitus.    (Bassariscus) 

Atalajjha 

iter.     iCanis) 

atliabascae.     ( Bison  a.) 

Atophyrax. 

Atophyrax  biiulirii 380, 

Atophyrax  b.  pahiieri 

Atophyrax  b.  albiventir 

atra.     (Orcinus) 

atrata.     (Mustela) 

atlwateri.     (Geomys  b.) 

attwatcri.    (I^epus  f .) 

attwatcri.    (Neotoma  f.) 

att  wateri.     (Peromyscus  1 

auduboiii.     (I.asionycteris) 

auduboni.     (Lepus  f.) 281, 

ludubnni.    (Sciurus) 

Aiilacomys 

.lurantius.     (Rcithrodontoniys  a.)  .. 

aureus.     (Thoniomys) 

auriciilaris.    ( Microtus  p.) 

auripcctus.    (Peromyscus) 

auritus.     (Odocoileusi 

austerus.    (Microtus) '96, 

austerus.    (Peromyscus) 132, 

australis.    (Balaena) 8, 

australis.     iManatusi 

australis.     (Scalops  a.) 390, 

austrinus.     (Geomys  t.) 

austroriparius.     (Myotis) 

a\  arus.     (Arctoiiiys  {.) 

avia.    (Mephitis) 

a/eticus.     (Xyctinomus) 

a/tecus.     (Microtus) 

aztecus.    (Reithrodontomvs) 


^84 
125 
190 
200 
202 
215 
394 
394 
316 
411 
300 
49 
380 
381 
381 
38" 

335 

219 
278 
•57 
•35 
407 
283 
52 
179 

'53 

229 

iqS 

■34 

42 

197 

•33 

Q 

6 

39' 

217 

402 

427 

327 

417 

182 

151 


bachmani.     (Lepus  f.) 281,282,  287 

badius.  (Spermophilus  t.i loi 

baileyi.  (Felisr.i 297 

baileyi.  ( Lepus) 284 

baileyi.  (Neotoinac.i 156 

l)ai!eyi.  (Perognatlius) 251 

baileyi.  (Sciurus  h.j 63 


Page. 

Baiomys 1 23 

Baiosciurus 50 

bairdi.    (Delphinus) 28 

bairdi.    (Lepus  a.) 274,  276 

bairdi.    (.Microtus) 200 

bairdi.    (Sorex) 372,  373 

Balaena 72 

Balaena  aleoutiensis 8 

Balaena  antarctica 8,  q 

Balaena  australis 8,  q 

Balaena  biscayensis 8 

Balaena  brittanicus 8 

Balaena  callamak  9 

Balaena  cisarctica 8 

Balaena  gibbar 11 

Balaena  glacialis 7,  8 

Balaena  groenlandica 8 

Balaena  kuzira 9 

Balaena  niysticctus 7,  8 

Balaena  pittekajensis 8 

Balaena  sieboldii 8 

Balaenidae 7 

B;daenoptera II 

Balaenoptera  acuto-rostrata ■  1 ,  12 

Balaenoptera  boops 13 

Balaenoptera  borealls 13 

Balaenoptera  communis 13 

Balaenoptera  davidsoni 12 

Balaenoptera  duguidi 13 

Balaenoptera  knoxi 13 

Balaenoptera  minor II 

Balaenoptera  mondini 1 1 

Balaenoptera  niusculus 13 

Balaenoptera  physalus 13 

Balaenoptera  rorqual 13 

Balaenoptera  rostrata 11 

Balaenoptera  sibbaldi 13 

Balaenoptera  stynegeri 14 

Balaenoiitera  sulfureus 14 

Balaenoptera  tectirostris  13 

Balaenoptera  vilifera 12 

Balaenoptera  v.  copei 13 

Balaenopterinae 11 

baliolus.    (Peromyscus  s.) 142 

bangsi.    (Lepus  a.) 270,  271 

bangsi.    (Perognathus  p.) 245,  246 

bangsi.    (Vulpes  p.) 434 

barbata.     (Phoca) 362 

barrowensis.    (Spermophilus) 91 

Bassariscus 316 

Bassariscus  astutus 316 


f\ 


Page. 

Bassariscus  a.  flavus 316 

Bassariscus  a.  oregonus 317 

Bassariscus  a.  raptor 316 

batteatus.    (Delphinus) 28 

beecheyi.    (Spermophilus  g.) 88 

belcheri.    (Sciurus) 65 

beldingi.    (Spermophilus) 94 

bella.    (Neotomaj 429 

bellus.    (Peromyscus) I3S 

beluga.     (Delphinapterus) ig 

bendirii.     (Atophyrax) 380,  381 

Benedenia 11 

beringensis.     (Spermophilusi 91 

berlandieri.     (Taxidea  a.) 321 

bernardinus.     (Spermophilus  c.)-- •  •  84 

bicolor.    (Mephitis) 332 

bicolor.    (Spilogale) 328 

bidens.    (Mesoplodon) 18 

bidentatus.    (Hyperoodon) 16 

bimaculatus.    (Perognathus  f.) 244 

biscayensis.    (Balaena) 8 

bishopi.    (Lepus) 276 

Bison 48 

Bison  americanus 49 

Bison  a.  athabascae 49 

blainvillii.     iMormops) 419 

Blaria 381 

Blarina 381 

Blarina  angusticeps 382 

Blarina  brevicauda ..382,383,  384 

Blarina  b.  carolinensis 383,  384 

Blarina  b.  peninsulae 383 

Blarina  cinerea 384 

Blarina  costaricensis 382 

Blarina  dekayi 382 

Blarina  exilipes 384 

Blarina  eximius 384 

Blarina  tloridana 385 

Blarina  huiophaga 383 

Blarina  micrura 382 

Blarina  parva 383,  384 ,  385 

Blarina  talpoides 382 

Blarina  telmalestes 384 

bonasus.    (Bos) 48 

boops.     (Balaenoptera) 13 

borealis. 
borealis. 
borealis. 
borealis. 
borealis. 
borealis. 


P.4GE. 


426 
227 


223 

425 
"32 


( Balaenoptera  1 13 

(Cystophora) 360 

(Lasiurus) 411,412,  413 

(Lepus) 273 

(Lissodelphis) 3* 

(Microtus) 194 


borealis.     (Tamias  q.) 77, 

borealis.     (Thomomys) 224, 

Bos  bonasus 

Bos  moschatus 

bottae.     (Thomomys) 

Bovidae 44, 

boylii.     (Peromyscus) 

brachycium.     (Phocaena) 20 

Brachylagus 287 

Brachyotus 400 

brachypterus.     (Globiocephalus). . . .  24 

Brachysorex 381 

brasiliensis.     (Nyctinomus)  ....416,  417 

brevicauda.     (Blarina) ...  .382,  383,  384 

brevicauda.     (Onychomys  1.) 120 

brevicaudus.     (Evotomys) 174 

brevicaudus.    (Spermophilus) 84 

breviceps.    (Geomys) 217,  210 

brevinasus.    (Perognathus  p.) 246 

breweri.     (Microtus) 183 

breweri.     (Parascalops) 394 

breweri.    (Scalops) 393 

britannicus.     (Balaena) 8 

.  brumalis.     (Mustela  a.) 336 

buckleyi.    (Spermophilus  g.) 89 

bulbivorus.     (Thomomys) 222,  223 

bullata.     (Neotoma  m.) 158 

bursarius.     (Geomys) 217 

butskopf.     (Hyperoodon) 15,  16 

Cabassous 4 

Cabassous  leptorhyncha 4 

Cabassous  longicaudus 4 

Cabassous   fenestratus  mexicanus  .  4 

Cabassous  novem-cinctus 4 

Cabassous  octo-cinctus 4 

Cabassous  peba 4 

californianus.     (Eumetopias) 356 

californianus.     (Ovis) 46 

californianus.     (Zalophus) 356 

californica.     (Didelphys) 3 

californica.     (Felis  r.) 298 

californica.     (Haplodontia  r.)... .  1 12,  113 

californica.    (Neotoma) 161 

californicus.     (Dipodomys) 235,  431 

californicus.     (Evotomys) 176 

californicus.    (Lepus) 291 

californicus.    (Microtus) 186 

californicus.    (Myotis) 403,  404 

californicus.    (Odocoileus  h. ) 43 

californicus.     (Otopterus) 420 


Page. 

>  alifcirnicus.     (Perognathiisi. .  .254,  235 

I  alifornicus.     (Peromyscus).. . .  137,  138 

I  alifornicus.     (Promops) 421,  422 

1  aliforniciis.    (Scapanus). . .  3Q2,  393,  435 

californicus.     (Sciuropterus  v.). .  1 10,  428 

califiirnicus.    (Sciurus  d.) 66 

californicus.    (Sorex) 374.  375 

californicus.    (Sperniophihis) 88 

californicus.    I'Urocyon  c.i 308,  yx) 

caligatus.     i.'Xrctomys) 106 

callamak.    (Balaenai 9 

callipeplus.     iTamias) 73 

cnllistus.     (  Perognathusi 245 

Callorhinus 337 

Callospermophilus 82 

Callotaria 357 

Callotaria  krachenninikowi 357 

Callotaria  monteriensis 357 

Callotaria  nigra 357 

Callotaria  ursina 357 

callotis.    (Lepusi 288,  289 

Calocephalus 361 

Calomys 123 

campestris.    (  Lepusi 273,  277 

canipestris.     iNeotoniai 156,  166 

campestris.    (Zapus  h.) 259 

Campicola 1 78 

canadensis.     ( Arcloniys  m.i 106 

canadensis.    (Castori 115,  116 

canadensis.    iCervus) 34 

canadensis.    (Condylura) 395 

canadensis.    (Delphinapterus) 19 

canadensis.    (Felis) 295,  296 

canadensis.    (Geomys) 217 

canadensis.     (Lutra) 352,  353 

canadensis.    (Mustelai 337 

canadensis.    (Ovis) 46 

canadensis.    (Peromyscusi 128,  129 

canadensis.    (Putorius) 338 

canadensis.    (Scalops) 388 

canadensis.    (Scapanus) 391 

canadensis.    (SpermophiUisi 89 

canadensis.    (Zapus) 257 

canaliculatus.    (O  vibost 48 

canescens.    (Microlus  n.) 185 

canescens.    (Neotoma) 155 

canescens.    (Spermophilusi 97 

canicaudus.     (Microtus) 185 

caniceps.     (Taiiiiasi 426 

caniclunis.    (Lepusf.) 283 

Canidae 299 


EX.  441 

Page. 

Caninae 299 

Canis 299 

Canis  ater 300 

Canis  estor 302,  303 

Canis  frustror 302 

Canis  griseis 300 

Canis  latrans .301,  303 

Canis  lestes 301 

Canis  lupus 298,  299,  300 

Canis  mearnsi 302,  303 

Canis  nebracensis 301 

Canis  nubilus 300 

Canis  occidentalis 300 

Canis  ochropus 303 

Canis  pallidus 301 

Canis  peninsulae 302 

Canis  rufus 300 

Canis  virginianus 307 

canus.     (Peromyscus) 13* 

canus.     (Spermophilus  m.) 93 

capistratus.     (SciurusI 5 ' 

caribou.    (Rangifer) 35 

Carnivora 293 

carolii.     (Myotis) 402 

carolinensis.     (Blarina  b.) 383,  384 

carolinensis.     (Castor  c.) 116 

carolinensis.    (Evotomys) i74 

carolinensis.    (Pipistrellus) 409 

carolinensis.    (Reithrodontomys).. .  148 

carolinensis.    (Sciurus) 53>  62 

carolinensis.    (Vespertilio) 4'0 

cascadensis.    (Sciurus  d.) 66 

cascadcnsis.    (Vuljies) 433 

castaiionotus.     (Scmrus) 57 

castanops.     (Cratogeomys)  ..  .  .220,  221 

castanurus.    (Spermophilus) 84 

Castor "5 

Castor  americanus 116 

Castor  canadensis 115,  116 

Castor  c.  carolinensis 1 16 

Castor  c.  fondator 116 

Castor  c.  pacificus 117 

Castor  fiber 115 

Castor  zibethicus 211 

Castoridae 114 

Cateorus 410 

catodon.    (Delphinapterus) 19 

caurina.    (.Mustelaa.) 335 

caurinus.     (Evotomys) 171 

caurinus.    (Myotis  c.) 404 

caurinus.    (Tamias) 74 


442 


Page. 

cautus.    (Microtus)  191 

cavirostris.     (Ziphius) 16,  17 

celatus.     (Phenacomys) 169,  430 

Ceratodon 18 

Cervidae 33 

cervina.     (Ovis) 46 

Cervinae 34 

cervinus.     (Thomomys) 230 

Cervus 34 

Cervus  americanus 38 

Cervus  canadensis 34 

Cervus  c.  occidentalis 34 

Cervus  roosevelti 34 

Cervus  strongy loceros 34 

Cervus  wapiti 34 

Cetacea 7 

Chaetodipus 241,  251 

chapmani.     (Lepusf.) 282,  283 

chapmani.    (Perodipus) 237 

Chilotus 178,  199 

chinga.     (Mephitis) 322 

Chiroptera 396 

chrotorrhinus.     (Microtus) 193 

chrysodeirus.     (Spermophilus) 84 

chrysonotis.     (Myotis) 406 

chrysotis.     (Reithrodontomys) 152 

cicognani.    (Putorius) 343j  344.  345 

ciliolabrum.     (Myotis  c.) 404 

cinerascens.     (Lepus) 287 

cinerascens.     (Spermophilus) 83 

cinerea.    (Blarina) 384 

cinerea.    (Geomys) 217 

cinerea.    (Neotoma) 163,164,  166 

cinereicollis.    (Tamias) 75 

cinereo-argentatus.     (\'ulpesj 306 

cinereo-argenteus.     (Urocyon) 

307.  3081  309 

cinereus.     (Lasiurusi 413 

cinereus.    (Sciurus) 5',  52,  53 

cinnamomea.     (Microtus) 196 

cinnaniomea.     (Neotoma) 166 

cinnamomeus.     (Spermophilus  1.) . .  86 

cisarctica.    ( Balaena) 8 

Citillus 81 

clarkii.     (Geomys) 220 

dementis.     (Peromyscus  t.) 130 

clusius.     (Thomomys) 229 

Clymene 30 

clymene  (Prodelphinus) 32 

Clymenia 30 

Cnephaeus 410 


Page. 

Cnephaiuphilus 407 

cognatus.    (Peromyscus) 127 

collaris.     (Ochotona) 268 

colliaei.    (Sciurus) 60 

Colobotis 82,      89 

colonus.    (Geomys) 217 

coloratus.     (Oryzomys  a.) 148 

Columbiana.     (Neotoma  a.) 165 

columbianus.    lOdocoileus) 41 

columbianus.    (Perodipus  o.) 238 

columbianus.     (Perognathus  1.) 250 

columbianus.     (Spermophilus) 91 

columbiensis.     (Lepus  a.) 275,    276 

Comastes 400 

communis.     (Balaenopterai 13 

communis.     (Phocaena) 20 

communis.    (Tursiops) 29 

compactus.    (Perodipus) 240 

compressicauda.     (Tursiops) 29 

concolor.     (Felis) 293 

concolor.     (Sciurus  a.) 57 

concreta.     (Delphinapterus) 20 

conditi.     (Perognathus) 252 

Condylura 394 

Condylura  canadensis 395 

Condylura  cristata 395 

Condylura  longicauda 395 

Condylura  macroura 395 

Condylura  prasinata 355 

Condylura  radiata 395 

consobrinus.     (Tamias  m.) 78 

constablei.    (Phenacomys) 169 

constrictus.     (Microtus  c.) 186 

cookii.     (Trichechus) 358 

cooperi.     (Sorex) 366 

cooperi.     (Synaptomys). .  .203,  204,  205 

cooperi.     (Tamias  t.) 69 

copei.     (Balaenoptera  V.) 13 

copei.    (Perognathus) 243 

Corsira 381 

coryi.     ( Felis ) 293 

Corynorhinus 398 

Corynorhinus  lecontii 390 

Corynorhinus  macrotis 399,  400 

Corynorhinus  m.  pallcscens 399 

Corynorhinus  m.  townsendi 399,  400 

costaricensis.     (Blarina) 382 

couchii.    (Spermophilus) 88 

couesi.     (Erethizon  e.) 265 

couesi.    (Odocoileusa.).    40 

crassidens.     (Phocaenni 24 


'  !  1-     Ions.    (Pseudorca) 22, 

.  I  i~<\is.     (Phenacomys  c.) 

Cratogeomys 

Cratogeomys  castanops 220, 

crawfordi.     (Notiosorexi 385, 

crawfordi.     (Sorex) 

crejiuscularis.    (Nycticejus) 

Cricetinae 

Cricetodipus 

Cricetus  myoidcs 123, 

crinitus.     ( Pcromyscus  t.i 140, 

cristata.    (Condylurai 

cristata.     (Cystophoral 

cristata.    ( Phoca ) 

cristatus.    (Sorex) 

crooki.    (Odocoileus) 

crotaphiscus.    iProdelphiniisi 

cryptospilotus.    (Spermophiliisi 

Cryptotis 382, 

cucullata.    (Cystophora) 

cumberlandius.     (Geomys) 

cumulator.    (Neotomai 

Cuniculus 

cuppes.    (Ochotona) 

cupreata.     (Scalopsi 

curtatus.     (  Microtusi 194, 

curvirostris.    (Uelphinus) 

I  uvieri.    (Grampus) 

I  iivierius 

L\modicc.    (Tursiopsi 

cynocephalus.    (Nyctinomus) 

Cynomyonax 338, 

Cynomys 

Cynomys  arizonensis 

Cynomys  griscus 

Cynomys  gunnisoni 103, 

Cynomys  latrans 

Cynomys  leucurus 

Cynomys  lewisi 

Cynomys  ludovicianus 102, 

Cynomys  missouriensis 

Cynom vs  socialis 

Cystophora 

Cystophora  boreal  is 

Cystophora  cristata 

Cystophora  cucullata 

Cystophora  isidorei  

Cystophora  leucopla 

Cystophora  mitrate 

Cystophorinae 


23 

43^ 
220 
221 
386 
385 
4'5 
119 
241 
124 
429 
395 
360 
360 
394 
41 
31 
97 
384 
360 
217 
•54 
209 
268 
388 
•95 
28 

25 
1 1 

29 
417 
341 

■  02 

■  04 
102 
104 
102 
104 
104 
■03 


360 

360 
360 

360 

360 
360 
360 
359 


iX  443 

Page. 

dacota.    (.Arctomysi 106 

dakotensis.    (Sciurus  h.) 62 

dalei.    fMesoplodon) 18 

dalli.    (Lepusa.) 275 

dalli.    (Ovis) 47,  425 

dalli.    (Phocaenai 21 

dalli.     (Synaptoniys) 206 

dalli.    (Ursusi 311 

Danis 309 

Dasypodidae 4 

Dasypterus 414 

Dasypterus  intermedins 414 

Dasypus  iini-cinctus 4 

davidsoni.     (  Balaenoptera) 12 

dawsoni.    (Evotomys) 172 

dawsoni.    (RangiferJ 36 

dcclivis.    ( Delphinaptcrus) 20 

decumanus.     (Musi 117,118,  428 

decussata.    (Vulpesi 304 

deductor.    (Delphinusi 23 

deductor.    (Globiocephalusi 23 

degener.    ( Lutra  |  353- 

dekayi.     (Blarina) 382 

dekayi.    (Microtus) 180 

deletrix.    (Vulpesi 305 

Delphinapterinae 18 

Delphinapterus 19.  29 

Delphinapterus  albicans 19 

Delphinapterus  angustata 19 

Delphinapterus  beluga 19 

Delphinaptcrus  canadensis 19 

Delphinapterus  catodon 19 

Delphinapterus  concreta 20 

Delphinapterus  declivis 20 

Delphinapterus  leucas 19 

Delphinapterus  peronii 29 

Delphinapterus  rhiiiodon 19 

Delphiniilae 18 

Delphinus 27 

Dtlphinus  acutus 25 

Delphinus  albrinanus 28 

Delphinus  algeriensis 28 

Delphinus  bairdi 28 

Delphinus  batteatus 28 

Delphinus  curvirostris 28 

Delphinus  deductor 23 

Delphinus  delphis 27,  28 

Del phinus  U irsteri 28 

Delphinus  fulvo-fasciatus 28 

Delphinus  fuscus 28 

Delphinus  griseus 24 


'I 


Delphinus  janira 

Delphinus  major 

Delphinus  marginatus 

Delphinus  microps 

Delphinus  moorei 

Delphinus  moscbatus 

Delphinus  novae-zelandiae 

Delphinus  phocaena 

Delphinus  pomeegra 

Delphinus  sowerbianus 

Delphinus  tursio 

Delphinus  variegatus 

Delphinus  walkeri 

delphis.     (Delphinus) 27, 

Delphis  phocaena 

densirostris.     (Mesoplodon) 

deserti.    (Dipodomys) 234, 

desert!.     (Reithrodontomys  m.) 

deserticolus.    (Lepus  t.) 

deserticolus.     (Peromyscus  a. I 

desertorum.     (Neotomai i6l, 

desmaresti.     1  Phoca  1 

destruLtor.     (Lutrai 

destructor.     (Pseudorca) 

dickinsoni.     (Reithrodontomys  1.).. 

Dicotyles 

Dicotyles  tajacu 

Dicoty  lidae 

Dicotylinae 

Dicrostony,\ 

Dicrostonyx  groenlandicus 

Dicrostonyx  hudsonius 

Dicrostonyx  h.  alascensis 

Dicrostonyx  h.  nelsoni 210, 

Dicrostonyx  h.  richardsoni 

Dicrostonyx  h.  unalascensis 

Dicrostonyx  ungulatus 

Didelphyidae I, 

Didelphys 

Didelphys  californica 

Didelphys  marsupialis i, 

Didelphys  virginiana 1,  2, 

Didelphys  v.  pigra 

dimidiatus.     (Phoca) 

Dinops 

Diodon 

Diplostoma 

Dipodomyinae 231, 

Dipodomys 231,  235,  240, 

Dipodomys  californicus 235, 

Dipodomys  c.  palhdulus 


28 

20 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

20 

17 

235 

151 

291 

125 
429 
364 
352 
23 
150 
33 
33 
33 
33 
209 
209 
209 
210 
211 
211 
210 
209 
425 

3 

425 
425 
I 
364 
4>6 
18 

241 
431 
431 
43' 


Dipodomys  deserti 234. 

Dipodomys  elator 234, 

Dipodomys  merriami 232,  233, 

Dipodomys  m.  ambiguus 

Dipodomys  m.  exilis 

Dipodomys  m.  nevadensis 232, 

Dipodomys  m.  nitratoides 

Dipodomys  m.  nitratus 

Dipodomys  m.  parvus 

Dipodomys  m.  similis 

Dipodomys  montanus 

Dipodomys  o.  montanus 

Dipodomys  philipsi 

Dipodomys  spectabilis 

Dipodops 

discolor.    (Felis) 

discolor.    ( Phoca) 

dispar.    (Neotoma  f.) 

dispar.    (Perognathus  c.) 

divergens.    (Trichechus) 

dobsoni.     (Sorex  v.) 

doreides.     ( Prodelphinus) 

doris.     (Prodelphinus) 

dorsalis.     (Sciurus) 

dorsalis.     (Tamias) 

dorsata.     ( Phoca ) 

dorsatus.    (Erethizon) 264,  265, 

douglasi.     (Sciurus) 

douglasi.     (Spermophilus  g.) 

douglasi.     (Thomomys) 226, 

drummondi.     (Microtus) 

drummondi.    (Neotoma  c.) 164, 

dubius.     (Prodelphinus) 

duguidi.     (Balaenoptera) 

dutcheri.    (Microtus) 

dychei.    ( Reithrodontomys) 

dyselius.    ( Peromyscus) 

Dysopes 


Page. 
235 

431 
I  234 
234 
233 
233 

233 

233 

234 

234 

431 

431 

231 

234 

231 

293 

364 

160 

255 

358 

370 

30 

32 

57 

68 

364 

432 

65 

89 

229 

■  81 

429 

30 

13 

185 

•50 

138 

416 


Echinoprocta 264 

Echinosciurus 50 

edax.    (Microtus) 187 

Edentata 4 

elator.     (Dipodomys) 234,  431 

elegans.     (Spermophilus) 94 

elongator.     (Mephitis) 324 

elucus.     ( Procyon  1.) 319 

emmonsi.     (Ursus) 315 

empetra.    (Spermophilus) ....  ..89,  427 

energumenus.    (Putorius  v.) 340 

Enhydra 354 


Enhydris 354 

enixus.    (Microtus) 182 

Eozapus , 257 

epidon.    (Mesoplodon) 18 

Epimys 118 

epixanthus.     (Erethi/oni 265,  266 

Eptesicus 410 

equestris.    (Phoca) 362 

ereinica.    ( Fclis  r.) 298 

eremicus.    (Lepust.) 291 

eremicus.     (Perognathus) 253 

eremicus.     (Peromyscus) . .  136,  137,  140 

eremicus.-    (Sit^modon  h.) 145 

Eremiomys 178 

Erethizon 264,  429 

Erethizun  dorsaUis 264,  265,  432 

Erethizon  d.  picinus 431 

Erethizon  epixanthus 265,  266 

Erethizon  e.  couesi 265 

Erethizon  e.  myops 266 

Erethizon  hudsonius 265 

Erethizon  pilosus 264,  265 

Erothizontidae. .   264,  431 

Erethizontinae 264,  431 

Erignathus 361 

erminea.     /Putorius) 348 

erythrodactylus.     I  Pijiistrellus) 401) 

erythroglutaeus.     (.Spermophilus). .  .  91 

I'schrichti.    (Lagenorhynchus) 25 

iskimo.     (Putoriusr.) 345 

>^lor.     (Canis) 302,  303 

f^tor.    iMephitis) 326 

I  uarctos 30() 

I  iiarctus 313 

I'.ubalaena 7 

lludelphinus    27 

Kuderma 398 

Kudernia  maculata 398 

1  umelopias 355 

I  umetopias  californianus 356 

I' umetopias  jubata 355 

I" umetopias  leonina 355 

I  ^umetopias  stellcri 355 

t  uphrosine.     1  Prodclphinus/ 30 

cuphrosinoides.     (Prodclphinus)....  30 

europaeus.    (Orcinus) 22 

eurynome.     (Tursiops) 29 

I '.  iitamias 68 

t\ Otis.    (Myotis) 406 

ICvotorays 170 

Evotomys  alascensis 177 


I'AC.E. 

Evotomys  brevicaudus 174 

Evotomys  californicus 176 

Evotomys  carolinensis 174 

Evotomys  caurinus 171 

Evotomys  dawsoni 172 

Evotomys  fuscodorsalis 172 

Evotomys  gapperi.170,  172,  173,  174,    175 

Evotomys  g.  galei  173 

Evotomys  g.  loringi 173,    174 

Evotomys  g.  ochraceus 172 

Evotomys  g.  rhoadsi 173 

Evotomys  g.  saturatus 174 

Evotomys  idahoensis 175. 

Evotomys  mazama 175,  176 

Evotomys  nivarius 177 

Evotomys  obscurus 176 

Evotomys  occidentalis 176,  177 

Evotomys  orca 172 

Evotomys  protcus 177 

Evotomys  pygmaeus j  76 

Evotomys  rutikis 170,  177 

Evotomys  ungava 175 

Evotomys  wrangcli 171 

exilipes.    (Blarina) 384 

exilis.    (Dipodomys  m.) 233 

exilis.     (Myotis) 403 

eximius.     (Blarina) 384 

extimus.    (Sciurus  c.) 55 

eyra.     (Felis) 295 

faetida.    (Phoca) 362,  364 

faetulenta.     (Mephitis) 326 

fallax.     (Geoiiiys  p.) 220 

fallax.     (Neotoma) 161 

fallax.    (Perognathus) 254 

fannini.    (Ovis) 425 

fasciata      (Kclis  r.) 297 

fasciata.    (Phoca) 362 

fasciatus.    (Perognathus) 

241,242,  243,  251 

fatuus.     (Synaptomys) 204 

Felidae 29J 

Felis 293 

Fclis  canadensis 295,  296 

Felis  c.  niollipilosus 295 

Felis  c.  oregonensis 294 

Felis  c.  subsolanus 296 

Felis  concolor 293 

Felis  coryi 293 

Felis  discolor 293 

Fclis  eyra 295 


Page. 

Felis  floridana 293 

Felis  gigas 299 

Felis  hernandezi 294 

Felis  hippolestes 294 

Felis  jaguarondi  295 

Felis  leo 293 

Felis  mexicana 294 

Felis  olympus 294 

Felis  onca 294 

Felis  pardalis 294 

Felis  puma 293 

Felis  rufa 296,  297,  299 

Felis  r.  baileyi 297 

Felis  r.  californica 298 

Felis  r.  eremica 298 

Felis  r.  fasciata 297 

Felis  r.  floridana 2gg 

Felis  r.  maculata 296,  298 

Felis  r.  oculeus 297 

Felis  r.  pallescens 297 

Felis  r.  texensis 2g8 

felix.     (Tamias  q.) 76 

femoralis.    (Perognathus) 251,  254 

femorosaccus.    (Nyctinomus} 417 

ferrugineus.    (Sigmodon) 144 

Fiber 211 

Fiber  aniericana 212 

fiber.    (Castor) 115 

Fiber  macrodon 214 

Fiber  obscurus : 214 

Fiber  osoyooensis 212 

Fiber  spatulus 214 

Fiber  zibethicus 212,  213,  214 

Fiber  2.  aquilonius 213 

Fiber  z.  pallidas  213 

Fiber  z.  rivalicus 213 

fimbripes.    ( Sorex  i 366 

fisheri.    (Microtus  a.) igo 

fisheri.    (Sorex) 375 

fisheri.     (Spermophilus  g.) 88 

flavescens.     (Perognathus) 243 

flavescens.    (Scalops  e.i 388 

flavigularis.    (Lepus) 288 

flaviventer.    (Arctomys) 106,  427 

flavus.    (Bassariscus  a.) 316 

flavus.    (Perognathus) 

241,  242,  243,  244 

flavus.    (Scalops  e.) 388 

floridana.    (Blarina) 385 

floridana.    (Felis) 293 

floridana.    (Felis  r.) 293,  299 


floridana.     (Neotomaj 155,  156. 

floridanus.    (Geomys  t.) 215, 

floridanus.    (Lepus) 280,281, 

floridanus.    iMus) 

floridanus.     (Peromyscus) 

floridanus.    (Urocyon  e.) 

floridanus.     (Ursus) .'. . 

fluviatilis.    ( Manatus) 

fondator.     (Castor  c.) 

fontigenus.    (Microtus  p.) 

formosus.     (Perognathus) 

forsteri.     ( Delphinus) 

fossor.     (Sciurus) 

fossor.     (Thomomys) 

fosteri.    ( Sorex) 

fraenatus.     (Prodelphinus) 

franklini.     (Spermophilus) 

frater.     (Tamias) 

frederici.    ( Phoca) 

fremonti.     (Sciurus) 

f  renatus.    ( Putorius) 350, 

frontalis.    ( Prodelphinus) 

frustror.     (Canis) 

f  uliginosus.     ( Nyctinomus  I 

fuliginosus.     (Onychomys) 

fuliginosus.    (Perognathus  f.) 

fuliginosus.     (Sciuropterus  v.).. no, 

fuliginosus.    (Sciurus  c.) 

fulva.    (Vulpes) 

fulvo-fasciatus.    (Delphinus) 

fulvus.     (Microtus) 

f ul vus.    (Thomomys  1 227,  228, 

fumeus.    (Sorex) 368, 

funebris.    (Lasiurus) 

f  usca.     (Geomys) 

fusca.     I  Neotoma  c.) 

fuscipes.     (Xeotoma) 158,  159, 

fuscodorsalis.    (Evotomys) 

fuscus.     (Delphinus) 

fuscus.    (Scalops) 

fuscus.    (Thomomys  d.) 

fuscus.     (Vespertilio) 410, 


Page. 
,  157 
>    217 
,    285 
154 
«38 
307 
314 
6 
116 
181 
250 
28 

55 
230 
366 
32 
101 
73 
364 
66 

351 

32 

302 

417 
123 

244 
III 

55 
304 

28 
180 
229 
369 
412 
217 
165 
160 
172 

28 
388 
226 
411 


gaillardi.     (  Lepus) 289 

Gale 338 

galei.     (Evotomys  g.) 173 

Galemys 381 

gambeli.    (Peromyscus  t.)..  130,  131,    138 

gapperi.     (Evotomys) 

170.  172,  173-  174,    175 

Geomyidae 215 


Geomys 

Geomys  arenarius 

Geomys  breviceps 217, 

Geomys  bursarius 

Geomys  b  altvvateri 

Geomys  b.  sai^ittalis 217, 

Geomys  canadensis 

Geomys  cinerea 

Geomys  clarkii  

Geomys  coloiius 

Geomys  cumberlandius 

Geomys  f usca 

Geomys  lutescens 

Geomys  oregonensis 

Geomys  personatus 

Geomys  p.  fallax 

Geomys  pinetis 

Geomys  saccatus 

Geomys  texcnsis 

Geomys  tuza 215,  216, 

Geomys  t.  austrinus 

Geomys  t.  rtoridanus 215, 

Geomys  t.  mobilensis 

■ihbar.    (Balaena) 

bbosus.     (Agaphelus) 

ibbsi.     (Neiirotrichus) 387, 

J  ;bbsi.     (Urotrichusi 

-i.cas.     (AlCfS) 

gigas.    ( Kelis) 

gigas.     (Hydrodamalis) 

J)  gas.     (Rhytinasi 

illespii.     (Zalophus) 

,illi.     (Tursiops) 

-Tilva.    (Neotoma  i.i 

1,'ilvus.     (Ferognathus  m.i 

lacialis.    (Balaenai 7, 

_  lacialis.     (Lepus) 

^lacialis.     (Sorex)   

_  ;.idiator.     lOrciniis) 

^  laucinus.     1  Molossus) 

ul.iucus.    (Rachianectes) 

('.lis 

<  ".lobiocophalus 

C.iobioccphalus  brachypterus 

( -lobiocepbalus  deductor 

( '.lobiocephalus  globiceps 

(ilobioccphalus  incrassatus 

Globiocephahis  intermedius 

Globiocepliahis  macrorhynchus  . . . . 

Globiocephalus  melas 

Globiocephalus  scammoni 


215  globiceps.    (Globiocephalus) 23 

219  godmani.    (Mustela) 337 

2IQ  gossi.     (Synaptomys  h.) 204 

217  gossypinus.     (Peromyscus) I25,  127 

2IQ  gracilis.    (Latax) 354 

218  gracilis.    (Peromyscus) 128 

217  gracilis.     (Spilogaio) 330 

217  gracilis.     (Tamiasi^.) 76 

220  graliamcnsis.    (Sciurus  f.) 67 

217  grammiirus.    (Spermophilus)  . .  .87,  88 

217   i   Grampus 34 

217  Grampus  cuvieri 25 

217   I   Grampus  griseus 25 

217   '   Grampus  intermedius 25 

220  j   Grampus  rissoanus 25 

220  Grampus  stcarnsii 25 

215  '   grangeri.    (Lepus) 285 

217  grangeri.    (Neotoma) 165 

219  grayi.    (Pseudorca) 23 

217  greenii.    (X'espertilio) 410 

217  griseis.    iCanisi 300 

217  griseus.    (Cynomys)  102 

216  griseus.    (Delphinus) 24 

II  griseus.    (Grampus) 25 

II  griseus.    (Lepus  t.) 291 

388  griseus.    (Sciurus) 55.56,  57 

386  griseus.    (Tamias) 81 

38  griseus.    (L'rocyon) 307 

299  griseoflavus.    (Sciurus) 58 

5  groenlandica.     (Balaena) 8 

5  groenlandica.    (Phoca) 364 

356  groenlandicus.     (Dicrostonyx) 209 

29  groenlandicus.     (Lepus) 271 

162  groenlandicus.     (Rangifer) 37 

243  gryphus.     (Myotis) 405 

8  grypus.    (Phoca) 361 

270  gubernator.    (Lagenorhynchus) 25 

372  Guerlinguetus 50 

22  Gull 333 

421  Gido  luscus 333 

9  gunnisoni.     (Cynomys) 103,  104 

104  guttatus.    (Spermophilus) 92 

23  gymnicus.    (Sciurus  h.) 61 

23  haidarum.    (Putorius) 351 

23  Halichoerus 361 

23  Haliphilus 361 

23  hallensis.    (\ulpesi 307 

23  Haploccrus 44 

23  Haplodontia ill,  112 

24  Haplodontia  Icporinn 112 


Page. 

Haplodontia  major 1 12 

Haplodontia  olympica 114 

Haplodontia  pacifica 114 

Haplodontia  phaea 114 

Haplodontia  rufa 112 

Haplodontia  r.  californica 112,    113 

Haplodontia  r.  raineri 112 

hardyi.     (Zapus) 257 

harnmani.    (Vulpes) 303,    432 

harrisii.     (Spermophilusi 85 

hastalis.     (Rangifer) '. 35 

haydeni.     (Microtus) 197 

haydeni.    iSorex) 367 

helaletes.    (Synaptomys) 204,    205 

helvolus.    (Lemmus  t.) 308 

hemionus.    (Odocoileusi 42 

Hemiotomys 178 

henshawi.    ( Myotis  1 404 

hermanni.     (Perodipus) 236 

hermanni.     (Sciurus) 55 

hernandezi.     (Felis) 294 

hernandezi.     (Procyon  1.)..  .317,  318,    319 

Herpetomys 179 

herroni.     ( Peromyscusi 137 

Hesperosciurus 50 

hesperus.    (Pipistrellus) 40S,  409 

Heteromyidae 23'.    43' 

Heteromyinae 241 

Heteromys 255 

Heteromys  alleni ' 256 

hiemalis.    (Sciurus) 53 

hindsii.     (Taniias  t.) 70 

hippolestes.    (Felis) 294 

hirsutus.     (Microtusi 179 

hispida.     (Phoca) 364 

hispidus.     (Perognathus I.  .241,251,    252 

hispidus.    iSigmodon) 143,144,    145 

Histiotus  maculatus 398 

Histriophoca 361,    362 

holzerni.     (Lepus) 284 

hoodi.    (Spermophilus) 100 

horriaeus.     (Ursus  h.) 312 

horribilis.     (Ursus) 3'2 

hortensis.     (Sigmodon) 144 

hoyi.     (Microsorex) 377 

hoyi.     (Sorex) 377 

huachuca.     (Sciurus  a.) 60 

hudsonia.     (Lutra) 352 

hudsonia.     (Mephitis  m.) 322 

hudsonius.     (Dicrostonyx) 209 

hudsonius.     (Erethizon) 265 


P.\(,E. 

hudsonius.     (Lepus) 273 

hudsonius.     (Sciuropterus) 107 

hudsonius.     (Sciurus) 60,  61 

hudsonius.    (Zapus) 257,258,  259 

hulophaga.     (Blarina) 383 

humeralis.     (Nycticejus) 415 

humulis.  (Reithrodontomys)l48, 149,  150 

hunteri.    (Hyperoodon) 16 

Hunterius 7 

huro.     (Mustelai 335 

hyacinthinus.     (Xeiirotrichus  g.)  ...  388 

Hydrodamalidae 5 

Hydrodamalis 5 

Hydrodamalis  gigas 5 

hydrodomus.     (Neosorex) 379 

Hydrolagus 269,  277 

Hyperoodon 15 

Hyperoodon  anarnacus 16 

Hyperoodon  bidentatus 16 

Hyperoodon  butskopf 13,  16 

Hyperoodon  hunteri  16 

Hyperoodon  latifrons 16 

Hyperoodon  rostratus 15,  16 

hypophaeus.     (Sciurus  c.) 54 

Hypsugo 408 

Hypudaeus 119 

Hypudaeus  ochrogaster 196 

ibseni.     (I.agenorhynchusi 26 

Ictidomys 82,  99 

Ictis 338 

idahoensis.     lEvotomysi 175 

idahoensis.    (Lepusi 287 

idahoensis.     ( Sorex  i 367 

ignavus.    (Arctomys  m.) 105 

imperator.     (Zapus) 261 

impiger.     (Reithrodontomys  1.) 149 

incautus.     (Myotis) 401 

incrassatus.     (Globiocephalusi 23 

indianola.     (Spilogale) 329 

infrahiteus.     1  Perognathus  f.) 242 

ingens.     (Putorius  v.) 340 

innuitus.     (Microtus) 189 

innuitus.     (Synaptomys)  .  .205,  206,  430 

inornatus.     (Perognathus) 247 

Insectivora 366,  435 

insignis.     (Peromyscus) 138 

insignis.    (Zapus) 257,263,  264 

insolatus.    (Peromyscus) 135 

insperatus.    (Microtus) 180 

insulanus.    (Peromyscus) 128 


intermedia, 
interiiifdius. 
internicdius. 
intermedius. 
intermedius. 
intermedius. 
intermedius. 
mexicanus 
intermedins. 


Page. 

(N'eotom;ii..  .  .  155,  i6l,  162 

iDasyptenisi 414 

(Globiocephalusi 23 

(Grampusi 25 

(Peroirnathus) 253 

(Phenacomysi 167 

I  R  e  i  t  h  r  o  d  o  n  t  o  m  y  s 

1 153.  154 

(Scalops  a  1 390 

intermedius.     (Thomomys  f.) 228 

interpres.    (Spennophilusi 86 

interrupta.    (Spilogale) 328 

inyocnsis.     (Tamias  c.) 73 

isidorei.     iCystopliora) 360 

Isotus 400 

jaguarondi.    (Kelis) 395 

janira.    (Dclphinusi 28 

ieffersoni.    (Taxidea) 320 

jubata.    (Eunictopias) 355 

kadiaccnsis.    (Microtusi 188  | 

kadiacensis.    (Putorius  a.) 346,  351    | 

kadiacensis.    (Spermophilus  e.) 90 

keeni.     (Myotiss.l 405 

keeni.    (Peromyscusi i33 

kenaiensis.     (X'ulpes) 432 

kenncdyi.     (Oreamnusi 44 

kennicotti.     (Microtusi Ig8 

kennicotti.     (Spermophilus) 89 

kcporkak.     (.Megapteral 10 

klamaihensis.    (Lepus) 276 

klanuuhensis.     ( Reitlirodontomysi. .  152 

klamathensis.     (Sciuropterus  v.).. . .  Ili 

knoxi.     (Balaenoptera) 13 

krachenninikowi.     (Callotaria) 357 

kuzira.     (Balaenal 9 

Kyphobalaena 9 

lal)radoria.     (Taxideai 320 

lahr.idi)rius.     (I.epusi 271 

labracjorius.     (Microtusp.i 181 

labradorius.     (Zapusi 257,  263 

laceyi.     ( Reithrodontomys) 153 

ladas.     lZa|)Usli.) 258 

I.agenorhynchus 25 

Lagenorhynchus  ac\itus 25,  27 

Lagcnorhynchus  all)irostris 26 

Laijenorhynchus  arcticus 25 

Lagenorhynchus  eschrichti 25 

Lagenorhynchus  gubernator 25 


Lagenorhynchus  ibscni 

Lagenorhynchus  leucopleurus 

Lagonorhynclius  longidens 

Lagenorhynchus  obliquidens 

Lagenorhynchus  perspicillatus 

Lagenorhynchus  simihs 

Lagenorhynchus  thicolea 

Lagomys 

lagopus.    ( \'ulpes  1 306, 

lagura.    (Phocai 

Lagurus 1 78, 

largha.    (Phoca) 

lascivus.    (Sciuropterus  v.) 

Lasionycteris 

Lasionycteris  auduboni 

Lasionycteris  noctivigans 

Lasionycteris  pulverulentus 

Lasiurus 

Lasiurus  boreal  is 411,412, 

Lasiurus  b.  seniinolus 

Lasiurus  b.  teliotis 

Lasiurus  cinereus 

Lasiurus  funebris 

Lasiurus  lasiurus 

lasiurus.    (Lasiurus) 

Lasiurus  monachus 

Lasiurus  noveboracensis 

Lasiurus  noveboracus 

Lasiurus  pruinosus 

Lasiurus  rubellus 

Lasiurus  rubra 

Lasiurus  rufus 

Lasiurus  tesselatus 

Latax 

Latax  gracilis 

Latax  lutris 

Latax  marina 

Latax  orientalis . 

Latax  stelleri 

lataxina.    ( Lutra  c.  1 

lateralis.     (.Spermophiiusi 82, 

laticeps.     (Thomomysi 223, 

latifrons.     ( Hyperoodon) 

latifrons.    (Spilogale  p.) 331, 

latimanus.    (Phenacomysi 

latimanus.     I  Scapanus) 

latirostris.     (Manatus) 

latirostris.     (Orcinus) 

latirostris.    (Perognathusi 

latrans.    (Canisi 301, 

latrans.     (Cynomysi 


27 
27 

-5 

27 
26 
266 
307 
364 
194 
363 
42S 
406 
407 
407 
407 
4»« 
413 
413 
413 
4«3 
412 
411 
411 
412 
411 
411 
413 
412 
412 
412 
412 
354 
354 
354 
354 
354 
354 
352 

83 
224 

16 
332 
169 

39' 
6 

252 
303 
102 


450  IN 

Page. 

lecontii.     (Corynorhinus) 399 

lecontii.     (Reithrodontomys).. .  148,    149 

Leiobalaena , 7 

Lemmus 207 

Lemnius  alascensis 207 

Lemmus  albogularis 207 

Lemmus  nigripes 209 

Lemmus  trimucronatus 207,    208 

Lemmus  t.  helvolus 208 

Lemmus  t.  yukonensis 208 

leo.     (Felis) 293 

leonina.    (Eumetopias) 355 

leonina.    (Phoca) 359 

Leopardus 294 

lepechini.     (Phoca) 362 

lepida.     (Neotoma  c.) 164,    429 

Leporidae 269 

leporina.     (Haplodontial 112 

leporina.     (Phoca) 362 

leporinus.     (Sciurus) 55 

leptorhyncha.     (Cabassous) 4 

Lepus 269 

Lepus  alleni 288 

Lepus  americanus.273, 274,  275,  276,    277 

Lepus  a.  bairdi 274,    276 

Lepus  a.  bangsi 270,    271 

Lepus  a.  columbiensis 275,    276 

Lepus  a.  dalli 275 

Lepus  a.  macfarlani. 275 

Lepus  a.  major 286 

Lepus  a.  minor 286 

Lepus  a.  phaeonotus 273 

Lepus  a.  struthopus 274 

Lepus  a.  virginianus 273,  274,    275 

Lepus  a.  Washington! 274 

Lepus  aquaticus 277,    278 

Lepus  arcticus 270 

Lepus  arizonae 280,  285,    286 

Lepus  artemisia 284 

Lepus  baileyi 284 

Lepus  bishopi 276 

Lepus  borealis 273 

Lepus  californicus 291 

Lepus  callotis 288,    289 

Lepus  campestris 273,  277 

Lepus  cinerascens 287 

Lepus  flavigularis 288 

Lepus  floridanus 280,  281,    285 

Lepus  f.  alacer 282 

Lepus  f.  attwateri 278 

Lepus  f.  auduboni 281,  283 


Page. 

Lepus  f.  bachmani 281,  282,    287 

Lepus  f.  caniclunis 283 

Lepus  f .  chapmani 282,    283 

Lepus  f.  mallurus 279,  280,    283 

Lepus  f.  niearnsi 280 

Lepus  f.  sanctidiegi 283 

Lepus  f .  subcinctus 283 

Lepus  f.  transitionalis 281 

Lepus  f.  ubericolor 282 

Lepus  gaillardi 289 

Lepus  glacialis 270 

Lepus  grangeri 285 

Lepus  groenlandicus 271 

Lepus  g.  pinetis 285 

Lepus  holzerni 284 

Lepus  hudsonius 273 

Lepus  idahoensis 287 

Lepus  klamathensis 276 

Lepus  labradorius 271 

Lepus  melanotis 290 

Lepus  merriami 289 

Lepus  mexicanus 288 

Lepus  nanus 273 

Lepus  nigricaudatus 288 

Lepus  nuttalli 284,    286 

Lepus  othus 272 

Lepus  palustris 279 

Lepus  p.  paludicola 279 

Lepus  poadromus 272 

Lepus  saliens 276 

Lepus  telmalemonus 278 

Lepus  texensis 288,  289,  290 

Lepus  t.  deserticolus 291 

Lepus  t.  eremicus 291 

Lepus  t.  griseus 2qi 

Lepus  timidus 269,    271 

Lepus  trowbridgii 281 

Lepus  tschukschorum 271,    272 

lestes.     (Canis) 301 

lesueri.     (Sorex) 366 

leucas.     (Delphinapterus) 19 

Leucocyon 303 

leucodon.     (Thomomys) 223 

leucogaster.     (Onychomys) 

119,  120,121,    122 

leucoparia.     (Spilogale) 329 

leucophaeus.    (Microtus  a.) 192 

leucopla.     (Cystophora) 360 

leucopleurus.     (Lagenorhynchus). . .      25 

leucopus.    (Mustela) 335 

leucopus.    (Peromyscus) 124,    125 


451 


eucotis.    (Sciurus  c.i 

eucurus.    (Cynomys; 

eucurus.    (Odocoileiis) 

eucurus.    (Sperinophilusi 85, 

ewisi.     (Cynoniys) 

ewisi.    (Odocoileus) 

iardensis.    (Ovis) 

imitis.    (Sciurus  1.) 

Liiiiniilagus 26<), 

ineata.     ( Phocaena) 

Lissodelphis 

Lissodelphis  borealis 

ittoralis.     (Sigmodon  h.) 144, 

ittoria.     ( Phoca ) 

obatus.     (Alces) 

obatus.     lArctocephalus) 

ongicauda.    (Condylura) 

ongicaudus.     (Cabassous) 

ongicaudus.     (Microtus) 

ongicaudus.     (Onychomys)..  .  .121, 

ongicaudus.    (Phenacomys) 

ongicaudus.    (Putorius) 348, 

ongicaudus.    (Reithrodontoniys). . . 

«5i.  152, 

ongicaudus.    (Sorex  o.) 372, 

ongicrus.    (Myotis  1.) 

ongidens.     (Lagenorhynchus) 

onginiana.    (Megaptera) 9, 

ongimembris.    (Perognathus) 

ongipes.     (Onychomys  1.) 120, 

ongipes.    (Perodipus) 

ongipilis.     (Microtus) 

ongirostris.     ( Microtus) 

ongirostris.     (Sorex) 

oquax.     (Sciurus  h.) 

ordi.     (Perognathus) 241, 

oringi.     (Evotomys  g.) 173, 

otor.    (Procyon)   

otor.     (I'rsus) 

ucifugus.    (Myotis)..  .401,  402,  403, 

udovicianus.     (Arclomys) 

udovicianus.    (Cynoinys) 102, 

udovicianus.    (Microtus) 

udovicianus.    (Sciurus) 

upus.     (Canis) 2C)8,  299, 

uscus.     (Gulo) 

uscus.     (Ursus) 

uteiventris.     (Tamias  q.) 

utensis.    (Putorius) 

uteolus.    (Ursus) 

utescens.    (Geomys) 


53 
104 

39 
86 
104 

41 

47 

53 

277 

20 

29 

30 

■45 

363 

38 

356 

395 


349 

153    I 

373 

402 
27 
10  I 
247 

121 
239 

180 

183 

375 

62 

250 

'74 
317 

317 

405 

102 

'03 

197 

52 

300 
333 

333 
76 
340 
314 
217 


I'AGE. 

Lutra 352 

Lutra  canadensis 352,    35  ^ 

Lutra  c.  lataxina 352 

Lutra  c.  pacifica 353 

Lutra  c.  sonora 353 

Lutra  c.  vaga 352 

Lutra  degener 353 

Lutra  destructor 352 

Lutra  hudsonia 352 

Lutra  mollis 352 

lutra.     (.Mustela) 3:5^,    352 

lutrcocephalus.     (Putorius  v.) 339 

Lutreola 338 

lutris.    (Latax) 354 

lutris.     (Mustela) 354 

Lynchus 293 

Lynx 293,    295 

lystt-ri.     (Tamias) 80 

niacfarlani.     (Lcpus  a.) 275 

macfarlani.     (Microtus) 187 

niacliiis.     (Alces) 37,      38 

niachrinus.    (Scalops  a.) 389,    390 

Macleayius 8 

macrocephalus.     (Pliyseter) 14,      15 

.Macrocolus 231 

niacrodon.     (Fiber) 214 

niacropus.     (Microtus  r.) 201 

niacropus.     (Myotis) 403 

niacrorhabdotes.     (Tamias) 71 

.Macrorhinus 359 

Macrorhinus  angustirostris 359 

macrorhinus.     (Peroniyscusi 133 

macrorhynchus.     (Globioccphaius).      23 

macrotis.     (Corynorhinus) 399,    400 

macrotis.    (Neotoma  f.) 159,    160 

macrotis  nevadensis.    (Xyctinomus)    417 

macrotis.    (Odocoileus) 42 

macrotis.     (Sciuropterus  v.) 108 

macrotis.    (V'ulpes) 306 

Macrotus 419 

Macrotus  waterhousii  419 

macroura.     (Condylura) 395 

macroura.    (Sciurus) 52 

niacrourus.    (Microtus) 191 

macrourus.    (Odocoileus  v.) 39 

Macroxus 50 

Macroxus  ncglectus 426 

macrura.     (Mephitis) 322 

niacrura.    (\'ulpes  p.) 305 

macrurus.     (Sorex) 369 


Page. 

maculata.     (Euderma) 398 

maculata.    (Felis  r.) 296,  297 

maculatus.    (Histiotus) 398 

magnicaudatus.     (Sciurusi 52 

magrudensis.     (Perognathus  m.)  , . .  249 

major.    (Delphinus) 28 

major.    (Haplodontia) 112 

major.     (Lepus  a.) 286 

major.     (Neiirotrichus  g.) 387 

major.     (Peromyscus) 137 

major.     (Spermophilus  s.) 96,  97 

major.    (Zapus) 260 

mallurus.     (Lepus  f.) 279,280,  283 

Manatidae 5 

Manatus 5 

Manatus  americanus 6 

Manatus  australis 6 

Manatus  fluviatilis 6 

Manatus  latirostris 6 

manatus.     (Trichecus) 6 

maniculatus.     (Peromyscus) 131 

margmatus.     (Delphinus) 28 

marginatus.     (Prodelphinus) 30 

marina.-    (Latax) 354 

niaritimus.     (Ursus) 310 

marmotta.     (Arctomys) 104 

Marsupialia 425 

marsupialis.    (Didelphysi i,  425 

martes.    (Mustelal 334 

niazama.     (Evotomys) 175,  176 

mazama.     (Thomomysl  .  .  .225,  226,  227 

mearnsi.     (Canis) 302,  303 

mearnsi.    (Lepus  f.) 280 

mearnsi.     (Perognathus) 243 

mearnsi.     (Peromyscusi 132 

niedioxinus.     iSynaptomys  i.i 430 

medius.     (Peromyscus  t.i 130 

megacephalus.  (Microdipodops)240,  241 

megacephalus.  (Peromyscus) 127 

megalophylla.     (Mormopsl 4>8 

megalotis.     (Peromyscusi 139 

megalotis.     (Reithrodontomysl  .  150,  151 

Megaptera 9 

Megaptera  americana 10 

Megaptera  keporkak 10 

Megaptera  longimana 9,  10 

Megaptera  nodosa 10 

Megaptera  osphyia 10 

Megaptera  versabilis  10 

Megapteron 9 

Megapteropsis 9 


melanophrys.     (Onychomys  1.) 

120,  121, 

melanops.     (Thomoinys) 

melanops.     (^\'espertilioi 

melanopus.     (Arctomysi 

melanorhinus.     (Myotis) 

melanorhyncha.     (Mustelai 

melanotis.     (Lepus) 

melanurus.    (Tamias  m.) 

melas.     (Globiocephalus) 

Melinae 

mephitica.     (Mephitis). ...  322,  323, 

Mephitis 

Mephitis  avia 

Mephitis  bicolor 

Mephitis  chinga  

Mephitis  elongator 

Mephitis  estor 

Mephitis  faetulenta 

Mephitis  macrura 

Mephitis  mephitica 322,  323, 

Mephitis  mesomelas 

Mephitis  m.  hudsonia 

Mephitis  m.  scrutator 324, 

Mephitis  milleri 

Mephitis  occidentalis 

Mephitis  spissigrada 

Mephitis  varians 

meridionalis.     (Pseudorca) 

merriami.     (Dipodomys).  .232,  233, 

merriami.     (Lepus) 

merriami.     (Perognathus) 

merriami.     (Pipistrellus) 

merriami.     (Reithrodontomys) 

merriami.     (Sorex) 

merriami.     (Tamias) 

mesomelas.    (Mephitis^ 

Mesoplodon 

Mesoplodon  bidens 

Mesoplodon  dale! 

Mesoplodon  densirostris 

Mesoplodon  epidon 

Mesoplodon  micropterus 

Mesoplodon  sowerbiensis 17, 

Mesoplodon  sowerbyi 

metallescens.    (Scapanus) 

Meteorus 

metis.    (Tursiops) 

mexicana .    (Felis) 

mexicana.    (Neotoma) 158^ 

mexicanus  fenestratus.  (Cabassous) 


123 
227 

410 
106 
404 
337 
290 

79 
23 
319 

324 
322 

327 

332 
322 
324 
326 
326 
322 
324 
325 

327 

325 

324 

326 

322 

23 

234 

289 

243 

400 

'50 

376 

7« 

325 

"7 

18 

18 

17 


18 
18 
391 
410 
29 
294 
162 


453 


tnexicanus.    (Lepus) 

iTiexicanus.    (Nyctinomus) 

mexicanus.    (Odocoileus) 

mexicanus.    (Otopterus) 

mexicanus.    (Speriiiophiliis)  ...98, 
michiganensis.    (Peromysciis).  140, 

microcephalus.     (Microtus) 

microcephalus.     (Monodon) 

microcephalus.     (Zapus) 

Microdipodops 

Microdipodops  megacephalus.  .240, 

Microlagus 269, 

microps.    (Delphinus) 

micpipterus.    (Mesoplodoni 

micropus.    (Xeotoma) 155, 

Microsciurus 

Microsorex 

Microsorex  hoyi 

microspilotus.     (Spermophilus)  .95, 

Microtolagus 269, 

Microtus 167, 178, 

Microtus  abbreviatus 189, 

Microtus  a.  tisheri 

Microtus  a.  leucophaeus 

Microtus  albo-rufescens 

Microtus  alleni 202, 

Microtus  alticoUis 

Microtus  angusticeps 

Microtus  apella 

Microtus  arvalis 

Microtus  austerus 196, 

M icrotus  aztecus 

Microtus  bairdi 

Microtus  l>orealis 

Microtus  brcweri 

Microtus  californicus 

M icrotus  c.  constrictus 

Microtus  c.  vallicola  

Microtus  canicaudus 

Microtus  cautus 

Microtus  chrotorrhinus 

Microtus  c.  ravus 

Microtus  cinnamomea 

Microtus  curtatus 194, 

Microtus  dekayi 

M  icrotus  drummondi 

Microtus  dutcheri 

Microtus  edax 

Microtus  enixus 

Microtus  fulvus 


288 

Microtus 

417 

Microtus 

40 

Microtus 

420 

Microtus 

99 

Microtus 

141 

Microtus 

181 

Microtus 

•9 

Microtus 

2S7 

Microtus 

240 

Microtus 

241 

Microtus 

287 

Microtus 

28 

Microtus 

18 

Microtus 

156 

Microtus 

■io 

Microtus 

377 

Microtus 

377 

Microtus 

96 

Microtus 

288 

Microtus 

179 

Microtus 

190 

Microtus 

190 

Microtus 

192 

Microtus 

179 

Microtus 

203 

Microtus 

192 

Microtus 

192 

Microtus 

19S 

Microtus 

190 

Microtus 

197 

Microtus 

182 

Microtus 

200 

Microtus 

•94 

Microtus 

183 

Microtus 

186 

186 

Microtus 

186 

Microtus 

185 

Microtus 

191 

Microtus 

•93 

Microtus 

19^ 

Microtus 

196 

Microtus 

195 

Microtus 

180 

Microtus 

181 

Microtus 

■85 

Microtus 

187 

Microtus 

182 

Microtus 

180 

Microtus 

Page. 

baydeni 197 

birsutus 1 79 

innuitus 189 

iiisperatus 180 

kadiacensis 188 

kennicotli  198 

longicaudus 191 

longipilis 180 

longirostris 183 

ludovicianus 197 

macfarlani 187 

macrourus 191 

microcephalus 181 

minor 197 

mogoUonensis 192 

montanus 183,    184 

m.  arizonensis 184 

m.  rivularis 184 

niordax 191,  192 

nanus 184,  185 

n.  canescens 185 

nasutus 180 

nemoralis 199 

nesophilis 183 

nevadensis 185 

noveboracensis 1 79 

occidentalis 190 

oneida 180 

operarius 187,  188 

oregoni 199,  200 

o.  iiiorosus 200 

paliidus 195 

pahistris 179 

pauperrinuis 195 

pennsylvanicus 

I79t  180,  181,  1S2,  1S3,  193,  203 

p.  acadicus 180 

p.  fontigenus 181 

p.  labradorius 181 

p.  modestus 180 

p.  nigrans 180 

pinetoruni 198 

p.auricularis 198 

p.  scalopsoides 198 

pratcnsis 179 

principalis 202 

richardsoni 200,  201 

r.  arvicoloides 202 

r.  macropus 201 

riparius 179 


Page. 

Microtus  rufescens i8o 

Microtus  rufidorsum l8o 

Microtus  scirpensis 187 

Microtus  serpens 200 

Microtus  sitkensis 18S,  189 

Microtus  stonei I  Si 

Microtus  terraenovae 182 

Microtus  tetramerus 190 

Microtus  townsendi 190 

Microtus  trowbridgei 186 

Microtus  unalascensis 188,  189 

Microtus  u.  popofensis 188 

Microtus  vellerosus 191 

microtus.    (Vulpes) 306 

Microtus  xanthognathus 193 

Microtus  yakutatensis 188 

micrura.     (Blarina) 382 

Mictomys 205 

middendorffi.     (Ursus) 310 

migratorius.     (Sciurus) 54 

milleri.    (Mephitis) 325 

minimus.     (Ochotona) 268,  269 

minimus.    (Sigmodon) 146 

minimus.     (Tamias) 78 

minnesota.     (Sciurus  h.) 62 

minor.     (Balaenoptera) 11 

minor.     (Lepus  a.) 286 

minor.     (Microtus) 197 

minor.     (Zapus  p.) 260 

minusculus.    (Scapanus  c.) 435 

Mirounga 359 

miscix.    (Sorex  m.) 376 

Misothermus 209 

mississippiensis.    iPerorayscus  g.).  127 

missouriensis.    (Cynomys) 102 

missouriensis.     (Onychomys) 119 

mitrate.    (Cystophora) 360 

mobilensis.     (Geomyst.) 216 

modestus.    (Microtus  p.) 180 

mogollensis.     (Sciurus  f) 67 

mogollonensis.    (Microtus) 192 

mohavensis.    (Nyctinomus) 418 

mohavensis.     (Spermophilus) 98 

moUipilosus.    (Felis  c.) 295 

mollipilosus.     (Perognathus  m.) 249 

mollipilosus.    (Sciurus  d.) 65 

mollis.    (Lutra) 352 

mollis.     (Spermophilus) 92,      93 

Molossus  glaucinus 421 

monachus.    (Lasiurus) 412 

monax.     (Arctomys) 105 


Page. 

mondini.     (Balaenoptera) 11 

monoceras.    (Monodon) 18,  19 

monochrura.    (Neotoma) 158 

Monodon 18 

Monodon  andersoni 19 

Monodon  microcephalus 19 

Monodon  monoceras iS,  19 

Monodon  vulgaris 19 

montanus.     (Dipodomys) 431 

montanus.     (Dipodomys  o.) 431 

montanus.     (Microtus) 183,  184 

montanus.     (Oreamnusi 44 

montanus.     (Ovis) 44,  46 

montanus.     (Rangifer) 36 

montanus.     (Reithrodontomys) 151 

montanus.     (Zapus  t.) 262 

montereyensis.     (Sorex) 367,  373 

monteriensis.     (Callotaria) 357 

monticola.    (Perognathus). 247,  248,  249 

monticola.    (Sorex  v.) 371 

monticola.     (Thomomys) 225,  230 

moorei.    (Delphinus) 2S 

mordax.     (Microtus) 191,  192 

Mormops 418 

Mormops  blainvillii 410 

Mormops  megalophylla 418 

morosus.     (Microtus  o.) 200 

Morunga 359 

moschatus.     (Bos) 48 

moschatus.    (Delphinus) 28 

moschatus.     (Ovibos) 48 

muUeri.     (Phoca) 364 

mundus.     (Putorius  x.) 350 

muricus.    (Putorius) 432 

Muridae 117,  427 

Murinae 117 

murinus.     (Xyctinomus) 417 

murinus.     (\'espertilio) 400,  410 

Mus 104,  117,  42S 

Mus  alexandrmus 118 

Mus  decumanus 117,  118,  428 

Mus  floridanus 154 

Mus  musculus 118 

Mus  norwegicus 428 

Mus  palustris 146 

Mus  rattus 117,  118 

Mus  rutilus 170 

Mus  tectorum iiS 

musculus.     (Balaenoptera) 13 

musculus.    (Mus) 118 

Mustela 333 


Mustela  aniericana  . .  .3I'),  334.  .i.v=>i  336 

Miistela  atrata 335 

Mustela  a.  actuosa 336 

Musttla  a.  brumal  is 336 

Mustela  a.  caurina 335 

Mustela  canadensis 337 

Mustela  godmani 337 

"  I  ustela  liuro 335 

i  ustela  leucopus 335 

Mustela  lutra 333,  352 

Mustela  lutris 354 

Mustela  niartes 334 

Mustela  melanorhyncha 337 

Mustela  nigra 337 

Mustela  pennanti 337 

Mustela  p  pacifica 337 

Mustela  piscator 337 

Mustela  vulpina 334 

Mustela  zibellina  335 

Mustelidae 319 

muswa.    (Alces) 38 

Mynomes 178 

Myodes 207 

myodes.    (Peromyscus  1.) 125 

myoides.    (Cricetus) 123,  124 

niyoides.     (Peromyscus) 128 

myops.    (Erethizon  e.) 266 

Myotis 400 

Myotis  affinis 402 

M  yotis  albescens 402 

Myotis  albescens  evotis 406 

Myotis  albescens  velifer 406 

Myotis  austroriparius 402 

Myotis  californicus 4t>3.  404 

Myotis  c.  caurinus 404 

Myotis  c.  ciliolabrum 404 

Myotis  c.  pallidus 405 

Myotis  carolii 402 

Myotis  chrysonotis 406 

Myotis  evotis 406 

Myotis  exilis 403 

Myotis  e.  thysanodes 401,  406 

Myotis  gryphus 405 

Myotis  g.  septentrionalis 405 

Myotis  lienshawi 404 

Myotis  incautus 401 

Myotis  lucifugus 401,  402,  403,  405 

Myotis  1.  alascensis 402 

Myotis  1.  longicrus 402 

Myotis  macropus 403 

Myotis  melanorhinus 404 


Page. 

Myotis  nigricans 404 

Myotis  nitidus 403 

Myotis  obscurus 403 

Myotis  oregonensis 403 

Myotis  saturatus 403 

Myotis  subulatus 402,  405 

Myotis  s.  keeni  405 

Myotis  tenuidorsalis 404 

Myotis  velifer 40' 

Myotis  volans 403 

Myotis  yumanensis 403,  404 

Mystactes 400 

mysticetus.    (Balaena) 7 

Nannugo 408 

nanus.    (Lepus) 273 

nanus.     (Microlus) 184,  185 

nanus.     (Sorex  t.) 375 

Napeozapus 257,  263 

Narvalus 18 

nasicus.    (Thomoniys) 226 

naso.    (Nyctinomus) 417 

nasutus.    (Microtus) 180 

nasutus.    (Nyctinomus) 417 

nasutus.    (Peromyscus  t.) 13c) 

natator.    (Oryzomys  p.) 147 

naurica.    (Phoca) 362 

iiautica.     (Phoca) 362 

navigator.    (Neosorex  p.) 378,  379 

nebracensis.     (Canis) 301 

nebracensis.    (Peromyscus  t.i 130 

nebracensis.    (Reithrodontomysd.).  150 

necator.    (Vulpes) 433 

neglecta.    (Taxidea  a.) 321 

neglectus.    (Macroxus) 426 

neglectus.    (Sciurus  1.) 426 

neglectus.    (Spermnphilus) 98 

neglectus.     (Tamias  q.)  78 

nelsoni.    (Dicrostonyx  h.) 210,  211 

nelsoni.    (Ovis  c.) 46 

nelsoni.    (Spermophilus) 87 

nemoralis.    (Microtus) 199 

Neodon 178 

Neofiber 202 

Neogale 338 

neomexicanus.    (Putorius  f.) 351 

neomexicanus.    (Sciurus  f.) 67 

Neophoca 356 

Neosciurus 50 

Neosorex 378 

Neosorex  albibarbis 379 


Page. 

Neosorex  hydrodomus     379 

Neosorex  palustris 378,  379 

Neosorex  p.  alaskanus 379 

Neosorex  p.  navigator 378,  379 

Neotoma 154,  429 

Neotoma  arizonae 165 

Neotoma  a.  Columbiana 165 

Neotoma  a.  occidentalis 164,  165 

Neotoma  bella 429 

Neotoma  californica 161 

Neotoma  campestris 156,  166 

Neotoma  canescens 155 

Neotoma  c.  baileyi 156 

Neotoma  cinerea 163, 164,  166 

Neotoma  c.  albigula 162 

Neotoma  c.  angusticeps 162 

Neotoma  c.  drummondi 164,  429 

Neotoma  c.  fusca 165 

Neotoma  c.  lepida 164,  429 

Neotoma  c.  rubida 156 

Neotoma  c.  venusta 162 

Neotoma  cinnamomea 166 

Neotoma  cumulator 154 

Neotoma  desertorum 161,  429 

Neotoma  d.  sola 161 

Neotoma  fallax 161 

Neotoma  tloridana 155,  156,  157 

Neotoma  fuscipes 158,  159,  160 

Neotoma  f.  affinis 160 

Neotoma  f.  annectens 160 

Neotoma  f.  attwateri 157 

Neotoma  f.  dispar 160 

Neotoma  f .  macrotis 1 59,  1 60 

Neotoma  f.  simplex 159 

Neotoma  f.  streatori 159 

Neotoma  granger! 165 

Neotoma  intermedia 155,  161,  162 

Neotoma  i.  gilva 162 

Neotoma  mexicana 158,  162 

Neotoma  micropus '55>  156 

Neotoma  m.  bullata 158 

Neotoma  m.  surberi 156 

Neotoma  monochrura 158 

Neotoma  orolestes 166 

Neotoma  pennsylvanica 157 

Neotoma  pinetorum 158 

Neotoma  rupicola 166 

Neotoma  saxamans 429 

Neotoma  splendens 158 

nesophilus.     (Microtus) 183 

Neiirotrichus 386 


Page. 

Neiirotrichus  gibbsi 387,  388 

Neiirotrichus  g.  hyacinthinus 388 

Neiirotrichus  g.  major 387 

nevadensis.     (Dipodomys  m.)..  .232,  233 

nevadensis.     (Microtus) 185 

nevadensis.     (Nyctinomus  mexican- 

us) 417 

nevadensis.     (Perognathus) 246 

nevadensis.     (Sorex) 371 

nevadensis.     (Thomomys) 223 

nevadensis.    (Zapus) 261 

nigellus.     (Peromyscus  h.) 137 

niger.     (Sciurus) 51,  53 

nigra.     (Callotaria) 357 

nigra.     (Didelphys  v.) i 

nigra.    (Mustela) 337 

nigra.     (Phoca) 364 

nigrans.     (Microtus  p.) 180 

nigrescens.     (Putorius) 338 

nigricans.     (Myotis) 404 

nigricans.     (Thomomys  f.) 228 

nigricaudatus.    (Lepus) 288 

nigriculus.    (Peromyscus  g.) 127 

nigripes.     (Lemmus) 209 

nigripes.     (Putorius) 341,  342 

nigripes.     (Sciurus  g.) 56 

nitidus.     (Myotis) 403 

nitratoides.     (Dipodomys  m.) 233 

nitratus.     (Dipodomys  m.) 233 

nivarius.     (Evotomys) 177 

nivea.     (Procyon) 317 

niveiventris.    (Peromyscus).. .  .141,  142 

Noctilionidae 421 

noctivigans.    (Lasionycteris) 407 

noctivigans.    (Vespertilio) 407 

Noctula 410 

nodosa.    (Megaptera) 10 

normalis.     (Prodelphinus) 32 

norwegicus.     (Mus) 428 

Notiosorex 385 

Notiosorex  crawfordi 385,  386 

notius.     (Putorius  n.) 346 

novae-zelandiae.     (Delphinus) 28 

novae-zelandiae.     (Prodelphinus) . .  30 

noveboracensis.    (Lasiurus) 411 

noveboracensis.     (Microtus) 179 

noveboracensis.     (Peromyscus  a.).  .  125 

noveboracensis.     (Putorius) 

346,347.  348 

noveboracus.     (Lasiurus) 411 


457 


I'agl. 

novem-cinctus.    (Cabassous) 4 

nubilus.    (Canis) 300 

nubiterrae.    (Peromyscus  c.i I2q 

nuttalli.    (Lepusi 284,  286 

nuttalli.    (Peromyscus) 140 

Nycticejus 415 

Nycticejus  crepusciilaris 415 

Nycticejus  humeralis 415 

Nycliuomiis 416 

Nyctinonius  azeticus 417 

Nyctinomus  brasiliensis 416,  417 

Nyctinonius  cynocephalus 417 

Nyctinomus  femorosaccus 417 

Nyctinomus  fuliginosus 417 

\vctiiiomus  macrotis  nevadensis.. .  417 

Nyctinonius  mcxicanus 417 

Nyctinomus  mohavensis 418 

Nyctinomus  murinus 417 

Nyctinomus  naso 417 

Nyctinomus  nasutus 417 

iihesus.    (Trichechus) 358 

iibliquidens.     (Lagenorhynchus). . . .      27 

obscurus.    (Evotomys) 176 

obscurus.    (Fiber) 214 

obscurus.    (Myotis) 403 

obscurus.    (Perognathus) 253 

obscurus.  (Pipistrellus  s.) 40g 

obscurus.    (Sorex) 369.371,    372 

obsidianus.    (Spermophilus  s.) 97 

obsoletus.    (Spermophilus) 95 

occidentalis.    (Canis) 300 

occidentalis.    (Cervus  ci 34 

occidentalis.    (Evotomys) 176,    177 

occidentalis.    (Mephitis) 324 

occidentalis.    (Microtus) 190 

occidentalis.    (Neotoma  a.) 164,    165 

occidentalis.    'Sciurusi 52 

occisor.    (Putorius  n.) 347 

oceanica.     (Phocai 364 

Ochotomys 178 

Ochotona 266 

Ochotona  collaris 268 

Ochotona  cuppes 268 

Ochotona  minimus 2(^8,  269 

Ochotona  princeps 267,    269 

Ochotona  saxatilis 268 

Ochotona  schisticeps 267 

Ochdtonidae 266 

ochraceous.     (Evotomys  g.) 172 

ochrogaster.     (Hypuilaeus) I96 


I'ACE. 

ochroirenys.     (Tamias  t.) 71 

ochropus.     (Canis) 303 

octo-cinctus.    (Cabassous) 4 

Octognosis 241 

oculeus.     (Felis  r.) 297 

ocythous.    (Urocyon  c.) 309 

Odocoileus 38 

,   Odocoileus  americanus 39 

I  Odocoileus  a.  couesi 40 

Odocoileus  a.  macrourus 39 

Odocoileus  a.  osceola 40 

Odocoileus  a.  texensis 40 

Odocoileus  auritus 42 

Odocoileus  columhianus 41 

Odocoileus  c.  scaphiotus 42 

Odocoileus  c.  sitkensis 42 

Odocoileus  crooki 41 

Odocoileus  hemionus 42 

Odocoileus  h.  californicus 43 

Odocoileus  leucurus 39 

Odocoileus  Ifwisi 41 

Odocoileus  macrotis 42 

Odocoileus  mexicanus 40 

Odocoileus  ])unctuhitus 41 

Odocoileus  richardsoni 41 

Odocoileus  speleus 38 

Odocoileus  virginianus 39 

Ogotoma 266 

olivaceus.    (Perognathus  m.) 249 

olivaceus.    (Spermophilus  t.). ..  ico,    loi 

olympica.     (Haplodontia) 114 

olympica.     (Spilogalc) 332 

olympicus.     (Phcnacomys) 168 

olynipicus.    (Sciuropterus  v.) 110 

olympus.     (Arctomys) 107 

olympus.    (Felis) 294 

onca.     (Felis) 294 

Ondatra 211 

oneida.    (Microtus) 180 

Onychomys 119 

Onychomys  arcticeps 121 

Onychomys  fuliginosus >23 

Onychomys  leucogaster 

119,   120,121,  122 

Onychomys  I.  longipes 120,  121 

Onychomys  1.  melanophrys.120,  121,  123 

Onychomys  1.  pallescens 121 

Onychomys  longicaudus 121,  122 

Onychomys  1.  brc\  icauda 120 

Onychomys  missouriensis 1 19 

Onychomys  ramoiia 121 


Onychomys  torridus 121,  122, 

Onychomys  t.  arenicola 

Onychomys  t.  prepallidus 

operarius.    (Microtus) 187, 

operarius.     (Thomomys) 

orarius.    (Scapanus) 

orarius.     (Sciurus  d.) 

orarius.     (Zapus) 

Orca 

orca.     ( Evotomys) 

Orcinus 

Orcinus  arcticus 

Orcinus  atra 

Orcinus  europaeus 

Orcinus  gladiator 

Orcinus  latirostris 

Orcinus  rectipinna 

Orcinus  schlegeli 

Orcinus  stenorhynchus 

ordi.    (Perodipus) 238, 

Oreamnus 

Oreamnus  kennedyi 

Oreamnus  monlanus 

oreas.     (Peromyscus) 

oregonensis.    (Felis  c.) 

oregonensis.     (Geomys) 

oregonensis.     (Myotis) 

oregonensis.     (Putorius  x.) 

oregonensis.     (Sciuropterus  v.)  .  1 1  o, 

oregoni.     (  Microtus) 199, 

oregonus.    (Bassariscus  a.) 

oregonus.    (Spermophilus) 

oregonus.    (Zapus  p.) 

oreocetes.    (Tamias) 

oribasus.     (Putorius  1.) 

orientalis.     (Latax) 

ornatus.     (Sorexl 

orolestes.    ( Neotonia) 

orophilus.     (Phenacomys)..l67, 168, 

Orthriomys 

Oryctomys 

Oryx 

oryzivora.     (Oryzoniys) 

Oryzomys 

Oryzomys  aquaticus 146, 

Oryzomys  a.  coloratus 

Oryzomys  oryzivora 

Oryzomys  palustris 

Oryzomys  p.  natator 

Oryzomys  p.  texensis 

osceola.     (Odocoileus  a  ) 


'AGE. 

123 
122 
122 
188 
223 

3Q2 

65 

262 

22 
172 


239 

44 
44 
44 
•34 

294 
217 
403 
iS'^ 
1 1 1 

200 
317 
94 
260 
80 
348 
354 

374 
166 
169 
179 
221 
18 

"47 
■  46 

'47 

148 
147 
«47 

147 

147 
40 


osgoodi.    (Spermophilus) 91 

osoyooensis.     (Fiber) 212 

osphyia.    (Megaptera) 10 

Otariidae 355,  357 

othus.    (Lepus) 272 

Otocolobus 82 

Otopterus 419 

Otopterus  californicus 420 

Otopterus  mexicanus 420 

Otopterus  waterhousii 420 

Otosciurus 53,  57 

Otospermophilus 82,  87 

Ovibos 48 

Ovibos  canaliculatus.   48 

Ovibos  moschatus 48 

Ovibos  pallantis 48 

Ovibos  pallasi 48 

Ovis 46,  425 

Ovis  amnion 46 

Ovis  californianus 46 

Ovis  canadensis 46 

Ovis  cervina 46 

Ovis  c.  nelsoni 46 

Ovisdalli 47,  425 

Ovis  fannini 425 

Ovis  liardensis 47 

Ovis  montanus 44,  46 

Ovis  pygarga 46 

Ovis  stonei 47 

pacihca.     (Haplodontia) 114 

pacifica.     (Lutra  c.) 353 

pacifica.     (Mustela  p.) ;}^y 

pacificus.     ( Antrozous  p.) 397 

pacificus.    (Castor  c.) 117 

pacificus.     (Perognathus) 246 

pacificus.    (Procyon  1.) 319 

pacificus.    (Sorex) 375 

pacificus.    (Zapusi 262 

Paescopia 10 

Pagomys 361 

Pagophilus 361,  364 

pallantis.     (Ovibos) 48 

pallasi.     (Ovibos) 4S 

pallescens.     (Corynorhinus  m.) 399 

pallescens.     (Felis  r.) 297 

pallescens.     (Onychomys  1.) 121 

pallescens.     (Peromyscus  m.) 140 

pallescens.     (Thomomys  o.) 224 

pallidulus.     (Dipodomys  c.) 431 

pallidus.     (Antrozous) 39^,  307 


Page. 

pallidus.     (Caiiis) 301 

railidus.    (Fiber  z.) 213 

:  allidus.     (Microtiis) 195 

;  illidus.     (Myotis  c.) 405 

pallidus.     iProcyonl.) 318 

pallidus.     iReithrodontomys  1.)  . . . .     152 

pallidus.    (Siginodon  h.) 145 

pallidus.    (Sperniophilus  t.) 100 

pallidus.    (Tamias  <i  ) 68 

palmarius.    (Peromyscus  r.) 127 

palmatus.    (Alces) 38 

palnieri.     (Atophyrax  b.) 381 

palmeri.    (Tamias) 69 

Paludicola 178 

paludicdla.    (Lepus  p.l 279 

palustris.    (Lepus) 279 

palustris.    (Microtus) 179 

palustris.    (Mus) 146 

palustris.     (Neosore.x) 378,    370 

palustris.     (Oryzomys) 147 

panamintinus.    (Perodipus) 239 

panamintinus.    (Perognathus) 245 

panamintinus.    (Tamias) 74 

paradoxus.    (Perognathus  h.) 252 

Parascalops 393 

Parascalops  americanus 394 

I'arascalops  breweri 394 

I'arasciurus 50,      51 

pardalis.     (Felis) 294 

parryi.    (Spermophilus) 89 

parsonsi.     iPhoca) 362 

parva.     (lilarinai 383,384,    385 

parvidens.    (Spermophilus  m.i 99 

parvus.     (Dipodomys  m.) 234 

parvus.    (Perognathus) ..  .241,  247,    248 

parvus.     (Sorex) 368 

parvus.     (Spermophilus  t.) 100,    loi 

pauperrimus.     (.Microtus) 195 

pealsi.    (Phoca) 363 

peba.     (Cabassous) 4 

Pedomys 1 78,    195 

pelosus.     (Erethizon) 264,    265 

penicillatus.    (Perognathus). .  .252,    253 

penicillatus.     (Peruniyscus  b.i 133 

peninsula.     (Putorius) 347 

peninsulae.     iBlarinab.l 383 

peninsulae.     (Canisi 302 

pennanti.    (Mustela) 337 

pennanti.    (Scalops) 388 

pennsylvanica.    (Neotoma) 157 

pennsylvanica.    (\'ulpes).304,  305,    434 


Pace. 

pennsylvanicus.    (Microtus) 

179,  180,  181,  182,  183,  193,    203 

pennsylvanicus.    (Scalops) 388 

pennsylvanicus.    (Sciurus) 53 

Perodipus 230 

Perodipus  agilis 236,    237 

Perodipus  chapmani 237 

Perodipus  compactus 240 

Perodipus  hermanni  236 

Perodipus  longipcs 239 

Perodipus  ordi 238,    239 

Perodipus  o.  columbianus 238 

Perodipus  panamintinus 239 

Perodipus  richardsoni 238 

Perodipus  sennetti 239 

Perodipus  sireatori 237 

Perodipus  wagneri 236 

Perognathus 241,    242 

Perognathus  alticola 249 

Perognathus  amot-nus 249 

Perognathus  aniplus 247 

Perognathus  apache 244,    24; 

Perognathus  armatus 254 

Perognathus  baileyi 251 

Perognathus  californicus 254,    255 

Perognathus  c.  dispar 255 

Perognathus  callistus     245 

Perognathus  conditi 252 

Perognathus  copci 243 

Perognathus  ereniicus 253 

Perognathus  fallax 254 

Perognathus  fasciatus.241,242,243,    251 

Perognathus  f.  infraluleus 242 

Perognathus  femoralis 251,  254 

Perognathus  rtavescens 243 

Perognathus  flavus 241,  242,  243,  244 

Perognathus  f.  bimaculatus 244 

Perognathus  f.  (uliginosus 244 

Perognathus  formosus 250 

Perognathus  hispidus 241,  251,    252 

Perognathus  h.  paradoxus 252 

Perognathus  inornatus 247 

Perognathus  intermedius 253 

Perognathus  latirostris 252 

Perognathus  longimembris 247 

Perognathus  lordi 241,  250 

Perognathus  1.  columbianus 250 

Perognathus  mearnsi 243 

Perognathus  merriami 243 

Perognathus  m.  gilvus 243 

Perognathus  monticola. . .  .247,248,    249. 


Page. 

Perognathus  m.  niagrudensis 249 

Perognathus  m.  moUipilosus 249 

Perognathus  m.  olivaceus 249 

Perognathus  nevadensis 246 

Perognathus  obscurus 253 

Perognathus  pacificus 246 

Perognathus  panamintinus 245 

Perognathus  p.  arenicola 246 

Perognathus  p.  bangsi 245,  246 

Perognathus  p.  brevinasus 246 

Perognathus  parvus 241,  247,  248 

Perognathus  penicillatus 252,  253 

Perognathus  p.  angustirostris 252 

Perognathus  p.  pricei 253 

Perognathus  spilotus 251 

Perognathus  spinatus 255 

Perognathus  Stephens! 253 

Peromyscus 123 

Peromyscus  akeleyi 129 

Peromyscus  americanus 

123.  '24.  128,  129,  132 

Peromyscus  a.  arizonae 125 

Peromyscus  a.  artemisiae 125 

Peromyscus  a.  deserticolus 125 

Peromyscus  a.  noveboracensis 125 

Peromyscus  a.  sonoriensis 125,  134 

Peromyscus  anastasiae 128 

Peromyscus  anthonyi 141 

Peromyscus  attwateri 135 

Peromyscus  auripectus 134 

Poromyscus  austerus 132,  133 

Peromyscus  bellus 135 

Peromyscus  boylii 132 

Peromyscus  b.  penicillatus 133 

Peromyscus  californicus '37>  138 

Peromyscus  canadensis 128,  129 

Peromyscus  c.  abietorum 128 

Peromyscus  c.  nubiterrae 129 

Peromyscus  c.  umbrinus 129 

Peromyscus  canus 132 

Peromyscus  cognatus 127 

Peromyscus  dyselius 138 

Peromyscus  eremicus 136,  137,  140 

Peromyscus  e.  arenarius 1 36 

Peromyscus  floridanus 138 

Peromyscus  gossypinus 126,  127 

Peromyscus  g.  mississippiensis 127 

Peromyscus  g.  nigriculus 127 

Peromyscus  g.  palmarius 127 

Peromyscus  gracilis 128 

Peromyscus  herroni 137 


Peromyscus  h.  nigellus 137 

Peromyscus  insignis 138 

Peromyscus  insolatus 135 

Peromyscus  insulanus  128 

Peromyscus  keeni 133 

Peromyscus  leucopus 124,  125 

Peromyscus  1.  myodes 125 

Peromyscus  macrorhinus 133 

Peromyscus  major 137 

Peromyscus  maniculatus 131 

Peromyscus  mearnsi 132 

Peromyscus  megacephalus 127 

Peromyscus  megalotis 139 

Peromyscus  michiganensis 140,  141 

Peromyscus  m.  pallescens 140 

Peromyscus  myoides 128 

Peromyscus  niveiventris 141.  142 

Peromyscus  nuttalli 140 

Peromyscus  oreas 134 

Peromyscus  phasma 142 

Peromyscus  robustus 138 

Peromyscus  rovvleyi 134,  135 

Peromyscus  r.  pinalis 135 

Peromyscus  rufinus 126 

Peromyscus  sitkensis 134 

Peromyscus  Stephens! 136 

Peromyscus  subgriseus 142 

Peromyscus  s.  baliolus 142 

Peromyscus  s.  arenarius 142 

Peromyscus  s.  rhoadsi 142 

Peromyscus  tay lori 141 

Peromyscus  texensis 130 

Peromyscus  t.  arcticus 131 

Peromyscus  t.  dementis 130 

Peromyscus  t.  gambeli 130,  i  31,  138 

Peromyscus  t.  medius 130 

Peromyscus  t.  nebracensis 130 

Peromyscus  t.  saturatus 131 

Peromyscus  t.  subarcticus 131 

Peromyscus  tornillo 125 

Peromyscus  truei 139 

Peromyscus  t.  crinitus 1 40,  429 

Peromyscus  t.  nasutus 139 

Peromvscus  t.  scitulus 430 

peronii.     (Delphinapterus) 29 

perpallidus.   (Thomomysi 229 

personatus.     (Geomys) 220 

personatus.     (Sorex) 366,368,  376 

perspicillatus.     (Lagenorhynchus)..  25 

Petrorhynchus 16 

petulans.    (Sciurus  h.) 426 


Page. 

[ihaea.     (Haplodontia) 114 

l>liaeognathus.    (Spermophilus). . . .  89 

I   laeonotus.    (Lepus  a.) 273 

laiops.     (V'espirtilii)) 410 

phasiua.     (Peromyscus) 142 

I'henacomys 167,  430 

riienacomys  cclatus 169,  430 

Phenaconiys  constablei 169 

Phenacoiiiys  c.  crassus 430 

Phenaconiys  interniedius 167 

Phenaconiys  latinianus l6c) 

Phenaconiys  longicaudus i6q 

Phenacomysolynipicus 168 

Phenacomys  orophilus 167,  168,  169 

Phenaconiys  preblei 168,  169 

Plienacomys  puniilus 168 

Phenacomys  ungava 169 

phenax.    (Spilogale) 331 

Philander 425 

philips!.    (Dipodomys) 231 

Phoca 361,  362 

Phoca  albicauda 364 

Phoca  albigena 362 

Phoca  albiiii 364 

Phoca  anneleta 364 

Phoca  barbata 362 

Phoca  cristata 360 

Phoca  desniaresti 364 

Phoca  dimidiatus 364 

Phoca  discolor 364 

Phoca  dorsata 364 

I'hoca  eqiiestris 362 

1  'hoca  faetida 362,  364 

I  'hoca  fasciata 362 

I'hoca  frederici 364 

Phoca  groenlandica 364 

Phoca  grypus  361 

Phoca  hispida 364 

Phoca  lagura 364 

Phoca  largha 363 

Phoca  leonina 359 

Phoca  lepechini 362 

Phoca  leporina 362 

Phoca  littoria 363 

Phoca  niulleri 364 

Phoca  naurica 362 

Phoca  nautica 362 

Phoca  nigra 364 

Phoca  oceanica 364 

Phoca  parsons! 362 

Phoca  peals! 363 


Page. 

Phoca  pilayi 364 

Phoca  schreberi 364 

Phoca  scopulicola 363 

Phoca  semilunaris 364 

Phoca  ursina 357 

Phoca  variegata 363 

Phoca  vitulina 361,  363 

Phocaena 20 

Phocaena  brachyciuni 20 

Phocaena  communis 20 

Phocaena  crassidens 24 

Phocaena  dall! 21 

phocaena.     (Delphinus) 20 

phocaena.    (Del  phis) 20 

Phocaena  lincata 20 

Phocaena  vomerina 20 

Phocidae 359 

Phyllostomatidae 418 

Physalus 11 

physalus.    (Balaenoptera) 13 

Phy  seter 14 

Physeter  niacrocephalus 14,  15 

Physeteridae 14 

Physeterinae 14 

picinus.    (Erethizon  d.) 431 

pictus.     (Tamias  m.) 78 

pigra.    (Didelpliys  V.) 1 

pilayi.    (Phoca) 364 

pdosus.    (Erethizon) 264,  265 

pinalis.    (Peromyscus  r.) 135 

Pinemys 1 78 

pinetis.    (Geoniys) 215 

pinetis.    (Lepus  g.) 285 

pinetorum.    (Microtus) 198 

pinetorum.    (Neotoma) 158 

pinetorum.    (Thomomysm) 225 

Pinnipedia 355 

Pipistrellus 408 

Pipistrellus  carolinensis 409 

Pipistrellus  erythrodactylus 409 

Pipistrellus  hesperus 408,  409 

Pipistrellus  merriam! 409 

Pipistrellus  subflavus 409 

Pipistrellus  s.  obscurus    409 

pipistrellus.    (Wspertilio) 408 

piscator.    (Mustela) 337 

pittekajensis.     (Halaena) 8 

Pitymys 1 7S,  197 

plagiodoii.     (Prodelphinus) 31,  32 

platyrhinus.     (Sorex) 367 

platyrhynchus.     (Sorex) 366 


Plecotus 3q8 

plesius.    (Spermophilus  e.) 427 

poadromus.     (Lepus) 272 

pomeegra.     (Delphinus) 28 

popofensis.    (Microtus  u.) 188 

prasinata.     (Condylura) 3g5 

pratensis.    (Microtus) I7g 

pratensis.    (Spermophilus  s.). ..  .96,  97 

Praticola 178 

preblei.    (Phenacomys) 168,  169 

prepallidus.     (Onychomys  t.) 122 

pribilofensis.    (Sorex) 376 

pricei.    (Perognathus  p.) 253 

pricei.    (Tamias  t.) 70 

princeps.    (Ochotona) 267,  269 

princeps.    (Zapus) 260 

principalis.    (Microtus) 202 

Procyon 317 

Procyon  lotor 317 

Procyon  1.  elucus 319 

Procyon  1.  hernandezi  317,318,  319 

Procyon  1.  pncificus 319 

Procyon  1.  pallidas 318 

Procyon  nivea 317 

Procyon  psora 317 

Procyonidae 315 

Procyoninae 315 

Prodelphinus 30 

Prodelphinus  clymene 32 

Prodelphinus  crotophiscus 31 

Prodelphinus  doreides 30 

Prodelphinus  doris 32 

Prodelphinus  dubius 30 

Prodelphinus  euphrosine 30 

Prodelphinus  euphrosnoides 30 

Prodelphinus  fraenatus .-. . .  32 

Prodelphinus  frontalis 32 

Prodelphinus  marginatus 30 

Prodelphinus  normalis 32 

Prodelphinus  novae-zelandiae 30 

Prodelphinus  plagiodon 31,  32 

Prodelphinus  styx 30 

Prodelphinus  tethyos 30 

Promops 421 

Promops  californicus 421,  422 

proteus.     (Evotomys) 177 

pruinosus.     (Arctomys) 106,  107 

pruinosus.     (Lasiurus) 413 

Psammomy  s 1 78 

Pseudorca 22 

Pseudorca  crassidens 22,  23 


us.     (Phenacomys).. 
ulatus.    (Odocoileus) 


■  ■.^54,361 


Pseudorca  destructor 

Pseudorca  grayi 

Pseudorca  meridionalis 

Pseudostoma 

psora.     (Procyon) 

Pteromyinae 

pulverulentus.     (Lasionycteris;. 

puma.     (Felis) 

pum 

punc 

Pusa 

Puto: 

Putor: 

Putor 

Putori 

Putor 

Putor 

Putori 

Putori 

Putor 

Putor 

Putor 

Putor 

Putor 

Putori 

Putor 

Putor 

Putor 

Putor 

Putori 

Puto 

Putori 

Puto 

Putori 

Putor 

Putor: 

Putor 

Putor 

Putor 

putor: 

Putor 

Putor 

Putor 

Putori 

Putor 

Putor 

Putor 

Putori 

Putor: 

Putori 

Putor 


us  alleni 

us  a.  striatus 

us  arcticus 345> 

us  arizonensis 348, 

us  a.  kadiacensis 346, 

us  canadensis 

us  cicognani 343,  344, 

us  c.  alascensis 

us  c.  richardsoni  

us  erniinea 

us  f renatus 3SO, 

us  f.  neomexicanus 

us  haidarum 

us  longicaudus 348, 

us  1.  oribasus 

us  lutensis 

us  muricus 

us  nigrescens 

us  nigripes 341, 

us  noveboracensis 346, 347, 

us  n.  notius 

us  n.  occisor 

us  peninsulae 

us  rixosus 

us  r.  eskimo 

us  saturatus 

us  spadix 

us.     (Spilogale).327,  328,  329, 

us  streatori 

us  vison 338, 

us  V.  energunienus 

us  V.  ingens 

us  V.  lutreocephalus 

us  V.  vulgivagus 

us  vulgaris 

us  washingtoni  347. 

us  xanthogenys 349i 

us  X.  mundus 

us  X.  oregonensis 


Page. 

•  23 
23 

•  23 

•  215 

•  317 

•  107 
■  407 

•  293 
.  168 

41 
363 
338 
349 
327 
346 
349 
351 
338 
345 
344 
344 
348 
35' 
351 
351 
349 
348 
340 
434 
338 
342 
348 
346 
347 
347 
345 
345 
348 
348 
333 
345 
339 
340  • 
340 
339 
340 
344 
348 
350 
350 
350 


pygarga.    (Ovis) 46 

pygmaeus.    (Evotomys) 176 

quadratus.     (Thonioniysi 225 

quadrimaculatus.     (Tamiasi 71 

quadrivittatus.     (Tamias) 75 

quaterlinearis.    (Spilogale) 328 

querceti.    (Sciuropterus  v.) icx? 

Kachianectes 9 

Rachianectes  glaucus 9 

radiata.     (Condylura) 395 

raineri.     (Haplodontia  r.) 112 

ramona.     (Onychomys) 121 

Raiigifer 35 

Rangifer  arcticus 37 

Rangifer  caribou 35 

Rangifer  dawsoni 36 

Ratigifir  groenlandicus 37 

Rangi-fer  hastalis 35 

Rangifer  montanus 36 

Rangifer  tarandus 35 

Rangifer  t.  sylvestris 35 

Rangifer  terraenovae 36 

raptor.    (Bassariscusa.i 316 

rattus.     (Mus) 117,  iiS 

ravus.     (Microtus  c.) 11)3 

rcctipinna.     (Orcinus) 22 

rcgalis.    (X'ulpes) 432 

Reithrodontomys 148 

Reithrodontoinys  arizonensis 153 

Reithrodontomys  a.  aurantius 153 

Reithrodontomys  aztecus 151 

Reithrodontomys  carolinensis 148 

Reitluodontomys  chrysotis 152 

Reitlirodontoiiiys  deserti 151 

Reithrodontomys  dychei 150 

RcitlirodontOMiys  d.  ncl)racensis  ...  150 

Reithrodontomys  humulis.  .  148,  i4g,  150 

Reithrodontomys  klaniatheiisis 152 

Reithrodontomys  laceyi 153 

Reithrodontomys  lecontii 148,  149 

Reithrodontomys  1.  dickinsoni 150 

Reithrodontomys  1.  impiger 149 

Reithrodontomys  loiigicaiidus 

'SI.  152,  153 

Reithrodontomys  1.  pallidas 152 

Reithrodontomys  megalotis 150,   151 

Reithrodontomys  nicrriami 150 

Reithrodontomys  mexicanus   inter 

medius 153,  154 


Reithrodontomys  montanus 

Reithrosciurus 

Rhinaster 

rhinodon.     (Delphinapterus) 

Rhinophora 

Rhmosciurus 

rhoadsi.     (Evotomys  g.) 

rhoadsi.     ( Peromyscus  s.) 

Rhytinas  gigas 

richardsoni.     (Dicrostonyx  h.) 

richardsoni.     (Microtus) 200, 

richardsoni.     (Odocoileus) 

richardsoni.     I  Perodipus) 

richardsoni.     ( Putorius  c.) 

richardsoni.     (Sciurus  h.) 

richardsoni.     (Sorexj 367,  368, 

richardsoni.    (Sperniophilus) 

richardsoni.     (Ursus) 

ringens.     (Spilogale) 

riparius.     (Microtnsl 

rissoanus.     iGrampusi 

rivalicus.     (Fiber  z.) 

rivularis.    (Microtus  m.) 

rixosus.    (Putorius) 

roanensis.    (Zapus  i.) 

robustiis.     ( Peromyscus) 

Rodentia 50, 

roosevelti.     (Cervus) 

ro'n|ual.    (Balaenopterai 

rosniarus.    (Trichechus) 

rostrata.     (Balaenopterai 

rostratus.     (Agaphelusi 

rostratus.    (Hyperoodon) 15, 

rowleyi.     (Peron)yscus) 134, 

rubellus.    ( Lasiurus) 

rubida.    (Neotoma  c.) 

rubra.    (Lasiurus) 

rubricaudatus.    (Sciunisi 

rubricosa.    i\"ulpes  p.i  305, 

rufa.     ( .Anisonyx  1 

rufa.    ( Felis) 296,  297, 

rufa.    (Haplodontia) 

rufescens.     (Microtusi 

rufescens.     (Thomomys) 

rufescens.     (Thomomys  t.) 

rufidorsum.     I  Microtus) 

rufinus.    (Peromyscusj ., 

rutiventer.     (Sciurus) 

rufus.     (Canis) 

rufus.  (Lasiurus) 

rupicola.  (Neotoma) 


"51 

50 
394 

19 
359 

50 
173 
142 
S 
211 
201 

41 
238 
344 

64 
369 

92 
313 
329 
179 

25 
213 
184 
345 
263 
138 
426 
34 
'3 
358 


16 

135 
412 
156 
412 

52 
434 
1 12 
299 
112 
180 
221 
227 
180 
126 

52 
300 
412 
166 


FaiiK.  ? 

44  ScapsTtn?  xaeaiaia 

'  -fi.    I~-  5<a|uiiu:>  -   - ~^-  -          j^.  i^ 

r~c  >ca.pmi;c>                            iijj 

SCa.phkir..<                             :  JS  C- AT 

.  oj,  10&.    toe  sdiisticeps.    ^v'c:  ?f7 

.    ar  sch'wet-Bi     «rv-  -    -  ;: 

-     r:S  sc  ■  :  '■- 

*7«  sc:                              ..^^ ,i; 

a«a  >c                        9».  iJSf 

a;  >c >»• 

r^4  Sc3aii.f»uriJi. !f~.  -:f 

K>5  Soui^aaa  us  agjciiMes 

:u  Sc  L                     ^         -   _    1:3- 

54*  ^v^                                        ...M7,«aS.  Jao 

S3  iv-                                      Ill 

4»«  ^v                                           ia&i««,  no 

»«»^  5>r                                              --..  -rs.  TTJ 

i»»  >c  --' 


4J« 


i      \   — 


I 


'  j£cS!3VS^ 


Sciar-.is  iiy-^ 


^      ?«airsx 


^c^s^^s  -roi. 


ScMoptiliss 

scrodans.    (,Ves^  — 
scrutiror.      Mepfer.  ?■ 

Se;>~snis 

semilnaiTis^      Pbocs    . .  - 


55      ^oe«x  .-«mj».— 

4IDf      Seed  .~- 
jrf      Scnex  . 


413  i  Serex 


Page. 

Sorex  g.  alascensis 372,    373 

Sorex  g.  shumaginensis 373 

Sorex  haydeni  367 

Sorex  hoyi 377 

Sorex  idahoensis 367 

Sorex  leseuri 366 

Sorex  longirostris 375 

Sorex  niacrurus 369 

Sorex  merriami 376 

Sorex  m.  miscix 376 

Sorex  montereyensis 367,  373 

Sorex  nevadensis 371 

Sorex  obscurus 369,  371,    372 

Sorex  o.  longicaudus 372 

Sorex  ornatus 374 

Sorex  pacificus 375 

Sorex  parvus  368 

Sorex  personatus 366,  368,    376 

Sorex  p.  streatori 367,    376 

Sorex  platyrhinus 367 

Sorex  platyrhynchus 366 

Sorex  pribilofensis 376 

Sorex  richardsoni 367,  368,    369 

Sorex  setosus 369 

Sorex  shastensis 374 

Sorex  sphagnicola 368 

Sorex  suckleyi 370 

Sorex  talpoides 381 

Sorex  tenellus 374.    375 

Sorex  t.  nanus 375 

Sorex  trowbridgei 373 

Sorex  tundrensis 368 

Sorex  vagrans 369,  370,  371,    372 

Sorex  V.  dobsoni  370 

Sorex  V.  monticola 371 

Sorex  V.  similis 372 

Sorex  vancouverensis 371 

Soricidae 366 

Soriciscus 382 

sornborgeri.     iL'rsus  a.) 314 

sowerbianus.    (Delphinusi 28 

sowerbiensis.     (Mesoplodoni  . . . .  17,      18 

sowerbyi.     (Mesoplodon)  , 18 

spadicipygus.     (Sigmodoni 145 

spadix.     (Putorius) 348 

spatulus.    (Fiber) 214 

speciosus.     (Tamias) 72 

spectabilis.     (Dipodomys) 234 

speleus.     (Odocoileus) 38 

Spermatophilus 81 

Spermophilus 81,    427 


Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 
Spermophilus 


armatus 93 

barrowensis 91 

beldingi 94 

beringensis 91 

brevicaudus 84 

californicus 88 

canadensis 89 

canescens 97 

castanurus 84 

chrysodeirus 84 

c.  bernardinus  S4 

cinerascens 83 

columbianus    91 

couchii 88 

cryptospilotus 97 

elegans 94 

empetra 89,  427 

e.  kadiacensis 90 

e.  plesius  427 

erythroglutaeus qI 

franklini lOi 

grammurus 87,  88 

g.  beecheyi 88 

g.  buckleyi 89 

g.  douglasi 89 

g.  fisheri 88 

guttatus 92 

harrisii  85 

h.  saxicolus 86 

hoodi 100 

interpres 86 

kennicotti 89 

lateralis 82,  83 

1.  cinnamomeus 85 

1.  saturatus 83 

leucurus 85,  86 

mexicanus 98,  99 

m.  parvidens 99 

microspilotus 95,  96 

roohavensis 98 

mollis 92,  93 

m.  canus 93 

m.  stephensi 93 

m.  yakimensis 93 

neglectus 98 

nelsoni.. 87 

obsoletus 95 

oregonus 94 

osgoodi 9< 

parryi 89 

phaeognathus 89 


Page. 

Sperinophilus  richardsoni 92 

Sperniophilus  r.  townsendi 94 

Spermophilus  spilosoma 96,      97 

Sperniophilus  s.  antiectens 07 

Spermophilus  s.  major 96,      97 

Spermophilus  s.  obsidianus 97 

Spermophilus  s.  pratensis 0,      97 

Spermophilus  tereticaudus 98 

Sperniophilus  townsendi 92,      94 

Spermophilus  tridecemlineatus  .... 

(/;,  100,    lOI 

Spermophilus  t.  alleiii 101 

SpermophiUis  t.  badius loi 

Spermoiihilus  t.  olivaceus 100,    101 

Spermophilus  t.  pallidus 100 

Spermophilus  t.  ])arvus 100,     101 

Spermophilus  t.  texensis io[ 

Spermophilus  wortmani 84 

s|>hagnicola.    (Sorex) 368 

sphagnicola.     (Synaptoniys) 206 

Spilogale 327 

Spilogale  anihavarlis 332 

Spilogale  bicolor 328 

Spilogale  gracilis 330 

Spilogale  indianola 329 

Spilogale  interrupta 328 

Spilogale  leucoparia 329 

Spilogale  olympica 332 

Spilogale  phenax 33^ 

Spilogale  puiorius 327.  3=8,  3-9i    333 

Spilogale  p.  arizonae 331 

Spilogale  p.  latifrons 331,    332 

Spilogale  quaterlinearis 328 

S|iilogale  ringens 329 

Spilogale  saxatilis 330 

spilosoma.     (Spermophilus) 96,      97 

spilotus.     (Perognathus) 251 

^pinatus.     ( Perognathus  1 255 

spissigrada.    (Mephitis) 326 

splendens.     (Nentmnai 158 

stearnsii.     Kirampus) 25 

stelleri.     (Eumetopiasi 355 

stelleri.     (Latax) 354 

Stemmatopus 360 

-lenorhynchus.     (Orcmus) 22 

Stephens!.     (Perognathus) 253 

Ntephensi.     (Peromyscusi 136 

stipheiisi.     (Sciuropterusi iii 

>tephensi.     (Spermophilus  m.) 93 

stoiiei.     (Microtusi 181 

stonei.    (Ovis^ 47 


Pa.;e. 

stonei.     (Synaptomys) 203 

streatori.     (Xeotoma  f.) 159 

strcatori.    (Perodipus) 237 

streatori.    (Putoriusi 345 

streatori.     (Sciurus  h.) (>i 

streatori.     (Sorex  p.) 367,    376 

striatus.    (Putorius  a.) 327 

striatus.    (Taniias) 80 

strongyloceros.     (Cervus) 34 

struthopus.    (Lepus  a.) 274 

styiiegeri.    (Balaenoptera) 14 

Styx.     (Prodelphinus) 30 

subarcticus.     ( I'eromyscus  t.) 131 

subauratus.    (Sciurus) 52 

subcinctus.    (Lepus  f.) 2S3 

subflavus.     (Pipistrellus) 409 

subgriseus.     (Peromyscus) 142 

subsolanus.     (Felis  c  ) 206 

subulatus.     (Myotis) 402,  405 

suckleyi.    (Sciurus) 65 

suckleyi.     (Sorex) 370 

sulfureus.     (Balaenoptera) 14 

surberi.    (N'eotoma  ni.) 156 

sylvestris.     (  Raugifer  t.) 35 

Sylvicola 178 

.Synaptomys 203,    430 

.Synaptomys  cooperi 203,204,    205 

Synaptomys  dalli 206 

Synaptomys  fatuus 204 

Synaptomys  helaletes 204,    205 

Synaptoniys  h.  gossi 204 

Synaptoniys  innuitus 205,  206,    430 

Synaptomys  i.  niedioxinus 430 

.Synaptomys  sphagnicola 206 

.Synaptomys  stonei 203 

Synaptoniys  true! 206,  207 

Synaptoniys  wrangeli 206,    207 

.Synotus 398 

taeniata.    (Scapanus)  301 

tajacu.    (Dicotyles) 33 

Talpidae 386,  435 

talpoides.    (Blarina) 382 

talpoides.     (Sorex) 381 

tal]ioides.     (Thomoinys) 237 

Talposorex 381,  388 

Taniias 67,  68,  426 

Tamias  americanus 80 

Taniias  amoenus 74 

Tamias  callipeplus 73 

Tamias  c.  inyoensis    73 


408  INI 

Page. 

Tamias  caniceps 426 

Tamias  caurinus 74 

Tamias  cinereicollis 75 

Tamias  dorsalis 68 

Tamias  d.  utahensis '. . .  69 

Tamias  frater 73 

Tamias  griseus 81 

Tamias  lysteri 80 

Tamias  macrorhabdotes 71 

Tamias  merriami  71 

Tamias  minimus 78 

Tamias  m.  alpinus 79 

Tamias  m.  consobrinus 7S 

Tamias  m.  melanurus 70 

Tamias  m.  pictus 79 

Tamias  oreocetes 80 

Tamias  palmeri 69 

Tamias  panamintinus 74 

Tamias  quadrimaculatus 71 

Tamias  quadrivittatus 75 

Tamias  q.  affinis 77 

Tamias  q.  borealis 77,  427 

Tamias  q.  felix 76 

Tamias  q.  gracilis 76 

Tamias  q.  luteiventris 76 

Tamias  q.  neglectus 78 

Tamias  q.  pallidus 68 

Tamias  senex 72 

Tamias  speciosus 72 

Tamias  striatus 80 

Tamias  s.  venustus 81 

Tamias  townsendi 69 

Tamias  t.  cooperi 69 

Tamias  t.  hindsii 70 

Tamias  t.  ochrogenys 71 

Tamias  t.  pricei 70 

Tamias  umbrinus 75 

Tamiasciurus 60 

tarandus.     (Rangifer) 35 

Tatusia 4 

Taxidea 3«9 

Taxidea  americana 320,  321 

Taxidea  a.  neglecta 321 

Taxidea  a.  berlandieri 321 

Taxidea  jeffersoni 320 

Taxidea  labradoria 320 

taylori.     (Peromyscusj 141 

tectirostris.     (Ralaenoptera) 13 

tectorum.    (Mus) 118 

teliotis.    (Lasiurus  b.) 413 

telmalemonus.    (Lepus) 278 


telmalestes.     (Blarina)  384 

tenellus.    (Sorex) 374.    375 

tenellus.     (Zapus)    259 

Tenotis 68 

tenuidorsalis.     (Myotisi 404 

Teonoma 154,    163 

tereticaudus.     (Spermophiliis) 98 

terraenovae.    (Microtus) 182 

terraenovae.     (Rangifer) 36 

Terricola 178 

tesselatus.     (Lasiurus) 412 

tethyos.     I  Prodelphinus) 30 

Tetramerodon  1 79 

tetramerus.     (Microtus)  190 

texensis.     (Felis  r.) 298 

texensis.     (Geomys) 219 

texensis.    ( LepusJ 288, 289,  290 

texensis.    (Odocoileus  a.) 40 

texensis.    (Oryzomys  p.) 147 

texensis.     (Peromyscus) 130 

texensis.    (Scalops  a.) 390,    391 

texensis.     (Sigmodon  h.) . . .  144,  145,    146 

texensis.    (Spermopbilus  t.) loi 

texensis.    (Urocyon  o 308,    309 

Thalassarctos 309 

Thalassarctus 310 

thicolea.    (Lagenorhynchus) 26 

Thomomys 221 

Thomomys  alpinus 229 

Thomomys  altivalis 230 

Thomomys  angularis 228 

Thomomys  aureus 229 

Thomomys  borealis 224,    227 

Thomomys  bottae 222,  223 

Thomomys  bulbi vorus 222,    223 

Thomomys  cervinus 230 

Thomomys  clusius 229 

Thomomys  douglasi 226,    229 

Thomomys  d.  fuscus 226 

Thomomys  d.  yelmensis 226 

Thomomys  fossor 230 

Thomomys  f ul vus 227,  228,    229 

Thomomys  f.  intermedius 228 

Thomomys  f.  nigricans 228 

Thomomys  laticeps 223,  324 

Thomomys  leucodon 223 

Thomomys  ma/ama 225,  226,    227 

Thomomys  melanops 227 

Thomomys  monticola 225,    230 

Thomomys  m.  pinetoruni 225 

Thomomvs  nasicus   226 


Paue. 

224 
239 


'riiimiomys  nevadensis 

Thomoniys  operarius 

rhomoinys  o.  pallescens 

rhoniomys  perpalliilus 

rhommiiys  quadratus 

Thomomys  rufesccns 221 

Tliomomys  talpoides 227 

Thomomys  t.  rufescens 227 

Thomomys  townsendi 224 

Thonioinys  umbrinus 227 

thysanodes.     (Myotise.i 401,  406 

timidus.     (Lepus) 2f)9,  2/1 

tornillo.    (Peromyscus) 125 

torridus.     (Onychomys). . . .  121,  122,  123 

townsendi.     (Corynorhinus  m.)  ..399,  400 

townsendi.    (Microtus) 190 

townsendi.    (Scapanus) 39ii  392 

townsendi.    (Spermophilus)  . . .  .92,  94 

townsendi.    (Spermopliilus  r.) 94 

townsendi.    (Tamias) 69 

townsendi.     (Thomomys) 224 

townsendi.     lUrocyonc.) 309 

transitionalis.     (Lcpus  f.) 281 

Iricheclius 358 

Trichechus  arcticus 358 

Triclieihus  cookii 358 

Trichechus  diveri;ens 358 

Trichechus  manatus 6 

Trichechus  obesus 358 

Trichechus  rosmarus 358 

Trichecidae 357 

trideccndineatus.    (Spcrmophihis)  . 

99,  100,  lOI 

trimucronatus.     iLemmus) 207,  208 

Trinodontomys 123 

trinotatus.     (Zapus) 261,262,  263 

trowbridgei.    (Lepus) 281 

trowbridj;ei.     (Microtust 186 

trowbridgei.    (.Sorex) 373 

trUL-i.     (Peromyscus) 139 

Iruei.     (Scapanus) 393 

truei.     (.Synaptomys) 206,  207 

truncatus.    (Tursiopst 29 

tschukschorum.    (Lopus) 271,  272 

tundrensis.    (Sorcx) 368 

Tursio •  4.  28,  29 

tursio.    (Delphinus) 28 

tursio.    (Tursiops) 29 

Tursiops 28 

Tursiops  communis 29 

Tursiops  compressicauda 29 


Tursiops  cymodice 29 

Tursiops  eurynonic 29 

Tursiops  gilli 29 

Tursiops  metis 2<) 

Tursiops"  truncatus 29 

Tursiops  tursio 29 

tuza.    (Geomys) 215,216,  217 


ubericolor.    (Lepus  f.) 

umbrinus.    1  Peromyscus  c.) 

umbrinus.    (Tamias) 

umbrinus.     (Thomomys) 

unalascensis.     (Dicrostonyx  h.i  .... 

unalascensis.    (Microtus  1 188, 

ungava.    (Evotomys) 

ungava.    (Phenaconiys) 

Ungulata 33, 

ungulatus.     (  Uicrostonyx  I 

uni-cinctus.     (Dasypusi 

Urocyon 

Urocyon  cinereo-argenteus.307, 308, 

Urocyon  c.  californicus 308, 

Urocyon  c.  tloridanus 

Urocyon  c.  ocytlious 

Urocyon  c.  scotti 

Urocyon  c.  texensis 308, 

Urocyon  c.  townsendi 

Urocyon  griseus 

Urocyon  virginianus 

Urotrichus  gibbsi  

Ursidae 

ursina.    (Callotaria) 

ursina.     (Phoca) 

Ursinae 

ursinus.     (\"espertilio) 

Ursus 

Ursus  americanus 

Ursus  a.  sornborgeri 

Ursus  arctus 

Ursus  dalli 

Ursus  emmonsi .... 

Ursus  tloridanus 

Ursus  horribilis 

Ursus  h.  alascensis 

Ursus  h.  liorriaeus 

Ursus  lotor 

Ursus  luscus 

Ursus  luteolus 

L'rsus  maritimus 

Ursus  miildendorlili 

Ursus  ricliardsoni 


129 
75 


189 
"75 

169 

425 
209 
4 
307 
309 
309 
307 
309 
308 
309 
309 
307 
307 
386 
309 
357 
357 
309 
410 
309 
313 
3'4 
309 
3«i 
315 
314 
312 
3'2 
312 
317 
333 
314 
310 
3to 
313 


470  INI 

Page. 

I'rsus  sitkensis 311 

utahensis.     (Tamiasd.l 69 


vafra.    (Vulpes) 

vaga.     (Lutra  c.) 

vagrans.     (Sorex) 369,  370,  371, 

vallicola.    (Microtus  c.) 

vancouverensis.     (Sciurus  h.) 64, 

vancouverensis.     (Sorex) 

varians.    (Mephitis) 

variegata.     ( Plioca) ■. 

variegatus.     (Dclphimis) 

velifer.     (Mvotis) 

velifera.    ( Balaenoptera) 

vellerosus.    ( Microtus)  

velox.    (Vulpes) 

ventorum.     ( Sciurus  h.) 

venusta.    (Neotoma  c.) 

venustus.     (Tamias  s.) 

versabilis.     (Megaptera) 

Vesperides 

Vesperimys 

Vespertilio 400, 

Vespertilio  arquatus 

\'espertilio  carolinensis 

Vespertilio  fuscus 4'°. 

Vespertilio  greenii 

Vespertilio  melanops 

Vespertilio  murinus 400, 

Vespertilio  noctivigans 

Vespertilio  phaiops 

Vespertilio  pipistrellus 

Vespertilio  serotinus 

Vespertilio  ursinus 

Vespertilionidae 

Vesperugo 407i  4oS, 

Vesperus 

vicinus.     (Sciurus  1.) 5^1 

virginiana.    (Didelphys) 1,  2, 

(Canis) 

(Lepus  a.) 273,  274, 

(Odocoileus) 

(Scalops) 

(Urocyon) 


virginianus. 
virginianus. 
virginianus. 
virginianus. 
virginianus. 

Vison 

vison.     (Putorius) 33^^ 

vitulina.     (Phoca) 361, 

volans.     (Myotis) 

volans.     (Sciuropterus) 108,  109, 

volans.    (Sciurus) 

volucella.    (Sciuropterus) 


305 
352 
372 
186 
426 
37' 
322 

363 
28 

401 
12 
191 

306 

63 

162 


407 
■23 
410 
410 
410 
411 
410 
410 
410 
407 
410 
408 
410 
410 
396 
410 
410 
426 
425 
307 
275 

39 
388 
307 
338 
33Q 
363 
403 
no 
107 
109 


vomcrina.     (Phocaena) 20 

vulgaris.     (Monodon) 19 

vulgaris.     (Putorius) 344 

vulgaris.     (.Sciurus) 50 

vulgivagus.     (Putorius  V.) 340 

Vulpes 303 

Vulpes  alascensis 434 

Vulpes  a.  abietorum 434 

\'ulpes  cascadensis 433 

\'ulpes  cinereo-argefitatiis 306 

^'ulpes  decussata 304 

A'ulpes  dek-trix 305 

\"ulpL'S  fulva 304 

\'ulpes  hallensis 307 

\'ulpes  harrimani 303.  432 

Vulpes  kenaiensis 432 

Vulpes  lagopus 306,  307 

\'ulpes  macrotis 306 

\'ulpes  microtus 306 

Vulpes  necator 433 

\'ulpes  pennsylvanica 304,305,  434 

N'ulpes  p.  argentata 304 

\'ulpes  p.  bangsi 434 

\'ulpes  p.  macrura 305 

\'ulpes  p.  rubricosa 305,  434 

X'ulpes  regalis 432 

\'ulpes  vafra 305 

\ulpes  velox  306 

vulpina.     (Mustcia) 334 

vulpinus.     (Sciurus) 51;  52  53 

wagncri.     (Perodipus) 236 

walkeri.     (Delphinus) 28 

wapiti.     (Cervus) 34 

Washington!.     (Lepus  a.) 274 

washingtoni.     (Putorius) 347i  348 

waterhousii.     (Macrotus) 4"i 

waterhousii.     (Otopterus) 420 

wortmani.     (Spermopliilus) 84 

wrangeli.     (Evotomys) 17' 

wrangeli.     (Synaptoniys)   206,  207 

xanthogenys.     (Putorius) 349i    35° 

xanthognathus.     (Microtus) 193 

Xerospermophilus 82,      95 

yakimensis.     (Spermophilus  m.)  ...  93 

yelmensis.     (Thomomys  d.) 226 

yukatatensis.    (Microtus) 188 

vukonensis.    (Lemmus  t.) 208 


171 


yukonensis.     (Sciuropterus) 428 

yuiiianensis.     (Myntis) 403,     104 

Xalophus 35O 

Zalophtis  californianus 356 

Zaiophus  >;illespii 356 

Zapodidae 256 

Zapodinae 257 

Zapus 257 

Zapus  acadiciis ■. 257 

Zapus  americaiius 257,    259 

Zapus  canadensis 257. 

Zapus  hardyi  257 

Zapus  hudsonius 257,  258,    259 

Zapus  li.  alasccnsis 259 

Zapus  h.  campestris 259 

Zapus  h.  ladas 258 

Zapus  iniperator 261 

Zapus  insignis 257,  263,    264 

Zapus  i.  abietorum 264 

Zapus  i.  roanensis 263 


Fa<;k. 

Zapus  labradorius 257,    263 

Zapuf  major 260 

Zapus  microciphalus 257 

Zapus  nevailensis 261 

Zapus  orarius 262 

Zapus  paciticus 262 

Zapus  princeps 260 

Zapus  p.  minor 2O0 

Zapus  p.  oregonus 260 

Zapus  saltator 262 

Zapus  setchuanus 257 

Zapus  tenellus 259 

Zapus  irinotatus 261,  262,    263 

Zapus  t.  alien!  261 

Zapus  t.  niontanus 262 

zibellina.    (Muslelat 335 

zibethicus.    (Castor) 211 

zibethicus.    (Fiber) 212,213,    214 

Ziphiorhynchus 16 

Ziphius 16 

Ziphius  cavirostris 16,      17 


■+vJ 


ur  iLLinuis-UHBSNfl 


3  0112  027923728 


